CREATE TABLE table_name

DELETE FROM customers;

SQL
CHEAT SHEET

SELECT distinct(name)

WHERE condition
DATA Related Commands

CREATE TABLE
Examples:
SQL command used to create a new Create a table called “customers” with
table in a database. columns for

Syntax: customer_id,
customer_name,
CREATE TABLE table_name contact_name, and
( an integer field called age:
column_name1 data_type, CREATE TABLE
column_name2 data_type, customers (
column_name3 data_type, customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
... customer_name VARCHAR(50),
) contact_name VARCHAR(50),
age INT
);

INSERT INFO
Examples:
SQL command used to create a new
table in a database. Insert a new row in the customer table
created above.

Syntax: INSERT INTO customers(customer_id,

customer_name, contact_name, age)
INSERT INTO table_name(column1,
column2, column3, ...) VALUES (1, 'John Smith', 'Jane Doe', 30);
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

01 Cheatsheet
 ALTER TABLE
Examples:
SQL command that is used to modify the
structure of a table, such as adding or Change the data type of the "age" column
deleting columns. in your "customers" table from INT to BIGINT

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY age BIGINT;
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME COLUMN old_name to new_name;
OR,
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;

DROP TABLE Command

Examples:
DROP TABLE Command is used to entire
the table itself, along with its contents. DROP TABLE customers;

Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;

DELETE Command
Examples:
DELETE Command is used to entire the
contents of the table only, not the table DELETE FROM customers;

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name;

02 Cheatsheet
Basics

Select Clause
Syntax:
It is a SQL clause that specifies which SELECT column1, column2, ...
columns to retrieve from a database table. FROM table_name;

Examples:
SELECT SELECT
* CourseID,
FROM dept_name
Course; FROM
Course;

CourseID title dept_name credits CourseID dept_name

201 DSA CSE 5 201 CSE
202 ASE ECE 3 202 ECE
211 FD ME 3 211 ME
213 DSP SIGCOM 3 213 SIGCOM
222 BCS EE 4 222 EE
301 RC CY 4 301 CY
303 MET ME 3 303 ME
323 SE IT 4 323 IT
506 DM MS 4 506 MS
511 OPT PH 3 511 PH
518 ORG CH 4 518 CH
523 NEO BIO 4 523 BIO
604 WLD CY 3 604 CY
655 CNS CSE 3 655 CSE
702 MIB BIO 4 702 BIO
710 ECM VLSI 3 710 VLSI
716 SPT SIGCOM 4 716 SIGCOM
722 TBS CSE 4 722 CSE

Note: If you want to retrieve all columns, use * as shown above.

03 Cheatsheet
 From Clause
Syntax:
It is a SQL clause that specifies the tables SELECT column1, column2, ...
from which to retrieve data for a query. FROM table_name;

Examples:
SELECT
*
FROM
Course;

CourseID title dept_name credits

201 DSA CSE 5
202 ASE ECE 3
211 FD ME 3
213 DSP SIGCOM 3
222 BCS EE 4
301 RC CY 4
303 MET ME 3
323 SE IT 4
506 DM MS 4
511 OPT PH 3
518 ORG CH 4
523 NEO BIO 4
604 WLD CY 3
655 CNS CSE 3
702 MIB BIO 4
710 ECM VLSI 3
716 SPT SIGCOM 4
722 TBS CSE 4

Note: If you want to retrieve all columns, use * as shown above.

Where Clause
Syntax:
The "WHERE" clause in SQL is used to filter SELECT column1, column2, ...
data from a table based on a specified set FROM table_name
of conditions. WHERE condition;

Examples:
SELECT CourseID title dept_name credits
* 201 DSA CSE 5
FROM 655 CNS CSE 3
Course 722 TBS CSE 4
WHERE
dept_name = 'CSE';

04 Cheatsheet
 ORDER BY
Syntax:
ORDER BY is used to sort the result set by SELECT column_name(s)
one or more columns, in ascending or FROM table_name
descending order. ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC]

Examples:
SELECT
*
FROM
Course
ORDER BY
credits DESC;

CourseID title dept_name credits

201 DSA CSE 5
722 TBS CSE 4
716 SPT SIGCOM 4
222 BCS EE 4
301 RC CY 4
702 MIB BIO 4
323 SE IT 4
506 DM MS 4
518 ORG CH 4
523 NEO BIO 4
511 OPT PH 3
710 ECM VLSI 3
655 CNS CSE 3
604 WLD CY 3
303 MET ME 3
213 DSP SIGCOM 3
211 FD ME 3
202 ASE ECE 3

