JSS 1 THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK:

WEEK TOPIC:
1. REVISION/DEFINITION OF COMPUTER PROCESSING
2. IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER AS A DATA PROCESSING TOOL.
3. THE DEVICE
4. TYPES OF COMPUTER
5. USES AND APPLICATION OF COMPUTER
6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
7. MASTERY OF THE KEYBOARD I
8. MASTERY OF THE KEYBOARD II
9. SCREEN POINTING DEVICES
10. FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTER OPERATION

WEEK ONE
TOPIC: DEFINITION OF COMPUTER PROCESSING

Computer processing is an action or series of actions that a microprocessor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), in a computer
performs when it receives information. The CPU is a type of electronic “brain” for a computer system, and it executes a series of
instructions that are fed to it by software programs installed onto a computer’s hard drive and loaded into random access memory (RAM).
Though modern computer systems have become much faster and more complex than their earlier counterparts, they still perform the
same basic type of computer processing.
There are four distinct states that processing goes through in order to produce meaningful output for any program. These states are
commonly referred to as (fetch, decode, execute and write back).
A computer has four main components: the central processing unit or CPU, the primary memory, input units and output units. A system
bus connects all the four components, passing and relaying information among them.

 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Computer scientists typically call the CPU the “brain” of the computer because this is where programs are executed. The CPU is further
broken up into three smaller components: the arithmetic unit handles all the simple mathematical computations; the control units
interpret the instructions in a computer program; and the instruction decoding unit converts computer programming instructions into
machine code.

 Memory
Once the CPU converts a specific set of computer program instructions into machine code, it stores that machine code in primary storage
or memory. The machine code will be treated as either data or instructions. The CPU fetches data and instructions from memory, uses an
instruction to manipulate the data, and then sends the result and the next set of instructions back to memory.

 Input Units
Input units are all the devices you use to feed data to the computer, such as a keyboard, a hard drive or a networking card. These devices,
in essence, bring data from the “outside world” into your computer, in much the same way that your eyes and ears bring information to
your brain. Each input device has its own hardware controller that connects to the CPU and primary memory, and it has a set of
instructions that tells the CPU how to use it.

 Output Units
Output units are the devices your computer uses to relay information to the user, such as a printer, monitors and speakers. For example,
everything you see on your computer monitor starts as machine code in memory. The CPU takes that machine code and converts it into a
format required by your monitor’s hardware. Your monitor’s hardware then converts that information into different light intensities so
that you see words or pictures.

WEEK TWO
TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER AS A TOOL FOR PROCESSING DATA
DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
There are different basic techniques of data processing namely:
Batch Processing, Real Time Processing, Time Sharing Processing, Demand Processing, Multi Processing.
1. BATCH PROCESSING

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Batch processing is a method where multiple jobs or data are inputted into a computer system simultaneously, and the computer executes
these jobs one after the other in a sequence at its own pace. This type of processing is commonly used in accounting and business
applications such as payroll accounts, invoicing, purchases, sales, and ledger maintenance.

2. REAL-TIME PROCESSING
Real-time processing involves the immediate processing of data. It is done rapidly so that the results are available in time to influence the
current activity or process being monitored or controlled. Real-time processing is crucial in transaction applications where time is a critical
factor, such as in airline reservations or banking operations.

3. TIME SHARING
Time-sharing processing allows multiple users to interact with a computer system through terminals connected remotely. In this model,
the processor time is shared among a variable number of users simultaneously, enabling concurrency and simultaneity. Each user is
allocated a fraction of the processor time, and once that time elapses, the processor switches over to another user.

4. DEMAND PROCESSING
Demand processing is a type of processing that only occurs when necessary. Data is stored in the computer memory and processed when
the need arises. This approach ensures that computational resources are used efficiently and that processing is carried out only as and
when required.

5. MULTI-PROCESSING
In traditional computer operation modes, only one processor is present in the system. In a multi-processing system, there are two or more
processors that may share the same main memory, enabling the simultaneous execution of multiple programs. This setup improves overall
system performance and allows for more efficient utilization of resources.

6. ONLINE PROCESSING
Online processing involves multiple terminals directly connected to the CPU, enabling the immediate input of transactions and real-time
output retrieval. While an online system may not always provide real-time responses, a true real-time system must have online
capabilities to facilitate immediate transaction processing and communication with users.

WEEK THREE
TOPIC: THE DEVICES
DEFINITION:
A device is an instrument, equipment, or machine designed to perform specific functions efficiently.

