My SQL Notes

■ Accessing Database in MySql :

Through USE keyword we can start any database Syntax:
USE <database Name>;
Example: USE ADDRESS;

■ CREATING TABLE IN MYSQL

Through Create table command we can define any table.
CREATE TABLE <tablename>
(<columnname><datatype>[(<Size>)], .........
);
CREATE TABLE ADDRESS(SNo integer, City char(25));

■ INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE

The rows are added to relations using INSERT command.
INSERT INTO
<tablename>[<columnname>] VALUES
(<value>, <value>...);
INSERT INTO ADDRESS (SNo, City)
VALUES (100,‟JAIPUR‟);

■ SELECT COMMAND:
The SELECT command is used to make queries on the database. A query is a command
that
is given to produce certain specified information from the database table(s). The SELECT
command can be used to retrieve a subset of rows or columns from one or more tables.
The syntax of Select Command is:
SELECT <Column-list>
FROM <table_name>
[Where <condition>]
[GROUP BY <column_list>]
[Having <condition>]
[ORDER BY <column_list [ASC|DESC ]>]
Example:
SELECT * FROM ADDRESS WHERE SNo=100;

■ Eliminating Redundant Data

■ DISTINCT keyword eliminates redundant data
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM ADDRESS;

■ Selecting from all the rows

SELECT * FROM ADDRESS;
■ Viewing structure of table:
DESCRIBE/DESC
<tablename>; DESCRIBE
ADDRESS;

• Using column aliases:

SELECT <column name> AS [columnalias][,...]
FROM <tablename>;
SELECT SNo, City AS “STUDENTCITY”
FROM ADDRESS;

■ Condition based on a range:

Keyword BETWEEN used for making range checks in queries.
SELECT SNo, CITY FROM ADDRESS WHERE SNo BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

■ Condition based on a list:

Keyword IN used for selecting values from a list of values.
SELECT rno, sname FROM student WHERE rno IN (10, 20, 60);

■ Condition based on a pattern matches:

Keyword LIKE used for making character comparison using strings percent(%)
matches any substring underscore(_) matches any character
SELECT SNo, City FROM ADDRESS WHERE City LIKE
„%ri‟;

■ Searching for NULL

The NULL value in a column is searched for in a table using IS NULL in the WHERE
clause
(Relational Operators like =,<> etc cannot be used with NULL).
For example, to list details of all employees whose departments contain NULL (i.e.,
novalue), you use the command:
SELECT empno, ename
FROM emp
Where Deptno IS NULL;
■ ORDER BY clause:
It is used to sort the results of a query.
SELECT <column name> [, <column name>, .]
FROM <table name>
[WHERE <condition>] [ORDER BY <column name>];
SELECT * FROM ADDRESS WHERE SNo>50 ORDER BY City;

■ Creating tables with SQL Constraint :

CREATE TABLE command is used to CREATE tables , the syntax is:
CREATE TABLE <Table_name>
( column_name 1 data_type1 [(size) column_constraints],
 column_name 1 data_type1 [(size) column_constraints],
:
:
[<table_constraint> (column_names)] );

■ SQL Constraint:
A Constraint is a condition or check applicable on a field or set of fields.
■ NOT NULL/UNIQUE/DEFAULT/CHECK/PRIMARY KEY/FOREIGN KEY
Constraint:
CREATE TABLE student (rollno integer NOT);

CREATE TABLE student (rollno integer UNIQUE );

CREATE TABLE student (rollno integer NOT NULL, Sclass integer, Sname
varchar(30), Sclass DEFAULT 12 );

CREATE TABLE student (rollno integer CHECK (rollno>0), Sclass integer, Sname
varchar(30));

CREATE TABLE student (rollno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Sclass integer,
Sname varchar(30));

CREATE TABLE teacher (STid integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,

FOREIGN KEY (STtid ) REFRENCES student (Sid));

■ Modifying data in tables:

Existing data in tables can be changed with UPDATE command.
The Update command is use to change the value in a table. The syntax of this command is:
UPDATE <table_name>
SET column_name1=new_value1 [,column_name2=new_value2,……]
WHERE <condition>;