05 Cheatsheet
 Distinct
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT
DISTINCT is used in a SELECT statement to (dept_name)
return only unique values from a column. FROM
Course;

Examples:
dept_name
SELECT DISTINCT
CSE
(dept_name)
ECE
FROM ME
Course; SIGCOM
EE
CY
CourseID title dept_name credits
ME
201 DSA CSE 5 IT
202 ASE ECE 3 MS
211 FD ME 3 PH
213 DSP SIGCOM 3 CH
222 BCS EE 4 Choose the BIO
301 RC CY 4 dept_name column CY
303 MET ME 3 CSE
323 SE IT 4 BIO
506 DM MS 4 VLSI
511 OPT PH 3 SIGCOM
518 ORG CH 4 CSE
523 NEO BIO 4
604 WLD CY 3
655 CNS CSE 3
702 MIB BIO 4
710 ECM VLSI 3 distinct(dept_name)
716 SPT SIGCOM 4 BIO
722 TBS CSE 4 CH
CSE
The Table CY
ECE
EE
Choose the IT
distinct values only ME
MS
PH
SIGCOM
VLSI

Output

06 Cheatsheet
 Aliases
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT
In SQL, aliases are used to give a table, or a (dept_name) AS distinct_dept_name
column in a table, a temporary name. FROM
Course;

Examples:

SELECT DISTINCT
(dept_name) AS distinct_dept_name
FROM
Course;

distinct_dept_name
BIO
CH
CSE
CY
ECE
EE
IT
ME
MS
PH
SIGCOM
VLSI

07 Cheatsheet
Operators

NOT EQUAL TO BETWEEN Operator

<> or ! = The BETWEEN operator is used in SQL to

check whether a value is within a
specified range of values.
Examples:
SELECT Examples:
*
SELECT
FROM
*
Course FROM
WHERE Course
dept_name <> 'CSE'; WHERE
credits BETWEEN 4 AND 5;
CourseID title dept_name credits
202 ASE ECE 3 CourseID title dept_name credits
211 FD ME 3 201 DSA CSE 5
213 DSP SIGCOM 3 222 BCS EE 4
222 BCS EE 4 301 RC CY 4
301 RC CY 4 323 SE IT 4
303 MET ME 3 506 DM MS 4
323 SE IT 4 518 ORG CH 4
506 DM MS 4 523 NEO BIO 4
511 OPT PH 3 702 MIB BIO 4
518 ORG CH 4 716 SPT SIGCOM 4
523 NEO BIO 4 722 TBS CSE 4
604 WLD CY 3
702 MIB BIO 4
710 ECM VLSI 3
716 SPT SIGCOM 4

08 Cheatsheet
 LIKE Operator
Syntax:

The LIKE operator in SQL is used to perform SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
pattern matching on string values.
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

Pattern:
%: Matches any string of zero or more characters.
_: Matches any single character.

Examples:

Select titles starting with a D. Select titles ending with a D.

SELECT SELECT
CourseID, CourseID,
title title
FROM FROM
Course Course
WHERE WHERE
title LIKE "D%"; title LIKE "%D";

CouseID title CouseID title

201 DSA 211 FD
213 DSP 604 WLD
506 DM

Select dept_name containing

the substring with a "GCO".

SELECT
CourseID,
dept_name
FROM
Course
WHERE
dept_name LIKE "%GCO%";

CouseID title
213 SIGCOM
716 SIGCOM

There are other various operators in SQL such as : Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT , Mathematical Operators: +, -, *, /, %,
String Operators: || (Concatenation), Comparison Operators: =, <>, <, >, <=, >=

09 Cheatsheet
Grouping Clauses

GROUP BY Clause
Syntax:

The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
that have the same values.
GROUP BY column_name(s);

Examples:

SELECT
dept_name,
SUM(credits)
FROM
Course
GROUP BY
dept_name;

CourseID title dept_name credits

OUTPUT
201 DSA CSE 5
202 ASE ECE 3
211 FD ME 3 dept_name Sum(credits)
213 DSP SIGCOM 3 BIO 8
222 BCS EE 4 CH 4
Do the same with
301 RC CY 4 CSE 12
all distinct values
303 MET ME 3 CY 7
of dept_name
323 SE IT 4 ECE 3
506 DM MS 4 EE 4
511 OPT PH 3 IT 4
518 ORG CH 4 ME 6
523 NEO BIO 4 MS 4
604 WLD CY 3 PH 3
655 CNS CSE 3 SIGCOM 7
702 MIB BIO 4 VLSI 3
710 ECM VLSI 3
716 SPT SIGCOM 4
722 TBS CSE 4

Same value of dept_name i.e. CSE,

thus group these rows and sum
the values of 'credits' column.

