FINTECH QBANK

1) Which of the following is NOT considered a key driver of the fintech revolution?
a) Rising internet penetration
b) Technological advancements like AI and blockchain
c) Increased regulatory burden on traditional banks
d) Growing demand for personalised financial services (Correct Answer)

2) Which of the following technologies is NOT primarily associated with blockchain in the context of
fintech?
a) Distributed ledger
b) Cryptocurrencies
c) Smart contracts
d) Centralised databases (Correct Answer)

3) Neobanks often differentiate themselves through:

a) Extensive branch networks
b) Lower fees and reliance on digital channels (Correct Answer)
c) Higher interest rates on savings accounts
d) Focus on personalised wealth management services

4) Which of the following ethical concerns is NOT associated with AI in finance?

a) Potential for bias and discrimination
b) Lack of transparency in decision-making algorithms
c) Job displacement due to automation
d) Increased cyber vulnerabilities (Correct Answer)

5) Open Baking allows:

a) Banks to charge higher fees for third-party access to customer data
b) Consumers to share their financial data with authorised third-party apps (Correct Answer)
c) Regulatory bodies to directly control bank operations
d) Banks to completely bypass the need for third-party service providers

6) Payments & Digital Wallets: Compared to traditional payment methods, mobile wallets generally offer.
a) Lower security and higher susceptibility to fraud
b) Faster and more convenient transactions (Correct Answer)
c) Wider acceptance by merchants
d) Higher transaction fees

7) Which of the following is NOT a common security concern associated with contactless payments?
a) Interception of radio frequency signals by criminals
b) Skimming of data from physical payment terminals
c) Phishing attacks targeting mobile wallet users (Correct Answer)
d) Malfunctioning of contactless payment chips

8) Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are most likely to impact:

a) International trade and cross-border transactions (Correct Answer)
 b) Real estate investments
c) Microfinance and financial inclusion
d) Stock market trading

9) Financial inclusion through digital payments faces challenges like:

a) High internet penetration rates in most regions
b) Lack of digital literacy and awareness among certain populations (Correct Answer)
c) Universal adoption of standardised payment rails
d) Security concerns deterring people from using digital wallets

10) Investing and Robo-advisors: Robo-advisors typically:

a) Provide personalised investment advice based on algorithms (Correct Answer)
b) Charge high fees for managing investment portfolios
c) Focus on high-risk, speculative investments
d) Require significant minimum investment amounts

11) Algorithmic trading can lead to:

a) Increased market volatility and flash crashes (Correct Answer)
b) Reduced market efficiency and liquidity
c) Greater transparency in pricing and order execution
d) Elimination of the need for human traders

12) Fractional shares enable investors to:

a) Purchase small portions of expensive stocks (Correct Answer)
b) Access private equity and venture capital investments
c) Borrow money to buy more shares
d) Trade options and derivatives

13) Cryptocurrency trading platforms are subject to:

a) Minimal regulatory oversight
b) Strict international regulations and controls (Correct)
c) Self-regulation by industry associations
d) Varying regulatory frameworks depending on jurisdiction

Lending and Insurtech

14) Peer-to-peer lending platforms disrupt traditional lending by:
a) Offering lower interest rates to borrowers (Correct)
b) Requiring stricter credit qualifications
c) Acting as intermediaries between banks and borrowers
d) Focusing on secured loans backed by collateral

15) Parametric insurance provides coverage based on:

a) Predefined parameters like weather events or market indices (Correct)
b) Individualised assessments of risk and potential losses
 c) Traditional actuarial tables and historical claims data
d) Peer-to-peer risk-sharing mechanisms

16) Telematics in car insurance allows:

a) Discounts for safer driving habits based on driving data (Correct)
b) Real-time tracking of vehicles and monitoring of driving behaviour
c) Direct claims filing and processing in case of accidents
d) Personalised recommendations for car maintenance and repairs

17) Ethical concerns surrounding big data in insurance underwriting include:

a) Potential for discrimination based on sensitive personal data (Correct)
b) Lack of transparency in how data is used and analysed
c) Increased insurance costs for individuals with higher risk profiles
d) Vulnerability of data to security breaches and unauthorised access

Additional Fintech Topics:

18) Fintech promotes financial literacy through:
a) Gamified mobile apps and interactive educational tools (Correct)
b) Mandatory financial education classes in schools
c) Direct financial assistance to underserved communities
d) Increased regulation and consumer protection measures

19) Fintech plays a role in disaster relief and development aid by:
a) Facilitating cross-border donations and resource allocation (Correct)
b) Providing financial services to displaced populations
c) Developing early warning systems for natural disasters
d) Building infrastructure for digital transactions in remote areas

20) Fintech companies use gamification to:

a) Increase user engagement and loyalty (Correct)
b) Promote responsible financial behaviour and savings habits
c) Provide access to exclusive rewards and incentives
d) Collect user data for targeted marketing purposes

21) Blockchain technology can be used for supply chain management by:
a) Tracking the movement of goods and ensuring product authenticity (Correct Answer)
b) Streamlining logistics and optimising inventory levels
c) Providing financing solutions for small and medium-sized businesses
d) Eliminating the need for intermediaries and middlemen

Cyber Security:
22) Which of the following cyberattacks is most likely to target a fintech company?
a) Ransomware attacks on critical infrastructure (Correct Answer)
b) Denial-of-service attacks against online banking platforms
c) Spear phishing emails targeting executives
d) Physical attacks on data centres

23) Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is considered:

 a) An outdated security measure no longer effective against cyberattacks
b) A foolproof solution to prevent unauthorised access
c) An important cybersecurity layer, but not sufficient on its own (Correct Answer)
d) Only necessary for high-value accounts and transactions

24) Data breaches in the fintech industry can lead to:

a) Minor inconveniences for customers
b) Significant financial losses, identity theft, and reputational damage (Correct Answer)
c) Increased regulatory scrutiny but minimal impact on customers
d) Improved cybersecurity measures and stronger customer trust

25) Incident response planning is crucial for fintech companies because:

a) It allows them to avoid any responsibility for cyberattacks
b) It minimizes potential damage and ensures faster recovery (Correct Answer)
c) It demonstrates compliance with security regulations
d) It can prevent cyberattacks from happening in the first place

Blockchain:
26) Blockchain technology is not suitable for:
a) Tracking the movement of goods in a supply chain
b) Facilitating secure and transparent cross-border payments
c) Creating and managing digital identities
d) Centralised government systems requiring high efficiency and control (Correct)

27) Smart contracts on a blockchain:

a) Are automatically executed when predefined conditions are met (Correct)
b) Require manual approval for each transaction
c) Are only used for cryptocurrency transactions
d) Can be easily modified or deleted after deployment

28) Concerns regarding the environmental impact of blockchain include:

a) Increased reliance on paper-based transactions
b) Energy consumption associated with cryptocurrency mining (Correct Answer)
c) Generation of large amounts of electronic waste
d) Carbon footprint of data centres supporting blockchain networks

Internet of Things (IoT):

29) IoT devices in the financial sector are vulnerable to:
a) Physical damage and disruption of power supply
b) Software vulnerabilities and cyberattacks (Correct Answer)
c) Limited functionality and lack of interoperability
d) High cost of implementation and maintenance

30) IoT in fintech can be used for:

a) Automating insurance claims processing based on sensor data (Correct)
b) Personalising financial recommendations based on lifestyle habits
c) Issuing instant loans based on facial recognition technology
 d) Replacing the need for human interaction in financial services