UPDATE student SET Sclass=12 WHERE Sname=‟Rohan‟;

■ Deleting data from tables:

The DELETE command removes rows from a table. This removes the entire rows, not
individual field values.
The syntax of this command is
DELETE FROM <table_name> [WHERE <condition>];
e.g., to delete the tuples from EMP that have salary less than 2000, the following command
is used:
DELETE FROM emp WHERE sal<2000;
To delete all tuples from emp table:
DELETE FROM emp;
 SQL Constraints/ Integrity Constraints
1-SQL Constraint is a condition or check applicable on a field or set of fields.
2- They can also be defined or modified after creating the tables.
3- When constraints are defined any data entering in the table is first checked to
satisfy the condition specified in particular constraint if it is, only then table data set can be
updated. If data updation/ insertion is violating the defined constraints, database rejects the
data (entire record is rejected).
4- When a constraint is applied to a single column, it is called a column level constraint but
if a constraint is applied on a combination of columns it is called a table constraint.
Following constraints can be defined on a table in SQL:
Constraints name Description

PRIMARY KEY Used to create a primary key

UNIQUE to create a unique key
NOT NULL to define that column will not accept null values.

FOREIGN KEY/ REFERENCES to define referential integrity with another table.

DEFAULT to define the columns default value.

CHECK to define the custom rule.

Not Null and Default constraints can be applied only at column level rest all constraints
can be applied on both column level and table levels.
MySQL functions:
A function is a special type of predefined command set that performs some operation and
returns a single value.
Single-row functions return a single result row for every row of a queried table. They are
categorized into: Numeric functions, String functions, and Date and Time functions.
1) Numeric Functions
• POWER( ) : Returns the argument raised to the specified power. POW ( ) works
the same way.
Example: (i) POW(2,4); Result:16 (ii) POW(2,-2); Result:0.25 (iii) POW(-2,3) Result: -8

• ROUND( ) : ROUND(X) Rounds the argument to the zero decimal place, Where
as ROUND(X,d) Rounds the argument to d decimal places.
Example :(i) ROUND(-1.23); Result: -1 (ii) ROUND(-1.58); Result: -2
(i) ROUND(1.58); Result: 2 (iv)ROUND(3.798, 1);Result: 3.8
(v) ROUND(1.298, 0); Result: 1 (vi) ROUND(23.298, -1); Result:
20

• TRUNCATE( ) : Truncates the argument to specified number of decimal

places. Example: (i) TRUNCATE(7.29,1 )Result: 7.2 (ii) TRUNCATE(27.29,-1)
Result: 20
2) Character/String Functions
• LENGTH( ) : Returns the length of a string in bytes/no.of characters in
string. Example: LENGTH(„INFORMATICS‟); Result:11

• CHAR( ) : Returns the corresponding ASCII character for each integer

passed. Example : CHAR(65) ; Result : A
• CONCAT( ): Returns concatenated string i.e. it adds strings.
Example : CONCAT(„Informatics‟,‟ „,„Practices‟); Result : Informatics Practices
• INSTR( ): Returns the index of the first occurrence of
substring. Example : INSTR(„Informatics‟,‟ mat‟);
Result : 6(since ‘m’ of ‘mat’ is at 6th place)

• LOWER( )/ LCASE( ): Returns the argument after converting it in

lowercase. Example: LOWER(„INFORMATICS‟); Result : informatics
• UPPER( )/ UCASE( ): Returns the argument after converting it in
uppercase. Example: UCASE(„informatics‟);
Result :INFORMATICS
• LEFT( ) : Returns the given number of characters by extracting them from the
left side of the given string.
Example : LEFT(„INFORMATICS PRACTICES‟, 3); Result : INF
• MID( )/SUBSTR( ) : Returns a substring starting from the specified position in a
given string.
Example: MID(„INFORMATICS PRACTICES‟,3,4); Result : FORM

• LTRIM( ) : Removes leading spaces.

Example : LTRIM(' INFORMATICS'); Result: 'INFORMATICS‟

• RTRIM( ): Removes trailing spaces.