5 + 3 + 4 = 12

10 Cheatsheet
 HAVING Clause
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
The HAVING clause is used to filter groups FROM table_name
based on a condition that aggregates WHERE condition
cannot handle. GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition;

Examples:
SELECT
dept_name,
SUM(credits)
FROM
Course OUTPUT
GROUP BY
dept_name dept_name Sum(credits)
HAVING BIO 8
SUM(credits) > 5; CH 4
CSE 12
CY 7
CourseID title dept_name credits
ECE 3
201 DSA CSE 5
EE 4
202 ASE ECE 3
IT 4
211 FD ME 3
Do the same with ME 6
213 DSP SIGCOM 3
all distinct values MS 4
222 BCS EE 4
of dept_name PH 3
301 RC CY 4
SIGCOM 7
303 MET ME 3
VLSI 3
323 SE IT 4
506 DM MS 4
511 OPT PH 3
518 ORG CH 4 OUTPUT
Apply the
523 NEO BIO 4
Filter Condition
604 WLD CY 3 dept_name Sum(credits)
655 CNS CSE 3 BIO 8
702 MIB BIO 4 CSE 12
710 ECM VLSI 3 CY 7
716 SPT SIGCOM 4 ME 6
722 TBS CSE 4 SIGCOM 7

Same value of dept_name i.e. CSE,

thus group these rows and sum
the values of 'credits' column.

5 + 3 + 4 = 12

11 Cheatsheet
Aggregate Functions

Count
Examples:
The COUNT() function returns the number
SELECT SELECT
of rows that match a specified condition
COUNT(*) COUNT(DISTINCT dept_name)
or expression.
FROM FROM
Course; Course;
Syntax:
COUNT(*) COUNT(Distinct dept_name)
COUNT([Distinct] Expression) 18 12

Sum
Examples:
SELECT
The SUM() function in SQL returns the sum
SUM(credits) AS total_cse_credits
of all the values in a selected column.
FROM
Course
WHERE
Syntax: dept_name = 'CSE';

SUM(expression) total_cse_credits

12

Max
Examples:
The MAX() function in SQL returns the SELECT
maximum value of a selected column. MAX(credits) AS maximum_credits
FROM
Course
WHERE
Syntax:
dept_name = 'CSE';
MAX(expression)
maximum_credits

12 Cheatsheet
 Min
Examples:
The MIN() function in SQL returns the
SELECT
minimum value of a selected column.
MIN(credits) AS minimum_credits
FROM
Course
Syntax: WHERE
dept_name = 'CSE';
MIN(expression)

minimum_credits

Avg
Examples:
The AVG() function in SQL returns the SELECT
average value of a selected column. AVG(credits)
FROM
Course
WHERE
Syntax: dept_name = 'CSE';

AVG(expression)
Avg(credits)

4.0000

13 Cheatsheet
Join in SQL

INNER JOIN
Syntax:

JOIN (or explicitly INNER JOIN) SELECT column_name(s)

returns rows that have matching FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
values in both tables. ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;

LEFT JOIN
Syntax:
LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the
left table with corresponding rows SELECT column_name(s)
from the right table. FROM table_name1
If there's no matching row, NULLs LEFT JOIN table_name2
are returned as values from the ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
second table.

RIGHT JOIN
Syntax:
RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from
the right table with corresponding SELECT column_name(s)
rows from the left table. FROM table_name1
If there's no matching row, NULLs RIGHT JOIN table_name2
are returned as values from the ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
left table.

FULL JOIN
Syntax:
FULL JOIN (or explicitly FULL
OUTER JOIN) returns all rows SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
from both tables.
FULL JOIN table_name2
If there's no matching row in the ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name;
second table, NULLs are returned.

14 Cheatsheet
 SELF JOIN
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
A self join is a regular join, but the
FROM table_name1
table is joined with itself. SELF JOIN table_name1;
A self join is used to join a table
OR
to itself.
SELECT column(s)
FROM table_name1, table_name1;

CROSS JOIN
Syntax:
SELECT column(s)
CROSS JOIN returns all possible FROM table_name1
combinations of rows from both CROSS JOIN table_name2;
tables. OR
There are two syntaxes available. SELECT column(s)
FROM table_name1, table_name2;

Self Join Right Join Full Join

Inner Join Cross Join Left Join

1 1

2 2

3 3

Table 1 Table 2

15 Cheatsheet