31) Security measures for IoT devices in fintech should include:

a) Connecting them to open public Wi-Fi networks
b) Regularly updating software and firmware (Correct)
c) Disabling security features to improve connectivity
d) Collecting extensive personal data without user consent

32) The potential benefits of IoT in financial services include:

a) Eliminating the need for physical branches and human customer service
b) Providing personalised and customised financial experiences (Correct)
c) Centralising control and making financial decisions opaque
d) Increasing operational costs and complexity

Risk Management:
33) Operational risk in fintech encompasses:
a) Market fluctuations and changes in interest rates
b) System failures, technical errors, and human mistakes (Correct)
c) Compliance with regulations and legal requirements
d) Fraudulent activities and cyberattacks

34) Credit risk in the context of fintech lending platforms refers to:
a) The potential for borrowers to default on their loans (Correct)
b) The risk of cyberattacks targeting loan data and borrower information
c) The financial stability of the platform itself
d) The compliance of lending practices with ethical standards

35) Stress testing financial models is important because it helps:

a) Predict future profits and guarantee business growth
b) Identify vulnerabilities and assess the impact of adverse scenarios (Correct)
c) Comply with regulatory requirements and obtain licences
d) Improve customer satisfaction and attract new investors

36) Regulatory technology (RegTech) can aid risk management in fintech by:
a) Lobbying for relaxed regulations in the financial sector
b) Automating compliance tasks and reporting processes (Correct)
c) Challenging established regulatory frameworks
d) Replacing human expertise and supervision with algorithms

Supply Chain:
37) Blockchain technology can improve transparency and traceability in supply chains by:
a) Creating a decentralised and tamper-proof record of transactions (Correct)
b) Streamlining logistics and optimising inventory management
c) Eliminating the need for physical warehouses and distribution centres
d) Replacing trade agreements and international trade regulations
38) Challenges to adopting blockchain in supply chain management include:
a) Limited scalability and transaction processing speeds of some networks (Correct)
b) Lack of standardisation and interoperability between different blockchain platforms
c) Resistance from established players in the supply chain ecosystem
d) Technical complexity and lack of skilled personnel to manage blockchain implementations

39) Implementing a blockchain-based supply chain solution can benefit companies by:
a) Increasing costs and operational complexity
b) Improving efficiency, reducing fraud, and enhancing brand reputation (Correct)
c) Gaining an unfair advantage over competitors with traditional supply chains
d) Creating unnecessary data silos and information fragmentation

40) Supply chain finance solutions in fintech can:

a) Provide alternative funding sources for small and medium-sized businesses (Correct)
b) Eliminate the need for trade credit insurance and risk mitigation tools
c) Increase the cost of financing for all participants in the supply chain
d) Lead to over-leveraging and financial instability in the sector

41) Responsible sourcing of materials and ethical labor practices are important considerations when
evaluating a blockchain-based supply chain solution because:
a) They are unrelated to the core functionalities of the technology
b) They can impact stakeholder trust and brand reputation (Correct Answer)
c) They are only relevant for niche industries with ethical concerns
d) Blockchain technology automatically guarantees ethical and sustainable practices

42) Which of the following consensus mechanisms is primarily used in Bitcoin?

a) Proof-of-Work (Correct)
b) Proof-of-Stake
c) Delegated Proof-of-Stake
d) Byzantine Fault Tolerance
Explanation: Bitcoin relies on Proof-of-Work (PoW), where miners compete by solving complex
mathematical puzzles to validate transactions and earn block rewards. This decentralised approach
secures the network but is criticised for its high energy consumption.

43) Smart contracts are written in:

a) Python
b) Java
c) Solidity (Correct)
d) C++
Explanation: Solidity is a specialised programming language designed specifically for creating smart
contracts on the Ethereum blockchain platform. Its syntax resembles that of Javascript and C++, but
focuses on secure execution within a distributed environment.

44) A common attack vector in DeFi protocols is:

a) Phishing scams
 b) Ransomware
c) Flash loan attacks (Correct)
d) DDoS attacks
Explanation: Flash loan attacks exploit loopholes in DeFi protocols to borrow large sums of
cryptocurrency instantly and manipulate token prices or liquidity pools before repaying the loan within
the same block, leaving other investors with significant losses.

45) Zero-knowledge proofs can be used to:

a) Increase transaction speed on blockchain networks
b) Reduce energy consumption of mining
c) Protect user privacy in financial transactions (Correct)
d) Prevent blockchain forks
Explanation: Zero-knowledge proofs allow users to prove they possess certain information without
revealing the details of that information itself, enhancing privacy and confidentiality in sensitive financial
transactions.

46) Which of the following is NOT a cryptographic technique used in blockchain security?
a) Hashing
b) Digital signatures
c) Encryption
d) Tokenization
Explanation: Tokenization converts assets into digital tokens on a blockchain, but it primarily involves
asset representation and transfer rather than directly contributing to cryptographic security. While
tokens may be encrypted for secure storage, the core security mechanisms rely on hashing, digital
signatures, and consensus algorithms.

47) Man-in-the-middle attacks in fintech often target:

a) Online banking transactions
b) Mobile payment apps
c) Cryptocurrency exchanges
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Man-in-the-middle attacks aim to intercept communication between two parties and
manipulate it for malicious purposes. This can impact any form of digital financial transaction, including
online banking, mobile payments, and cryptocurrency exchanges.

48) Insider threats in fintech often involve:

a) Employees selling customer data
b) Unauthorised access to financial systems
c) Fraudulent transactions
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Insider threats pose a significant risk in fintech due to their unique access to sensitive
information and systems. This can include employees selling customer data, obtaining unauthorised
access to accounts, or committing fraud by manipulating transactions for personal gain.

49) Phishing attacks targeting fintech users often mimic:

 a) Social media notifications
b) Online shopping confirmations
c) Bank emails and text messages (Correct)
d) Government tax forms
Explanation: Phishing attacks in fintech typically impersonate legitimate financial institutions,
particularly banks, through emails, text messages, or fake websites. They aim to deceive users into
revealing sensitive login credentials or personal information that can be used for unauthorised access
or fraudulent transactions.

50) Ethical considerations in fintech cybersecurity include:

a) Balancing security with user privacy
b) Ensuring transparency in data collection and usage
c) Avoiding discriminatory algorithms
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Implementing robust cybersecurity measures in fintech raises various ethical
considerations. It's crucial to balance security needs with user privacy, be transparent about data
collection and usage practices, and avoid algorithms that might lead to discriminatory outcomes based
on financial data or access to services.

Hyperledger: (Blockchain)
51) Hyperledger Fabric is an example of a:
a) Public blockchain
b) Private blockchain
c) Consortium blockchain (Correct)
d) Hybrid blockchain
Explanation: Hyperledger Fabric is designed for permissioned networks with a defined group of
participants, making it a consortium blockchain.

52) The primary purpose of Hyperledger Sawtooth is to:

a) Enable smart contracts on enterprise blockchains
b) Manage digital identities for financial transactions
c) Track supply chains and asset provenance (Correct)
d) Facilitate cross-border payments
Explanation: Hyperledger Sawtooth excels in traceability and supply chain management applications.

53) Which of the following is NOT a Hyperledger project?

a) Indy
b) Besu (Correct)
c) Corda
d) Iroha
Explanation: Hyperledger Besu focuses on public Ethereum blockchain networks, while the others
listed are dedicated to permissioned or private blockchain use cases.

Python:
54) Python is commonly used in fintech for:
a) Data analysis and machine learning
 b) Web development and API integration
c) Quantitative trading and financial modelling
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Python is versatile and widely used in fintech for data analysis, web development,
quantitative modelling, and more.

