Generics in Java

Generics means parameterized types. The idea is to allow type (Integer, String, …
etc., and user-defined types) to be a parameter to methods, classes, and interfaces.
Using Generics, it is possible to create classes that work with different data types. An
entity such as class, interface, or method that operates on a parameterized type is a
generic entity.

Why Generics?

The Object is the superclass of all other classes, and Object reference can refer to any
object. These features lack type safety. Generics add that type of safety feature. We
will discuss that type of safety feature in later examples.
Generics in Java are similar to templates in C++. For example, classes like HashSet,
ArrayList, HashMap, etc., use generics very well. There are some fundamental
differences between the two approaches to generic types.

Types of Java Generics

Generic Method: Generic Java method takes a parameter and returns some value
after performing a task. It is exactly like a normal function, however, a generic
method has type parameters that are cited by actual type. This allows the generic
method to be used in a more general way. The compiler takes care of the type of
safety which enables programmers to code easily since they do not have to perform
long, individual type castings.
Generic Classes: A generic class is implemented exactly like a non-generic class. The
only difference is that it contains a type parameter section. There can be more than
one type of parameter, separated by a comma. The classes, which accept one or more
parameters, are known as parameterized classes or parameterized types.

Generic Class

Like C++, we use <> to specify parameter types in generic class creation. To create
objects of a generic class, we use the following syntax.
// To create an instance of generic class
BaseType <Type> obj = new BaseType <Type>()
Note: In Parameter type we can not use primitives like ‘int’,’char’ or ‘double’.

/ Java program to show working of user defined

// Generic classes
 // We use < > to specify Parameter type
class Test<T> {
// An object of type T is declared
T obj;
Test(T obj) { this.obj = obj; } // constructor
public T getObject() { return this.obj; }
}

// Driver class to test above

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// instance of Integer type
Test<Integer> iObj = new Test<Integer>(15);
System.out.println(iObj.getObject());

// instance of String type

Test<String> sObj
= new Test<String>("GeeksForGeeks");
System.out.println(sObj.getObject());
}
}

We can also pass multiple Type parameters in Generic classes.

 Java

// Java program to show multiple

// type parameters in Java Generics

// We use < > to specify Parameter type

class Test<T, U>
{
T obj1; // An object of type T
U obj2; // An object of type U

// constructor
Test(T obj1, U obj2)
{
this.obj1 = obj1;
this.obj2 = obj2;
}

// To print objects of T and U

public void print()
 {
System.out.println(obj1);
System.out.println(obj2);
}
}

// Driver class to test above

class Main
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Test <String, Integer> obj =
new Test<String, Integer>("GfG", 15);

obj.print();
}
}

Generic Functions:

We can also write generic functions that can be called with different types of
arguments based on the type of arguments passed to the generic method. The compiler
handles each method.

 Java

// Java program to show working of user defined

// Generic functions

class Test {
// A Generic method example
static <T> void genericDisplay(T element)
{
System.out.println(element.getClass().getName()
+ " = " + element);
}

// Driver method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Calling generic method with Integer argument
genericDisplay(11);

// Calling generic method with String argument

 genericDisplay("GeeksForGeeks");

// Calling generic method with double argument

genericDisplay(1.0);
}
}

Generics Work Only with Reference Types:

When we declare an instance of a generic type, the type argument passed to the type
parameter must be a reference type. We cannot use primitive data types like int, char.
Test<int> obj = new Test<int>(20);
The above line results in a compile-time error that can be resolved using type
wrappers to encapsulate a primitive type.
But primitive type arrays can be passed to the type parameter because arrays are
reference types.
ArrayList<int[]> a = new ArrayList<>();

Advantages of Generics:

Programs that use Generics has got many benefits over non-generic code.
1. Code Reuse: We can write a method/class/interface once and use it for any type we
want.
2. Type Safety: Generics make errors to appear compile time than at run time (It’s
always better to know problems in your code at compile time rather than making your
code fail at run time). Suppose you want to create an ArrayList that store name of
students, and if by mistake the programmer adds an integer object instead of a string,
the compiler allows it. But, when we retrieve this data from ArrayList, it causes
problems at runtime.
 Java

// Java program to demonstrate that NOT using

// generics can cause run time exceptions

import java.util.*;

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creatinga an ArrayList without any type specified
 ArrayList al = new ArrayList();

al.add("Sachin");
al.add("Rahul");
al.add(10); // Compiler allows this

String s1 = (String)al.get(0);
String s2 = (String)al.get(1);

// Causes Runtime Exception

String s3 = (String)al.get(2);
}
}

Output :
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException:
java.lang.Integer cannot be cast to java.lang.String
at Test.main(Test.java:19)

How do Generics Solve this Problem?

When defining ArrayList, we can specify that this list can take only String objects.

 Java

// Using Java Generics converts run time exceptions into

// compile time exception.
import java.util.*;

class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a an ArrayList with String specified
ArrayList <String> al = new ArrayList<String> ();

al.add("Sachin");
al.add("Rahul");

// Now Compiler doesn't allow this

al.add(10);

String s1 = (String)al.get(0);
String s2 = (String)al.get(1);
String s3 = (String)al.get(2);
 }
}

Output:
15: error: no suitable method found for add(int)
al.add(10);
^
3. Individual Type Casting is not needed: If we do not use generics, then, in the
above example, every time we retrieve data from ArrayList, we have to typecast it.
Typecasting at every retrieval operation is a big headache. If we already know that our
list only holds string data, we need not typecast it every time.
 Java

// We don't need to typecast individual members of ArrayList

import java.util.*;

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Creating a an ArrayList with String specified
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();

al.add("Sachin");
al.add("Rahul");

// Typecasting is not needed

String s1 = al.get(0);
String s2 = al.get(1);
}
}

4. Generics Promotes Code Reusability: With the help of generics in Java, we can
write code that will work with different types of data. For example,
public <T> void genericsMethod (T data) {...}
Here, we have created a generics method. This same method can be used to perform
operations on integer data, string data, and so on.