Example : RTRIM('INFORMATICS '); Result: 'INFORMATICS‟
• TRIM( ) : Removes leading and trailing spaces.
Example: TRIM(' INFORMATICS '); Result: 'INFORMATICS‟

3) Date/Time Functions
 CURDATE( ) : Returns the current date
Example: CURDATE( ); Result:'2014-07-21'
 NOW( ): Returns the current date and time
Example: NOW( ); Result: '2014-07-21 13:58:11'
 SYSDATE( ) : Return the time at which the function executes
Example: SYSDATE( ); Result:'2014-07-21 13:59:23‟

 DATE( ):Extracts the date part of a date or date time expression

Example: DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03'); Result::'2003-12-31'
 MONTH( ) :Returns the month from the date passed
 Example: MONTH('2010-07-21'); ans:07
 YEAR( ): Returns the year
Example: YEAR('2010-07-21'); Result: 2010

 DAYNAME( ): Returns the name of the weekday

Example: DAYNAME('2010-07-21'); Result: WEDNESDAY

 DAYOFMONTH( ): Returns the day of the month (0-31)

Example: DAYOFMONTH('2010-07-21'); Result: 21

 DAYOFWEEK( ): Returns the weekday index of the argument

Example: DAYOFWEEK('2010-07-21'); Result: 4 (Sunday is counted as 1)

 DAYOFYEAR( ): Return the day of the year(1 -366)

Example: DAYOFYEAR('2010-07-21'); Result:
202

 Aggregate or Group functions: MySQL provides Aggregate or Group functions

which work on a number of values of a column/expression and return a single
value as the result.
Some of the most frequently used Aggregate functions in MySQL are:

S.No Name of the Function Purpose

1 MAX() Returns the MAXIMUM of the values under the
specified column/expression.
2 MIN() Returns the MINIMUM of the values under
the specified column/expression.
3 AVG() Returns the AVERAGE of the values under the
specified column/expression.
4 SUM() Returns the SUM of the values under the specified
column/expression.
5 COUNT() Returns the COUNT of the number of values under the
specified column/expression.

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■ The GROUP BY clause groups the rows in the result by columns that have
the same values. Grouping can be done by column name, or with aggregate
functions in which case the aggregate produces a value for each group.
■ The HAVING clause place conditions on groups in contrast to WHERE clause
that place conditions on individual rows. While WHERE condition cannot
include aggregate functions, HAVING conditions can do so.
■ ALTER TABLE COMMAND:-
The ALTER Table command is used to change the definition (structure) of
existing table. Usually , it can:
(i) Add columns to a table
(ii) Delete columns
(iii) Modify a column The syntax of this command is: For Add or
modify column:
ALTER TABLE <Table_name> ADD/MODIFY <Column_defnition>;
For Delete column
ALTER TABLE <Table_name> DROP COLUMN <Column_name>;
Example :
0 To add a new column address in EMP table command will
be : ALTER TABLE EMP ADD (address char (30));
0 To modify the size of sal column in EMP table, command will
be: ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY (sal number(9,2) );
0 To delete column Address from Table EMP the command
will be: ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN address;

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Q3. Consider the following tables HOSPITAL. Give outputs for SQL queries (i) to (iv) and
write SQL commands for the statements (v) to (viii).
No Name Age Department Dateofadmin Charge Sex
1 Arpit 62 Surgery 21/01/06 300 M
2 Zayana 18 ENT 12/12/05 250 F
3 Kareem 68 Orthopedic 19/02/06 450 M
4 Abhilash 26 Surgery 24/11/06 300 M
5 Dhanya 24 ENT 20/10/06 350 F
6 Siju 23 Cardiology 10/10/06 800 M
7 Ankita 16 ENT 13/04/06 100 F
8 Divya 20 Cardiology 10/11/06 500 F
9 Nidhin 25 Orthopedic 12/05/06 700 M
10 Hari 28 Surgery 19/03/06 450 M

(i) Select SUM(Charge) from HOSPITAL where Sex=‟F‟;