55) Which Python library is specifically designed for financial data analysis?
a) NumPy
b) Pandas (Correct)
c) Scikit-learn
d) TensorFlow
Explanation: Pandas offers powerful tools and functionalities specifically tailored for financial data
analysis and manipulation.

56) Python's popularity in fintech can be attributed to:

a) Its readability and ease of use
b) Its extensive libraries and tools
c) Its strong community and support
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Python's readability, extensive libraries, strong community, and support all contribute to
its popularity in fintech.

Risk Management from Information Security Perspective:

57) The most common type of cyberattack targeting fintech companies is:
a) Phishing (Correct)
b) Ransomware
c) Malware
d) Denial-of-service
Explanation: Phishing remains the most common attack targeting fintech companies due to its
effectiveness in tricking users into revealing sensitive information.

58) The primary goal of a data breach in fintech is to:

a) Steal sensitive customer information
b) Disrupt business operations
c) Damage reputation
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Data breaches in fintech aim to steal information, disrupt operations, and damage
reputation, often causing significant losses

59) The most effective way to prevent cyberattacks is to:

a) Implement strong cybersecurity measures
b) Educate employees about cybersecurity risks
c) Have a robust incident response plan
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: Cyberattacks require a multi-layered approach. Strong measures, employee education,
and a robust response plan are all crucial for effective prevention.
 60) The biggest challenge in managing cybersecurity risks in fintech is:
a) The constantly evolving threat landscape
b) The complexity of financial systems
c) The need to balance security with innovation
d) All of the above (Correct)
Explanation: The evolving threat landscape, complex systems, and the need to balance security with
innovation present constant challenges in managing cybersecurity risks within fintech.

Blockchain - Hyperledger
61) Which of the following statements is TRUE about Hyperledger Fabric compared to Hyperledger
Sawtooth?
a) Fabric prioritises scalability and permissioned networks, while Sawtooth focuses on privacy and
permissionless consensus. (Correct)
b) Fabric is better suited for enterprise applications requiring confidentiality, while Sawtooth excels in
public blockchain scenarios.
c) Fabric requires more complex development tools compared to the user-friendly nature of
Sawtooth.
Explanation: Fabric prioritizes scalability and permissioned networks, making it ideal for enterprise
applications requiring controlled access and high transaction throughput. Sawtooth focuses on privacy
and uses a permissionless consensus mechanism, making it suitable for scenarios where anonymity and
data ownership are crucial.

62) Which of the following challenges poses the most significant barrier to widespread adoption of
Hyperledger in the financial sector?
a) Lack of standardization and interoperability between different Hyperledger projects. (Correct)
b) Limited developer pool with expertise in Hyperledger platforms and blockchain technology.
Regulatory uncertainty surrounding the legal and compliance implications of blockchain in finance.
d) High cost of implementing and maintaining Hyperledger-based solutions compared to traditional IT
infrastructure.
Explanation: The fragmented ecosystem with distinct Hyperledger projects lacking consistent
interoperability hinders widespread adoption. Standardisation efforts are underway, but bridging the
gap remains a critical challenge for large-scale implementation in the financial sector.

Python and Data Analysis:

63) When developing a machine learning model for automated loan approval in Python, which library is
most suitable for handling categorical data encoding?
a) NumPy
b) Panda (Correct)
c) Scikit-learn
d) TensorFlow
Explanation: Pandas offers several methods for categorical data encoding, making it the most suitable
choice for preparing data for machine learning models in Python. Libraries like Scikit-learn require
additional pre-processing techniques to handle categorical data, while NumPy and TensorFlow focus
on numerical data manipulation or deep learning frameworks respectively.
 64) Which of the following ethical concerns is NOT a significant risk associated with using NLP in the
context of fintech applications?
a) Algorithmic bias leading to discriminatory outcomes based on biased training data.
b) Lack of transparency and explainability in NLP models, hindering user trust and understanding.
(Correct)
c) Increased risk of manipulation and misinformation through social media analysis for market
predictions.
d) Security vulnerabilities and potential for data breaches during NLP model development and
Deployment.
Explanation: Lack of transparency and explainability in NLP models poses a significant ethical concern,
making it difficult to understand how decisions are made & potentially perpetuating biased or
discriminatory outcomes. While other concerns are relevant to the fintech landscape, they are not
specific to NLP technology itself.

Information Security and Risk Management:

65) A secure mobile banking application should prioritise which of the following security controls to
mitigate phishing attacks?
a) Two-factor authentication (Correct)
b) Data encryption at rest and in transit
c) Secure coding practices and vulnerability patching
d) User education and awareness training
Explanation: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security beyond passwords, making it the
most effective control against

Blockchain and IoT in Payments:

66) Which of the following industries can benefit most from using blockchain for cross-border payments
due to its reduced transaction fees and increased transparency?
a) Retail
b) Healthcare
c) Travel and Tourism (Correct)
d) Manufacturing
Explanation: Travel and Tourism involves frequent international payments where traditional methods
incur high fees and lack transparency. Blockchain can significantly reduce costs and provide real-time
transaction tracking, making it advantageous in this industry.

67) How can integrating IoT devices with mobile wallets enhance payment security in offline transactions?
a) Enable contactless payments without needing physical cards.
b) Generate unique transaction codes based on device and user interaction. (Correct)
c) Offer instant rewards and loyalty programs based on purchase data.
d) Track user location for targeted advertising and personalised offers.
Explanation: Integrating IoT devices with mobile wallets can generate unique transaction codes based
on device and user interaction, adding an extra layer of security beyond traditional PINs or passwords
for offline payments.
 68) Major challenge in utilizing blockchain for real-time micropayments in the Internet of Things (IoT) is:
a) High energy consumption associated with mining.
b) Scalability limitations of certain blockchain networks. (Correct)
c) Lack of standardization and interoperability between different IoT platforms.
d) Security vulnerabilities inherent in wireless communication protocols.
Explanation: The limited scalability of some blockchain networks, struggling to handle a high volume of
small transactions efficiently, becomes the primary challenge for real-time micropayments in the
context of a vast network of IoT devices.

Information Security Attacks:

69) Which of the following is NOT a common cyberattack targeting fintech platforms?
a) Man-in-the-middle attacks
b) Social engineering scams
c) Denial-of-service attacks (DoS)
d) Physical attacks on data centres (Correct)

Supply Chain and other industries:

70) What benefit does utilizing blockchain in a manufacturing supply chain offer in terms of product
quality control and traceability?
a) Automating production processes and optimizing inventory management.
b) Enabling secure and efficient cross-border trade transactions.
c) Providing a tamper-proof record of each stage of production and material sourcing. (Correct)
d) Facilitating real-time communication and collaboration between stakeholders.
Explanation: Blockchain's ability to create a tamper-proof record of each production step and material
origin allows for improved quality control by providing visibility and traceability throughout the supply
chain.

71) What ethical concern arises when considering the use of AI-powered facial recognition technology in
fintech applications for identity verification?
a) Potential for inaccurate or biased results based on training data. (Correct)
b) Increased risk of data breaches and unauthorized access to sensitive information.
c) Lack of user control over their biometric data and privacy concerns.
d) High cost of implementation and maintenance compared to traditional verification methods.
Explanation: The potential for bias and discriminatory outcomes based on training data when utilizing
AI-powered facial recognition raises significant ethical concerns about fairness and inclusivity within
fintech applications.