CLASS OF DEVICES
Devices can be classified into five main types:
1. Early counting devices
2. Mechanical devices
3. Electrical devices
4. Electronic devices
5. Analogue devices

EVALUATION
1. Definition of a device: A device is an instrument, equipment, or machine made to perform specific functions.
2. List of the five classes of devices: Early counting devices, mechanical devices, electrical devices, electronic devices, and analogue
devices.
3. Early counting devices: Examples of early counting devices include stones, pebbles, beads, fingers and toes, sticks, grains, marks on the
wall, etc.
4. Mechanical devices: A mechanism consisting of devices that operate based on mechanical principles. Examples include ships, carts,
sewing machines, motorcycles, cars, typewriters, wheelbarrows, Abacus, slide rule, Napier bone, Pascaline, Jacquard’s loom, and
Babbage’s analytic engine.
5. Electrical devices: Devices that utilize electric current energy and convert it into different forms of energy. Examples include electric
irons, electric kettles, blenders, mixers, electric clippers, fridges, fans, washing machines, and grinding machines.
6. Electronic devices: Components designed to regulate the flow of electrical currents for information processing and system control
purposes. Examples encompass photocopiers, scoreboards, calculators, radios, cameras, televisions, telephones, and computers.
7. Analog devices: Utilized for measuring variables that fluctuate over time. Instances of analog devices include barometers,
thermometers, weighing scales, rain gauges, etc.

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WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: TYPES OF COMPUTERS
There are three types of Computers namely:
Digital computer, Analogue Computer, Hybrid computer.

1. Digital Computer
Digital computer system is a system or device using discrete signals or values to represent data numerically. They are computers that are
used for counting and to work on numbers. It works on data of non-continuous or discontinuous nature. Most digital representation in
computing is based on the binary system. For example, the channel select on the television set is a digital device because it restricts you to
a discrete set of channels. Another example is the digital wristwatch which shows you the exact time in digits and digital computers,
calculator, microcomputer, digital ammeter.

2. Analogue Computer
These are computers that work on non-discrete or continuous data. In contrast to digital computers, they have continuous value. They are
used to measure values that change from time to time. Examples of such measurements are temperature, speed, weight, etc. They
measure physical quantities and convert them to numbers. Examples of analogue devices are thermometer, speedometer, fuel gauge,
electric meters, petrol dispenser at petrol station, and analogue ammeter. They are mostly used in industrial operations.

3. Hybrid Computers
The high speed of an analogue machine is combined with the flexibility of a digital machine. A hybrid computer is made up of digital and
analogue components connected together in a system. Hybrid computers are mostly used in scientific research and technical applications
because they can count and measure. They have the ability to handle both discrete and non-discrete data since the properties of analog
and digital are combined in hybrid computers.

WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: USES AND APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
USES OF COMPUTERS
1. Computers can be used in various sectors such as computer schools, hospitals, and government offices.
2. They are essential for organizing data management and information efficiently.
3. Computers enhance the learning process through interactivity, as seen in students' compact disks.
4. They aid communication systems through email, teleconferencing, and telephone e-presence.
5. Word processing is a common use of computers for tasks like writing letters, memos, and documents.
6. Computers play a significant role in graphical presentations, enabling the production of cards, letterheads, calendars, and more.
7. For entertainment and relaxation, computers offer a wide array of games for users to enjoy.
8. In project management, computers help plan, schedule, and control resources and project costs effectively.

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. In education, computers serve as teaching aids in Computer-Aided Learning (CAL) or Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI).
2. For personnel administration, computers are crucial for maintaining comprehensive records on employees.
3. Businesses utilize computers for planning, forecasting, and using simulated scenarios to gain insights and solutions.
4. In the field of medicine, computers are used to check and monitor health parameters of patients.
5. The banking sector heavily relies on computers to efficiently manage large amounts of transactions and operations.
6. In engineering, complex calculations and drawings are easily tackled.
7. Computers are used in recreational activities for playing games for relaxation, fun, and excitement.
8. Computers in art and music involve the use of AutoCAD for computer-aided drawings; both amateur and professional musicians can
compose, play, and refine existing musical compositions on the computer.

WEEK SIX
TOPIC: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
1. Computers are widely used for data processing as they offer advantages over manual labor by humans.