(ii) Select COUNT(DISTINCT Department ) from HOSPITAL;
(iii) Select SUM(Charge) from HOSPITAL group by Department;
(iv) Select Name from HOSPITAL where Sex=‟F‟ AND Age > 20;
(v) To show all information about the patients whose names are having four characters only.
(vi) To reduce Rs 200 from the charge of female patients who are in Cardiology department.
(vii) To insert a new row in the above table with the following data :
11, „Rakesh‟, 45, „ENT‟, {08/08/08}, 1200, „M‟
(viii) To remove the rows from the above table where age of the patient > 60.
(ix) To display total charges of all female patients.
(x) To display the no of departments in the hospital without repetition of departments.
(xi) To display all female patient name who are having an age above 20 from the hospital.
(xii) To display names of all patients who are in ENT,CARDIOLOGY and SURGERY
department.

Ans : (i) 1200

(ii) 4
(iii) 1050
700
1150
1300
(iv) Dhanya
(v) SELECT * FROM HOSPITAL WHERE NAME LIKE “_ _ _ _”;
(vi) UPDATEHOSPITAL SET CHARGE = CHARGE – 200 WHERE (DEPARTMENT
= „CARDIOLOGY‟ AND SEX = „F‟);
(vii) INSERT INTO HOSPITAL VALUES(11,„Rakesh‟,45,„ENT‟,{08/08/08}, 1200, „M‟);
(ii) DELETE FROM HOSPITAL WHERE AGE > 60;

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 Q4. Consider the following tables BOOKS. Write SQL commands for the statements (i)
to (iv) and give outputs for SQL queries (v) to (viii).
Table : BOOKS

B_Id Book_Name Author_Name Publisher Price Type Quantity

C01 Fast Cook Lata Kapoor EPB 355 Cookery 5
F01 The Tears William First 650 Fiction 20
Hopkins
T01 My C++ Brain & FPB 350 Text 10
Brooke
T02 C++ Brain A.W.Rossaine TDH 350 Text 15
F02 Thuderbolts Anna Roberts First 750 Fiction 50
i). To list the names from books of Text type.
ii). To display the names and price from books in ascending order of their price.
iii).To increase the price of all books of EPB publishers by 50.
iv). To display the Book_Name, Quantity and Price for all C++ books.
v). Select max(price) from books;
vi). Select count(DISTINCT Publishers) from books where Price >=400;
vii).Select Book_Name, Author_Name from books where Publishers = „First‟;
viii).Select min(Price) from books where type = „Text‟;

Ans : (i) SELECT Book_Name FROM BOOKS WHERE Type = „Text‟;

(ii) SELECT Book_Name, Price FROM BOOKS ORDER BY Price;
(iii) UPDATE BOOKS SET Price = Price + 50 WHERE Publisher = „EPB‟;
(iv) SELECT Book_Name, Quantity, Price FROM BOOKS WHERE Book_Name
LIKE „%C++%‟;
(v) 750
(vi) 2
(vii) The Tears William
Hopkins Thuderbolts Anna Roberts
(viii) 350

a. What will be the output of the following SQL commands (1 x 7 = 7)

(i) Select length(“computer”)
(ii) Select right(“computer”, 3)
(iii) Select mid(„computer‟, 3,2)
(iv) Select power(5,2)
(v) Select round(143.562,1)

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 (vi) Select dayofmonth(„2012-05-11‟);
(vii) Select month(„2010-02-07‟);

1. Write the output of following SQL queries.

i. SELECT ROUND(6.88,2) ;
ii. SELECT MID(„Discovery Channel‟,4,6)
; iii.SELECT DAYOFMONTH („2011–03–
30„);
iv. SELECT TRUNCATE (7.727,1);

2. Consider the table STUDENT given below, write SQL Commands for (i) to (iv)
and output for (v) to (viii)

RollNo Name Class DOB Sex City Marks

1 Nanda X 6/6/95 M Agra 551
2 Saurabh XII 7/5/93 M Mumbai 462
3 Sanal XI 6/5/94 F Delhi 400
4 Trisla XII 8/8/95 F Mumbai 450
5 Store XII 8/10/95 M Delhi 369
6 Marisla XI 12/12/94 F Dubai 250
7 Neha X 8/12/95 F Moscow 377
8 Nishant X 12/6/95 M Moscow 489
(i) To Display all information about class XII students.
(ii) List the name of made student of class X.
(iii) List names all class of all students in descending order of DOB.
(iv) To count the number of student in XII Class of Mumbai city.
(v) SELECT DISTINCT(Sex) FROM Student.
(vi) SELECT AVERAGE(Marks) FROM Student GROUP BY Sex.
(vii) SELECT COUNT(*)FROM Student where Class = „XI‟
(viii) SELECT MAX(Marks) FROM Student.