Payment-related Topics:

72) Which potential benefit of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) is most likely to be met with
resistance from established commercial banks?
a) Enhanced financial inclusion and access to banking services.
b) Increased efficiency and speed of cross-border payments.
 c) Reduced reliance on private payment intermediaries and decreased revenue streams for banks.
(Correct)
d) Improved transparency and traceability of financial transactions.
Explanation: The potential for CBDCs to reduce reliance on traditional banks for financial services
poses the most significant threat to their current revenue streams and market dominance. While
other benefits exist, this specific aspect is most likely to trigger resistance from established
commercial banks.

73) Open Banking APIs raise concerns about user data privacy. Which of the following is NOT a valid
strategy to mitigate these concerns?
a) Implementing strong data security and access control measures.
b) Providing users with transparent information about how their data is used.
c) Allowing users to granularly control which data is shared with third-party apps.
d) Requiring third-party app developers to adhere to strict data privacy regulations.
Explanation: All of these strategies contribute to mitigating data privacy concerns in Open Banking.
There is no option that directly opposes data protection measures.

74) The rapid adoption of contactless payments in recent years can be attributed to:
a) Increased security due to chip-and-PIN technology.
b) Convenience and speed of transactions compared to traditional methods. (Correct)
c) Lower transaction fees for merchants compared to card payments.
d) Enhanced loyalty rewards and promotional offers via mobile wallets.
Explanation: The convenience and speed of contactless payments, offering a faster checkout
experience and eliminating the need for physical card swipes, have been the main drivers of their
widespread adoption.

Supply Chain and other industries:

75) Which of the following challenges poses the biggest obstacle to widespread adoption of blockchain in
trade finance?
a) Lack of awareness and understanding of its benefits among businesses.
b) Limited scalability and transaction processing speed of some blockchain networks.
c) Regulatory uncertainty and lack of standardized legal frameworks for blockchain-based trade
finance. (Correct)
d) Technical complexity and high cost of integrating blockchain solutions into existing systems.
Explanation: The lack of clear regulatory frameworks and standardized legal procedures for
blockchain-based trade finance transactions across different jurisdictions acts as the biggest obstacle
to wider adoption. Businesses remain cautious due to these uncertainties and potential legal
complexities.

76) How can blockchain technology be used to improve healthcare data security and patient privacy in
electronic health records (EHRs)?
a) Enable secure and auditable sharing of medical records between healthcare providers. (Correct)
b) Facilitate direct payments between patients and healthcare providers, bypassing insurance
companies.
c) Streamline administrative tasks and reduce paperwork in healthcare institutions.
d) Allow patients to monetize their medical data by selling it to pharmaceutical companies for
 research purposes.
Explanation: Blockchain's ability to create an immutable and transparent record of medical data access
and modifications ensures improved security and patient control over their sensitive information
within EHRs.

Environmental Sustainability:
77) Which fintech solution can incentivize consumers to adopt sustainable practices and reduce their
environmental footprint?
a) Micro-investing platforms focused on renewable energy and green technology companies.
b) Carbon footprint tracking apps that connect user spending habits to environmental impact.
c) Decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols offering tokenized carbon credits for offsetting emissions.
d) Gamified savings apps that reward users for adopting eco-friendly behaviors like cycling or using
public transportation. (Correct)
Explanation: Gamified savings apps that incentivize and reward users for adopting sustainable practices
directly encourage positive behavioral changes, making them a strong solution for environmental
awareness.

Basic Python Syntax:

78) Which of the following is the correct way to print "Hello, world!" in Python?
a) println("Hello, world!")
b) print("Hello, world!") (Correct)
c) echo("Hello, world!")
d) puts("Hello, world!")
Explanation: The print() function is used for displaying output in Python.

79) How do you create a single-line comment in Python?

a) // This is a comment
b) /* This is a comment */
c) # This is a comment (Correct)
d) { This is a comment }
Explanation: The # symbol is used for single-line comments in Python.

Loading Data Files:

80) Which library is commonly used to load data from CSV files into Python?
a) os
b) numpy
c) pandas (Correct)
d) matplotlib
Explanation: The pandas library provides functions like read_csv() to load data from CSV files.

Converting Data Types:

81) How would you convert the string "42" to an integer in Python?
a) int("42") (Correct)
b) float("42")
 c) str("42")
d) bool("42")
Explanation: The int() function converts a string to an integer.

82) Which function converts a list of numbers into a NumPy array?

a) list_to_array()
b) numpy.array() (Correct)
c) numpy.convert()
d) numpy.asarray()
Explanation: The numpy.array() function creates NumPy arrays from lists or other iterables.

DataFrames:
83) What is the primary data structure used in pandas for data analysis?
a) Series
b) DataFrame (Correct)
c) Array
d) List
Explanation: DataFrames are two-dimensional, labeled data structures with columns that can hold
different data types.

84) How would you select the first column of a DataFrame named df?
a) df.column1
b) df[0] (Correct)
c) df.select("column1")
d) df.head(1)
Explanation: Square brackets are used to select columns by name or index.

Visualizations:

85) Which library is commonly used for creating visualizations in Python?

a) pandas
b) numpy
c) matplotlib (Correct)
d) seaborn
Explanation: matplotlib is a powerful library for plotting various charts and graphs.

86) What type of plot would you use to visualize the distribution of a single variable?
a) Scatter plot
b) Line plot
c) Histogram (Correct)
d) Box plot
Explanation: Histograms show the frequency distribution of numerical data.

Functions:
87) Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?
a) def (Correct)
 b) function
c) create
d) procedure
Explanation: The def keyword is used to define a function in Python.

88) How do you return a value from a function in Python?

a) return value (Correct)
b) print(value)
c) yield value
d) No return statement needed
Explanation: The return statement is used to send a value back from a function.

Control Flow:
89) Which keyword is used to create an if-else statement in Python?
a) if...then...else (Correct)
b) choose...when...otherwise
c) select...case...default
d) simply use brackets without keywords
Explanation: The if...else statement is used for conditional execution in Python.

90) What does the break keyword do within a loop in Python?

a) Continue looping from the beginning.
b) Increase the loop counter by one.
c) Skip the current iteration of the loop.
d) Exit the loop completely. (Correct)
Explanation: The break keyword exits the current loop in Python.

Loops:
91) Which loop statement executes a block of code repeatedly for a fixed number of times?
a) while
b) for
c) range
d) None of the above
Explanation: The for loop iterates a number of times specified by a range or iterable.

92) How would you iterate through each element in a list named numbers?
a) for element in numbers: print(element)
b) for i in range(len(numbers)): print(numbers[i])
c) Both of the above are correct.
d) Neither of the above is correct.
Explanation: Both options a and b achieve the same result: iterating through each element in the list.

Advanced Data Manipulation:

 93) How would you select all rows in a DataFrame named df where the value in the "age" column is
greater than 25?
a) df[df["age"] > 25]
b) df.select_rows(lambda row: row["age"] > 25)
c) df.filter(age > 25)
d) All of the above
Explanation: All three options achieve the same result: filtering rows based on a condition in a specific
column.

94) How would you create a new column in a DataFrame named "total_cost" by adding the values in two
other columns named "price" and "tax"?
a) df["total_cost"] = df["price"] + df["tax"]
b) df.add_column("total_cost", formula="price + tax")
c) df["total_cost"] = df.apply(lambda row: row["price"] + row["tax"], axis=1)
d) All of the above
Explanation: All three options achieve the same result: creating a new column by applying a calculation
to existing columns.

Data Visualization using seaborn:

95) Which seaborn function is best suited for visualizing the relationship between two continuous
variables?
a) countplot
b) scatterplot (Correct)
c) boxplot
d) heatmap
Explanation: Scatterplots are ideal for visualizing the relationship between two continuous variables by
showing individual data points and their distribution.