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2. Computers can process data at a faster speed.
3. Increased access to information stored in resource centers.
4. Ability to process data accurately.
5. Capable of handling very large volumes of transactions regardless of complexity.
6. Reliable in performing tasks.
7. Large storage capacity.
8. Improves job quality.
9. Increased efficiency as information stored in computer databases can be used for various purposes.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Unemployment: Automation of tasks leads to reduced need for human labor, contributing to higher unemployment rates.
2. Wastage of Time and Energy: Many individuals use computers for unproductive activities like gaming and prolonged chatting, leading to
time and energy wastage. Excessive use of social media and smartphones can negatively impact studies, health, and social life.

WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: MASTERING THE KEYBOARD I
- DEFINITION: A keyboard is an electronic device consisting of various groups of keys that are electronically connected to the processor
when linked to a computer system. It serves as the primary input device for entering data into a computer.

- TYPES OF KEYBOARDS:
a. Standard keyboard
b. Enhanced keyboard

- FEATURES OF A STANDARD KEYBOARD:

- Includes ten function keys (F1 – F10)
- Contains four arrow keys
- Comprises 84 – 89 keys

- FEATURES OF AN ENHANCED KEYBOARD:

- Equipped with 12 function keys (F1 – F12)
- Includes eight arrow keys
- Consists of 101 – 105 keys

- TYPES OF ENHANCED KEYBOARDS:

1. Multimedia keyboard
2. Programming keyboard
3. Cordless keyboard

- SECTIONS OF THE KEYBOARD:

1. Alphanumeric keys: These keys comprise both alphabets and numbers.
2. Function keys (F1 – F12)
3. Control keys: Includes keys like DEL, CTRL, Esc, and Alt
4. Cursor keys: Used to control screen movements, such as arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, etc.
5. Numeric keypad: Arranged in a calculator-like structure.

WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: MASTERING THE KEYBOARD II

- CORRECT SITTING POSITION:

- Ensure that you maintain the proper sitting posture to prevent back pain, eye strain, and discomfort in your hands.
- Adjust the seat back as needed.
- Ensure there is ample space to move your legs comfortably.
- Position the screen at an ergonomic height.
- Consider using an antiglare protector for the screen.
- USING THE KEYBOARD FOR TYPING NAMES AND LETTERS:
- Utilize software tutors like Mavis Beacon Typing Tutor.

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- Practice typing with all ten fingers.
- Adopt a gentle touch when typing on the keyboard.

WEEK NINE
TOPIC: SCREEN POINTING DEVICES

A hardware input device that enables users to control the movement of the pointer on a display screen to select items in a computer
program or GUI operating system.
TYPES OF SCREEN POINTING DEVICES:
1. Mouse
2. Trackball
3. Touchpad
4. Joystick
5. Light pen
Mouse:
A pointing device utilized to maneuver the pointer cursor in a graphical environment, serving as an alternative to the keyboard.
Various versions of mice include:
1. PS/2
2. Serial
3. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
4. Cordless
Components of a Mouse:
A mouse comprises the following components:
1. Left button: Used for clicking or double-clicking on an object.
2. Right button: Opens a task menu with commands.
3. Mouse ball: A small spherical object beneath the mouse that rolls on a mouse pad or smooth surface as the mouse moves on the table.
4. Mouse pointer: An arrow-shaped object on the computer screen used to indicate objects in a graphical operating environment.
5. Mouse cord: A small cable attached to the mouse for transmitting signals to the processor.

WEEK TEN
TOPIC: FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTER OPERATION
BOOTING:
Booting refers to the process of initiating the computer or preparing it for operation.
Initiating a Microcomputer System:
Upon pressing the power button to commence booting, the PC undergoes a sequence known as Power-On-Self-Test (POST). POST allows
the computer to scan various files to refresh its memory and execute a series of comprehensive tests to ensure the proper functioning of
all hardware components.
During the boot-up process, an electric current is directed to the microprocessor, prompting the chip to clear its memory. As the
microprocessor resets, it sends instructions to the computer's Read-Only Memory (ROM) chips to execute the Basic Input/Output System
(BIOS) boot program. Subsequently, the boot program establishes a connection with the hard drive, loads the core system files of
Windows XP/VISTA/7 through the microprocessor, and installs the necessary device driver software for facilitating communication
between the operating system and the PC's hardware.
Upon coordinating with the video card to generate the desktop interface, the Windows operating system proceeds to access the Startup
folder directly from the hard drive. It loads this information through the microprocessor into the Random Access Memory (RAM), thereby
preparing the computer for use.
There exist two types of booting:
1. Cold booting
2. Warm booting
Cold Booting: The act of powering on the computer by pressing the system unit's power switch.
Warm Booting: The method of rebooting the computer by either pressing the reset button on the system unit or using the Ctrl + Alt + Del
key combination.