3. Write an SQL query to create the table books with following structure.

Field Type Constraints

BookID Varchar (5) Primary Key
BookName Varchar (20)
Author Varchar (20)
Price Decimal (5, 2)
1. Write the SQL query commands based on following table

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 Table : SchoolBus

Rtno Area_overed Capacity Noofstudents Distance Transporter Charges

1 Vasant kunj 100 120 10 Shivamtravels 100000
2 Hauz Khas 80 80 10 Anand travels 85000
3 Pitampura 60 55 30 Anand travels 60000
4 Rohini 100 90 35 Anand travels 100000
5 Yamuna Vihar 50 60 20 Bhalla Co. 55000
6 Krishna Nagar 70 80 30 Yadav Co. 80000
7 Vasundhara 100 110 20 Yadav Co. 100000
8 Paschim Vihar 40 40 20 Speed travels 55000
9 Saket 120 120 10 Speed travels 100000
10 Jank Puri 100 100 20 Kisan Tours 95000
(b) To show all information of students where capacity is more than the no of student in order
of rtno.
(c) To show area_covered for buses covering more than 20 km., but charges less than 80000.
(d) To show transporter wise total no. of students traveling.
(e) To show rtno, area_covered and average cost per student for all routes where average cost
per student is - charges/noofstudents.
(f) Add a new record with following data:
(11, “ Moti bagh”,35,32,10,” kisan tours “, 35000)
(g) Give the output considering the original relation as given:
(i) select sum(distance) from schoolbus where transporter= “ Yadav travels”;
(ii) select min(noofstudents) from schoolbus;
(iii) select avg(charges) from schoolbus where transporter= “ Anand travels”;
(iv) select distinct transporter from schoolbus;

4. Write the SQL query commands based on following table

TABLE : GRADUATE

S.NO NAME STIPEND SUBJECT AVERAGE DIV.

1 KARAN 400 PHYSICS 68 I
2 DIWAKAR 450 COMP. Sc. 68 I
3 DIVYA 300 CHEMISTRY 62 I
4 REKHA 350 PHYSICS 63 I
5 ARJUN 500 MATHS 70 I
6 SABINA 400 CEHMISTRY 55 II
7 JOHN 250 PHYSICS 64 I
8 ROBERT 450 MATHS 68 I

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 9 RUBINA 500 COMP. Sc. 62 I
10 VIKAS 400 MATHS 57 II
(a) List the names of those students who have obtained DIV 1 sorted by NAME.
(b) Display a report, listing NAME, STIPEND, SUBJECT and amount of stipend received
in a year assuming that the STIPEND is paid every month.
(c) To count the number of students who are either PHYSICS or COMPUTER SC graduates.
(d) To insert a new row in the GRADUATE table: 11,”KAJOL”, 300, “computer sc”, 75, 1
(e) Give the output of following sql statement based on table GRADUATE:
(i) Select MIN(AVERAGE) from GRADUATE where
SUBJECT=”PHYSICS”;
(ii) Select SUM(STIPEND) from GRADUATE WHERE div=2;
(iii) Select AVG(STIPEND) from GRADUATE where AVERAGE>=65;
(iv) Select COUNT(distinct SUBDJECT) from GRADUATE;
(f) Assume that there is one more table GUIDE in the database as shown below:

Table: GUIDE

MAINAREA ADVISOR
PHYSICS VINOD
COMPUTER SC ALOK
CHEMISTRY RAJAN
MATHEMATICS MAHESH
g) What will be the output of the following query:
SELECT NAME, ADVISOR FROM GRADUATE, GUIDE WHERE SUBJECT=
MAINAREA;

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