96) How would you add a color-coded legend to a seaborn heatmap based on values in a column named
"category"?
a) heatmap(data, hue="category")
b) heatmap(data).color_legend(title="Category")
c) heatmap(data).add_legend(title="Category")
d) Both a and c are correct.
Explanation: Option a is the correct way to specify the "hue" parameter for the heatmap that uses
values from the "category" column to create the color legend.

97) Which function is used to open a file in Python?

a) file_open()
b) open_file()
c) file()
d) open()
Explanation: The open() function is the primary way to open files in Python, taking the filename and
mode as arguments.
98) Which mode is used to open a file for reading only?
a) w
b) a
c) r
d) x
Explanation: The r mode opens a file for reading only, preventing accidental modifications.

99) What function is used to read the entire contents of a text file into a string?
a) read()
b) read()
c) readlines()
d) readall()
Explanation: The read() function, when called without arguments, reads the entire file contents into a
single string.

100) How do you write a string to a text file?

a) file.writeto()
b) file.writestring()
c) file.write()
d) file.output()
Explanation: The write() method is used to write data, such as strings, to an open file object.

101) Which function closes an open file?

a) close_file()
b) close()
c) file.close()
d) file.end()
Explanation: It's essential to close files using close() after opening them to ensure proper resource
management and avoid potential errors.

102) Which module is commonly used to work with CSV files in Python?
a) fileio
b) csv
c) csvreader
d) csv
Explanation: The csv module provides easy-to-use functions for reading and writing CSV files, handling
data separation and formatting.

103) How do you create a new CSV file and write data to it?
a) csv.create()
b) csv.write()
c) csv.writer()
d) csv.new()
 Explanation: The csv.writer() function creates a writer object that allows writing data to a CSV file in a
structured format.

104) Which library offers high-level functionalities for reading and writing various data formats?
a) pandas
b) fileio
c) os
d) csv
Explanation: Option a is correct. Pandas provides convenient functions for reading and writing various
data formats like CSV, Excel, and HDF5, offering advanced data manipulation capabilities.

Descriptive Analytics:
105) Which Python library is commonly used for descriptive statistics and data exploration?
a) NumPy
b) Pandas
c) Matplotlib
d) Scikit-learn
Expliaination: b) Pandas is the primary library for data manipulation and analysis in Python, offering
rich functions for statistics and data exploration.

106) What method in pandas would you use to calculate summary statistics for a financial dataset?
a) describe()
b) summarize()
c) stats()
d) analyze()
Explanation: a) describe() method in Pandas provides comprehensive summary statistics for numerical
columns, including mean, median, standard deviation, etc.

Diagnostic Analytics:
107) Which technique can help identify outliers in financial data?
a) Correlation analysis
b) Box plots
c) Linear regression
d) Decision trees
Explanation: b) Box plots effectively identify outliers by depicting quartiles and extreme values,
highlighting unusual data points in financial transactions or market trends.

108) To investigate relationships between multiple financial variables, which visualization would be most
suitable?
a) Scatter plot
b) Histogram
c) Bar chart
d) Pie chart
 Explanation: a) Scatter plot allows visualizing relationships between two continuous variables like
stock prices and market indicators, revealing potential correlations and trends.

Predictive Analytics:
109) Which machine learning algorithm is commonly used for predicting stock prices?
a) Linear regression
b) Logistic regression
c) Decision trees
d) Support vector machines
Explanation: a) Linear regression is a popular choice for predicting continuous variables like stock
prices due to its interpretability and ability to model linear relationships between features.

110) Which metric is often used to evaluate the accuracy of a predictive model for financial data?
a) Mean squared error (MSE)
b) Accuracy
c) Precision
d) Recall
Explanation: a) Mean squared error (MSE) measures the average squared difference between predicted
and actual values, serving as a good metric for continuous financial data like price predictions.

111) What are some challenges of applying Python analytics to financial data?
a) Data acquisition and cleaning challenges
b) Market volatility and non-linear relationships
c) Ethical considerations and bias in models
d) All of the above (Correct)

112) How can Python analytics be used to improve financial decision-making?

a) Risk management and identification of market trends
b) Portfolio optimization and asset allocation
c) Fraud detection and anomaly identification
d) All of the above (Correct)

Data manipulation and preparation techniques for financial data:

113) How would you identify missing values in a Pandas DataFrame?
a) isnull()
b) isna()
c) missing_values()
d) Both a and b
Explanation: Both isnull() and isna() methods are equivalent for detecting missing values (NaN) in
DataFrames.

114) Which method can be used to remove rows with missing values?
 a) dropna()
b) fillna()
c) replace()
d) remove_missing()
Explanation: dropna() is specifically designed to remove rows or columns containing missing values.

115) How would you replace missing values with the mean of a column?
a) fillna(mean())
b) replace(NaN, mean())
c) impute(mean())
d) fillna(mean, inplace=True)
Explanation: fillna(mean()) fills missing values with the calculated mean of the column.

116) How would you normalize numerical features in a DataFrame?

a) minmax_scale()
b) StandardScaler()
c) normalize()
d) Both a and b
Explanation: minmax_scale() and StandardScaler() are common techniques for scaling features to a
specific range or standardizing them.

117) How would you visualize the correlation matrix of a DataFrame?

a) Scatter plot
b) Histogram
c) Heatmap
d) Box plot
Explanation: Heatmaps effectively visualize correlations between multiple variables, highlighting strong
positive or negative relationships.

Statistical Analysis Methods for Financial Data in Python:

118) How would you calculate the average return of a stock over a period?
a) mean(prices)
b) cumsum(prices)
c) (last_price - start_price) / start_price
d) All of the above
Explanation: Option c correctly calculates the average return as the change in price relative to the
starting price.

119) What are some challenges of performing statistical analysis on financial data?
a) Data quality and missing values.
b) Non-linear relationships and market volatility.
 c) Choosing the right statistical tests and interpreting results.
d) All of the above.
Explanation: Option d covers all major challenges. Financial data can be messy, relationships may not
be linear, and selecting and interpreting appropriate tests requires careful consideration.

Financial Applications with Python:

120) How can Python automate tasks in financial transactions?

a) Web scraping data from financial websites.
b) Extracting and analyzing data from financial documents.
c) Integrating with trading platforms to execute trades automatically.
d) All of the above.
Explanation: Option d highlights various automation possibilities. Python can gather data, process
financial documents, and even trigger trades based on pre-defined criteria.

121) What are some ethical considerations when using Python for financial analysis or trading?
a) Avoiding data bias and ensuring transparency in model development.
b) Mitigating potential market manipulation through responsible algorithmic trading.
c) Protecting sensitive financial data and preventing cyberattacks.
d) All of the above.
Explanation: Option d emphasizes various ethical concerns. Python offers powerful tools, but users
must ensure responsible practice, fair algorithms, and secure data handling.

122) Which financial application demonstrates the use of natural language processing with Python?
a) Analyzing news articles to gauge market sentiment.
b) Extracting financial information from textual reports.
c) Generating automated financial summaries.
d) All of the above.
Explanation: Option d encompasses all possibilities. Python's NLP capabilities can analyze text data in
finance, extract key information, and even generate reports or summaries.

Data Manipulation:
123) You have a list of lists containing student data like [["John", 80, 95], ["Alice", 90, 75]]. How would
you access the second element (score) of Alice's data?
a) data[1][1]
b) data["Alice"][1]
c) data.Alice[1]
d) data.get("Alice")[1]
Explanation: Option a) uses nested indexing within the list to access the desired element.

124) To calculate the average of all elements in a list [1, 2, 3, 4], which built-in function would you use?
a) sum()
b) mean()
 c) average()
d) sum(list) / len(list)
Explanation: Option b) directly calculates the average using the mean() function.

125) If you have a dictionary { "Age": 25, "Name": "John" }, how would you create a new dictionary
with reversed key-value pairs?
a) reversed_dict = dict(zip(dict.values(), dict.keys()))
b) reversed_dict = {value: key for key, value in dict.items()}
c) temp = list(dict.items()); reversed_dict = dict(temp[::-1])
d) None of the above
Explanation: Option b) uses a dictionary comprehension to efficiently swap keys and values.

126) To remove duplicate elements from a list [1, 2, 2, 3, 1], which method would you use?
a) list.remove_duplicates()
b) set(list)
c) list(dict.fromkeys(list))
d) All of the above
Explanation: All options achieve the desired outcome. Option b) creates a set which inherently
removes duplicates, while options c) and d) convert the list to a dictionary or set respectively,
discarding duplicates in the process.

127) You have a list of names and a list of corresponding ages. How would you create a dictionary
mapping names to ages?
a) name_age_dict = dict(zip(names, ages))
b) for i in range(len(names)): name_age_dict[names[i]] = ages[i]
c) name_age_dict = {name: age for name, age in zip(names, ages)}
d) Both a and c
Explanation: Options a) and c) both utilize zip to associate names and ages in a dictionary.

128) To sort a list [3, 5, 1, 4, 2] in descending order, which built-in function would you use?
a) list.sort(reverse=True)
b) sorted(list, reverse=True)
c) list.reverse()
d) None of the above
Explanation: Option a) or b) sorts the list in place or returns a new sorted list, both with the
reverse=True argument specifying descending order.

129) How would you find the maximum element in a list [10, 5, 15, 2]?
a) max(list)
b) list.max()
c) for element in list: largest = max(largest, element)
d) All of the above
Explanation: Option a) and b) directly utilize the max() function to find the largest element.
130) To count the occurrences of each element in a list [1, 2, 2, 3, 1], what would you use?
a) collections.Counter(list)
b) for element in list: count[element] += 1
c) list.count(element)
d) Both a and b
Explanation: Option a) uses the collections.Counter class to efficiently count element occurrences,
while option b) implements a manual loop-based approach.

131) How would you combine two lists [1, 2, 3] and [4, 5, 6] into a single list?
a) list1 + list2
b) list.extend(list2)
c) list.append(list2)
d) All of the above
Explanation: All options achieve the desired outcome. list1 + list2 directly concatenates the lists, while
list.extend(list2) and list.append(list2) append the second list to the first.

132) To check if a specific element (5) exists in a list [1, 2, 3, 4], what method would you use?
a) if 5 in list:
b) list.contains(5)
c) element in list for element in list if element == 5
d) Both a and b
Explanation: Option a) and b) efficiently check for element presence using the in operator or the
list.contains method.

133) How would you reverse a string "Hello" in Python?

a) string[::-1]
b) string.reverse()
c) reversed(string)
d) for i in range(len(string)-1, -1, -1): reversed_string += string[i]
Explanation: Option a) uses slicing with negative strides to efficiently reverse the string.

134) To remove leading and trailing whitespace from a string " Hello ", what method would you use?
a) string.strip()
b) string.lstrip()
c) string.rstrip()
d) Both a and b
Explanation: Option a) using string.strip() removes both leading and trailing whitespace, while options
b) and c) target specific sides.

135) How would you split a string "Hello, world" into a list of words?
a) string.split()
b) list(string.split())
c) words = [] for char in string: words.append(char)
d) None of the above
 Explanation: Option a) and b) directly utilize the string.split() method to separate the string by the
default delimiter (whitespace).

136) To format a number (10) into a string with two decimal places, what would you use?
a) str(10.00)
b) f"{10:.2f}"
c) "{0:.2f}".format(10)
d) Both b and c
Explanation: Option b) and c) use string formatting techniques (f-strings or format method) to specify
the desired precision of two decimal places.

137) How would you convert a string "True" to a boolean True in Python?
a) bool("True")
b) if string == "True": True
c) int(string)
d) None of the above
Explanation: Option a) using bool("True") directly converts the string to its corresponding boolean
value.

138) To iterate through each element in a list [1, 2, 3], what loop structure would you use?
a) for element in list:
b) while element in list:
c) for i in range(len(list)): print(list[i])
d) All of the above
Explanation: Option a) utilizes the standard for-loop iterating over each element in the list.

139) How would you access the third element (index 2) in a list [1, 2, 3]?
a) list[2]
b) list.get(2)
c) list[len(list)-1]
d) Both a and b
Explanation: Option a) and b) access the element at index 2 using direct indexing or the list.get()
method.

140) To replace all occurrences of "a" with "b" in a string "apple", what method would you use?
a) string.replace("a", "b")
b) string = string.replace("a", "b")
c) for i in range(len(string)): string = string.replace(string[i], "b")
d) Both a and b
Explanation: Option a) and b) directly utilize the string.replace() method to efficiently swap
occurrences of specific characters.

141) To check if a file exists in a particular directory ("myfile.txt"), which function would you use?
a) os.path.exists("myfile.txt")
 b) if "myfile.txt" in os.listdir():
c) try: open("myfile.txt") except FileNotFoundError: False
d) All of the above
Explanation: All options achieve the desired outcome. Option a) uses the os.path.exists() function
specifically for checking file existence, while options b) and c) utilize various methods including listing
directory contents or attempting to open the file.

142) How would you write a comment in Python code?

a) // This is a comment
b) # This is a comment
c) /* This is a multi-line comment */
d) Both b and c
Explanation: Option b) using # and option c) using /* ... */ are both valid ways to write single-line and
multi-line comments in Python, respectively.

143) To check the data types of columns in a DataFrame, which method would you use?
a) dtypes()
b) dataTypes()
c) types()
d) check_types()
Explanation: a) dtypes() - This method directly returns the data types of all columns in the DataFrame.

144) How would you convert the 'Price' column from string to float in a DataFrame named 'df'?
a) df['Price'] = float(df['Price'])
b) df['Price'] = df['Price'].astype(float)
c) df['Price'].convert_type(float)
d) Both a and b
Explanation: d) Both a and b - Both df['Price'] = float(df['Price']) and df['Price'] = )
df['Price'].astype(float) achieve the same result of converting the 'Price' column from string to float.

145) Which method adds a new column named 'Total' to a DataFrame, calculating the sum of two
existing columns 'A' and 'B'?
a) df['Total'] = df['A'] + df['B']
b) df.add_column('Total', df['A'] + df['B'])
c) df.create_column('Total', df['A'] + df['B'])
d) df.insert_column('Total', df['A'] + df['B'])
Explanation: a) df['Total'] = df['A'] + df['B'] - This directly assigns the sum of 'A' and 'B' to a new
column 'Total'.

146) To concatenate two DataFrames vertically (stacking rows), which method would you use?
a) pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0)
b) pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)
c) df1.concat(df2, vertical=True)
d) df1.append(df2)
 Explanation: a) pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0) - The axis=0 parameter specifies vertical concatenation
(stacking rows) of the two DataFrames

147) Which method merges (similar SQL-like joins) two DataFrames based on a common column?
a) pd.merge(df1, df2, on='common_column')
b) df1.join(df2, on='common_column')
c) df1.merge_with(df2, column='common_column')
d) Both a and b
Explanation: d) Both a and b - Both pd.merge(df1, df2, on='common_column') and df1.join(df2,
on='common_column') perform similar SQL-like joins based on the chosen column.

148) To create a new column named 'Profit' that calculates profit as 'Revenue' minus 'Cost', which
expression would you use?
a) df['Profit'] = df['Revenue'] - df['Cost']
b) df.calculate_column('Profit', df['Revenue'] - df['Cost'])
c) df.profit = df.revenue - df.cost
d) df.add_column('Profit', lambda x: x['Revenue'] - x['Cost'])
Explanation: a) df['Profit'] = df['Revenue'] - df['Cost'] - This directly defines a new 'Profit' column with
the difference between 'Revenue' and 'Cost'.

149) How would you select rows where the 'Age' column is greater than 30 in a DataFrame?
a) df[df['Age'] > 30]
b) df.filter(df['Age'] > 30)
c) df.select(df['Age'] > 30)
d) df.query('Age > 30')
Explanation: a) df[df['Age'] > 30] - This boolean indexing selects rows where the 'Age' condition is
True.

150) To remove rows with missing values (NaN) from a DataFrame, which method would you use?
a) df.dropna()
b) df.remove_nulls()
c) df.filter_missing()
d) df.drop(NaN)
Explanation: a) df.dropna() - This method drops rows containing any missing values (NaN) in the
DataFrame.

151) Which method sorts a DataFrame by the 'Name' column in ascending order?
a) df.sort('Name')
b) df.sort_values('Name')
c) df.arrange('Name')
d) df.order_by('Name')
Explanation: b) df.sort_values('Name') - This method sorts the DataFrame ascendingly by the specified
column ('Name').
152) To group data by the 'Category' column and calculate the mean of the 'Value' column for each
group, which expression would you use?
a) df.groupby('Category')['Value'].mean()
b) df.mean_by('Category', 'Value')
c) df.aggregate(mean=('Value'), by='Category')
d) Both a and c
Explanation: d) Both a and c - Both df.groupby('Category')['Value'].mean() and
df.aggregate(mean=('Value'), by='Category') calculate the mean of the 'Value' column for each group
defined by 'Category'.

153) Which method replaces missing values in a column with the median of that column?
a) df['Column'].fillna(df['Column'].median())
b) df['Column'].replace(NaN, df['Column'].median())
c) df.imputate('Column', median())
d) All of the above
Explanation: d) All of the above - All three methods (fillna, replace, and imputate) can be used to
replace missing values with the median of the column.

154) To rename a column from 'Old_Name' to 'New_Name' in a DataFrame, which method would
you use?
a) df.rename(columns={'Old_Name': 'New_Name'})
b) df['New_Name'] = df['Old_Name']
c) df.rename_column('Old_Name', 'New_Name')
d) df.set_column_name('Old_Name', 'New_Name')
Explanation: a) df.rename(columns={'Old_Name': 'New_Name'}) - This method explicitly renames the
specified column.

155) How would you select the first 5 rows and the last 2 columns of a DataFrame?
a) df.iloc[:5, -2:]
b) df.head(5)[:-2]
c) df.sample(5, axis=1, replace=True)
d) df.loc[0:4, len(df.columns)-2:]
Explanation: a) df.iloc[:5, -2:] - This indexes the first 5 rows ([:5]) and last 2 columns (-2:) using
integer location-based indexing.

156) Which Pandas attribute provides access to individual columns by name?

a) df.names
b) df.labels
c) df.axes
d) df.columns
Explanation: d) df.columns - This attribute directly accesses the DataFrame column names as a list.

157) To check for duplicate rows in a DataFrame, which method would you use?
a) df.duplicates()
 b) df.check_duplicates()
c) df.unique()
d) df.is_unique()
Explanation: a) df.duplicates() - This method flags rows that are duplicates based on all columns.

158) How would you create a copy of a DataFrame with modifications only affecting the copy?
a) df_copy = df
b) df_copy = df.copy()
c) df_copy = df[:]
d) All of the above
Explanation: b) df_copy = df.copy() - This creates a new DataFrame (df_copy) that is a copy of the
original (df), allowing modifications without affecting the original.

159) Which method drops an existing column from a DataFrame?

a) df.drop('Column_Name', axis=1)
b) df.remove_column('Column_Name')
c) df.delete_column('Column_Name')
d) Both a and b
Explanation: d) Both a and b - Both df.drop('Column_Name', axis=1) and
df.remove_column('Column_Name') discard the specified column.

160) To get descriptive statistics of a numerical column, which method would you use?
a) df['Column'].describe()
b) df.descriptive_stats('Column')
c) df.summary('Column')
d) All of the above
Explanation: d) All of the above - All three methods (df['Column'].describe(),
df.descriptive_stats('Column'), and df.summary('Column')) provide descriptive statistics for the
selected column.

161) How would you iterate through each row of a DataFrame?

a) for index, row in df.iterrows(): # process row
b) for row in df: # process row
c) for index in df.index: row = df.loc[index] # process row
d) All of the above
Explanation: d) All of the above - All three options work: iterating through rows by index, by iterating
over the DataFrame directly, or using iterrows for both index and row access.

162) Which method checks if the DataFrame is empty (no rows)?

a) df.is_empty()
b) df.is_null()
c) df.length() == 0
d) All of the above
Explanation: c) df.length() == 0 - This checks if the DataFrame length (number of rows) is equal to 0,
indicating emptiness.
ICAP - Sample Paper Solution

QUESTION 1
You are working as a data scientist in a business consulting firm. Diverse Cars, one of your clients, has provided
you with datasets containing two years' car sales data across Asia, Europe, and the USA. The management of
Diverse Cars wants to analyze these datasets for financial reporting and decision-making purposes.

The datasets provided by Diverse Cars are stored in the CARS.csv and CARSALES.csv files. You use Python to
analyze the data in the Jupyter Notebook.

Required:
In the Jupyter Notebook (CRN.ipynb), write the appropriate Python code for each of the following tasks:
(a) Load the following datasets: (2.5 marks)
(i) CARSALES.csv as csales; and
(ii) CARS.csv as cars

import pandas as pd

# Load datasets

csales = pd.read_csv("CARSALES.csv")

cars = pd.read_csv("CARS.csv")

(b) In csales, change the data type of 'Latest_Launch' from object to 'datetime'. Examine csales to ensure that
the data type has been changed as desired. (04 marks)

# Change data type to datetime

csales["Latest_Launch"] = pd.to_datetime(csales["Latest_Launch"])

# Check data type

print(csales["Latest_Launch"].dtype)

(C) Using the 'Latest_Launch' column, add a column to csales namely 'Year'. (03 marks)

csales['Year'] = csales['Latest_Launch'].dt.year

(d) Add a column namely, 'Revenue' and fill it by taking the product of 'Sales_in_thousands' and
'Price_in_thousands'. (2.5 marks)

csales['Revenue'] = csales['Sales_in_thousands'] * csales['Price_in_thousands']

(e) Use 'Make' and 'Manufacturer' columns of the two datasets cars and csales to create a right join and merge
them. Name the merged data as 'mg_data'. (05 marks)

mg_data = pd.merge(cars, csales, left_on=['Make', 'Manufacturer'], right_on=['Make', 'Manufacturer'],

how='right')

(f) Using the mg_data, group the data by origin and calculate the total revenue for each origin. Convert the
calculated total revenue to millions. Store the result in a new DataFrame namely, 'origin_revenue'. Print the
'origin_revenue' to show your result. (04 marks)

origin_revenue = mg_data.groupby('Origin')['Revenue'].sum() / 1000000 # Converting revenue to millions

(g) Create a bar plot showing Revenue by Car Origin. The bar plot should look similar to the following: (04
marks)
# Import matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create bar plot

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))

plt.bar(origin_revenue["Origin"], origin_revenue["Revenue"])

plt.xlabel("Car Origin")

plt.ylabel("Revenue (Millions)")

plt.title("Revenue by Car Origin")

plt.xticks(rotation=45)

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

Using the information of Diverse Cars scenario, select the most appropriate answer for each of the following
multiple choice question

(h) The number of duplicate values in all columns of csales is: (02 marks)
a) 00
b) 2
c) 05
d) 01

csales_duplicates = csales.duplicated().sum()

(i) The number of null values in the 'Fuel_efficiency' column is: (02 marks)
a) 2
b) 03
c) 04
d) 05

Check the data for csales["Fuel_efficiency"].isnull().sum() to find the answer.

(j) The total number of records in the mg_data is: (02 marks)
a) 66,612
b) 67,196
c) 2,058
d) 2.959

total_records_mg_data = len(mg_data)
QUESTION 2
Read the situation and select the most appropriate answer for each of the given multiple choice questions:

XYZ Limited operates a complex supply chain network involving multiple suppliers, manufacturers, distributors,
and retailers across different regions. The existing supply chain faced issues such as delays, data
inconsistencies, and difficulties in tracking the origin of products Additionally, traditional paper-based
processes and centralized databases led to inefficiencies and a lack of real-time visibility

XYZ Limited aims to enhance the efficiency, transparency, and traceability of its supply chain The primary
objectives are to reduce operational costs, mitigate the risk of counterfeit products, and improve overall
collaboration among stakeholders

XYZ Limited has been advised by its management consultant to use Blockchain technologies as it could
significantly reduce processing time across every stop of This process Each transaction indicating a movement
of goods would be recorded, from raw materials to the finished product Documentation would be created,
updated, viewed or venfied by parties on the blockchain, enabling visibility of the entire supply chain

Answer the following MCQs considering the above passage

1. In the finance aspect of the supply chain, how can blockchain streamline payment processes between
different parties, and what role do smart contracts play in this context?
a. By increasing manual verification
b. Through seamless and automated payment execution
c. By introducing complex financial instruments
d. Smart contracts have no relevance in payment processes

Smart contracts facilitate automated execution of predefined terms of agreements, ensuring that payments are
made automatically upon fulfillment of conditions.

2. In a permissioned blockchain environment, what role do consensus algorithms play, and how do they
contribute to the integrity of the supply chain data?
a. They regulate access permissions to the blockchain
b. They establish trust between participants and prevent double spending
c. They determine the order of transactions and ensure agreement among nodes
d. They encrypt data to secure it against unauthorized access

Consensus algorithms are essential in permissioned blockchains to establish agreement among nodes
regarding the validity and order of transactions, thus maintaining the integrity of supply chain data.

3. For a permissioned blockchain environment which one of the following should be considered?
a. Bitcoin
b. Ethereum
c. RIpple
d. Hyperledger

Hyperledger is a permissioned blockchain platform designed for enterprise use, making it suitable for
implementing supply chain solutions.

4. What benefit does a full audit trail on the blockchain provide in the supply chain?
a. Increased consumer demand
b. Protection against counterfeit goods
c. Inefficient payment processing
d. Lack of visibility

A full audit trail on the blockchain ensures transparency and traceability, helping to prevent the circulation of
counterfeit goods by providing visibility into the entire supply chain process.
 5. What role do loT devices play in enhancing the blockchain-based supply chain system?
a. Ensuring data privacy
b. Providing visibility
c. Facilitating smart contract execution
d. Enhancing traceability

IoT devices can capture real-time data on the movement and condition of goods, enhancing traceability within
the supply chain and ensuring that accurate information is recorded on the blockchain.

6. What role do loT devices play in ensuring product quality within the supply chain?
a. Reduces delay in production
b. Automates order placement
c. Facilitates smart contract execution
d. Provides real-time data on the condition of goods

IoT devices can monitor various parameters such as temperature, humidity, and location in real-time, providing
insights into the quality and condition of products throughout the supply chain.

QUESTION 3
Read the situation and select the most appropriate answer for each of the given multiple choice questions:

NexTech Solutions is engaged in a high-stakes project for ZetaCorp, a global fintech leader facing sophisticated
cyber threats Led by experienced Project Manager Ali, the team is tackling advanced threats targeting
ZetaCorp's proprietary algorithms and financial transaction systems. The project involves a comprehensive risk
management strategy, focusing on emerging threats in digital identity theft and advanced persistent threats
(APTS)

Ali's team is conducting an array of penetration tests simulating state-sponsored cyber-attacks, aiming to
identify zero-day vulnerabilities and complex exploit chains The discovered vulnerabilities in ZetaCorp's systems
are subtle and deeply embedded, requiring nuanced understanding and innovative countermeasures
Recognizing the potential for catastrophic data breaches, Ali emphasizes the need for an adaptive and layered
approach to disaster recovery and business continuity, capable of responding to multi-vector attacks and
ensuring operational resilience under extreme scenarios

1. In the context of advanced persistent threats (APTS), what is the significance of 'dwell time'?
a. The time taken to completely remove the threat from the system
b. The period during which a threat remains undetected within a network
c. The duration of a standard penetration test
d. The time required for a system reboot after an attack

Ali's approach focuses on ensuring redundancy and resilience in ZetaCorp's defense mechanisms, allowing the
organization to withstand attacks from various angles.

2. Ali's layered approach to disaster recovery (if one layer of defense is compromised, others can still
provide protection) for ZetaCorp primarily addresses what aspect of cybersecurity?
a. Single-point solution for all cyber threats
b. Redundancy and resilience in the face of diverse attack vectors
c. Compliance with basic security standards
d. Focus on external threats only

Ali's approach focuses on ensuring redundancy and resilience in ZetaCorp's defense mechanisms, allowing the
organization to withstand attacks from various angles.

3. Authentication weakness refers to what type of vulnerability?

 a. Network vulnerability
b. Process vulnerability
c. Operating system vulnerability
d. Human vulnerability

Authentication weakness typically refers to vulnerabilities associated with the authentication process, such as
weak passwords, phishing attacks, or social engineering exploits, which primarily target human users.

4. In the context of ZetaCorp, a comprehensive risk management strategy should include:

a. Focus solely on high-likelihood risks
b. Consideration of both internal and external threat vectors
c. Ignoring risks deemed 'low impact
d. Concentrating on digital threats only

A comprehensive risk management strategy should address both internal and external threat vectors to
effectively mitigate potential risks and vulnerabilities.
5. The adaptability and comprehensiveness of response plans are challenged by multi-vector attacks due
to:
a. The simplicity of these attacks
b. Their predictable nature
c. The need to address simultaneous threats across different domains
d. The focus on only digital assets

Multi-vector attacks involve attackers targeting an organization's systems and networks through various
methods simultaneously, making it challenging to respond comprehensively due to the need to address threats
across different domains concurrently.

6. The concern about dwell time' of APTs is significant because:

a. It indicates the time taken for a full system recovery
b. Longer dwell times generally mean more significant potential damage
c. It is a key performance indicator for cybersecurity teams
d. Short dwell times indicate effective cybersecurity measures

Longer dwell times indicate that threat actors have more time to explore, gather sensitive information, and
execute potentially damaging actions within a network, increasing the potential impact of the attack.