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14 3 8 1 2 3 44 33 46
3 2
𝐴 = 𝐴 . 𝐴 = [12 9 −2] [2 −1 4 ] = [24 13 74]
2 4 14 3 1 −1 52 14 8
3 2
L.H.S. = 𝐴 + 𝐴 − 18𝐴 − 40𝐼
44 33 46 14 3 8 1 2 3 1 0 0
= [24 13 74] + [12 9 −2] − 18 [2 −1 4 ] − 40 [0 1 0]
52 14 8 2 4 14 3 1 −1 0 0 1
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] = R.H.S.
0 0 0
Thus, Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified
Now,
𝐴3 + 𝐴2 − 18𝐴 − 40𝐼 = 0
Pre-multiplying by 𝐴−1 , we get
𝐴2 + 𝐴 − 18𝐼 − 40𝐴−1 = 0
40𝐴−1 = 𝐴2 + 𝐴 − 18𝐼
14 3 8 1 2 3 1 0 0
−1
40𝐴 = [12 9 −2] + [2 −1 4 ] − 18 [0 1 0]
2 4 14 3 1 −1 0 0 1
−3 5 11
1
𝐴−1 = [ 14 −10 2 ]
40
5 5 −5
2 −1 1
8. Show that the matrix 𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] satisfies Cayley Hamilton theorem
1 −1 2
and hence find 𝐴−1 if exists.
[M16/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M][M18/AutoMechCivil/6M]
Solution:
2 −1 1
𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] , |𝐴| = 4
1 −1 2
The characteristic equation,
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
2 − 𝜆 −1 1
| −1 2 − 𝜆 −1 | = 0
1 −1 2 − 𝜆
3
𝜆 − [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆2 + [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆 − |𝐴| = 0
2 −1 2 1 2 −1
𝜆3 − [2 + 2 + 2]𝜆2 + [| |+| |+| |] 𝜆 − 4 = 0
−1 2 1 2 −1 2
𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 9𝜆 − 4 = 0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem,
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𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼 = 0
Consider,
2 −1 1 2 −1 1 6 −5 5
𝐴2 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] [−1 2 −1 ] = [ −5 6 −5]
1 −1 2 1 −1 2 5 −5 6
6 −5 5 2 −1 1 22 −21 21
3 2
𝐴 = 𝐴 . 𝐴 = [−5 6 −5] [−1 2 −1] = [−21 22 −21]
5 −5 6 1 −1 2 21 −21 22
3 2
L.H.S. = 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼
22 −21 21 6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
= [−21 22 −21 ] − 6 [ −5 6 −5] + 9 [ −1 2 −1] − 4 [ 0 1 0]
21 −21 22 5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] = R.H.S.
0 0 0
Thus, Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified
Now,
𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼 = 0
Pre-multiplying by 𝐴−1 , we get
𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐼 − 4𝐴−1 = 0
4𝐴−1 = 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐼
6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
−1
4𝐴 = [−5 6 −5] − 6 [−1 2 −1] + 9 [0 1 0]
5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1
3 1 −1
1
𝐴−1 = [ 1 3 1 ]
4
−1 1 3
2 −1 1
9. Show that the matrix 𝐴 = [1 2 −1] satisfies Cayley Hamilton theorem
1 −1 2
and hence find 𝐴−1
[N19/Elect/6M]
Solution:
We have,
2 −1 1
𝐴 = [1 2 −1] , |𝐴| = 6
1 −1 2
The characteristic equation,
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0

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6𝑥1 − 8𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0
4𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
−8 −2 = − 6 −2 = 6 −8
| | | | | |
−5 −2 4 −2 4 −5
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
=− =
6 −4 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= =
3 2 1
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 2 the eigen vector is 𝑋2 = [3,2,1]′
(iii) For 𝜆 = 3, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
5 −8 −2 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[4 −6 −2] [ 2 ] = [0]
3 −4 −2 𝑥3 0
5𝑥1 − 8𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0
4𝑥1 − 6𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
−8 −2 = − 5 −2 = 5 −8
| | | | | |
−6 −2 4 −2 4 −6
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
=− =
4 −2 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= =
2 1 1
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 3 the eigen vector is 𝑋3 = [2,1,1]′
2 −1 1
7. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of 𝐴 = [1 2 −1].
1 −1 2
[N15/ChemBiot/6M][N17/M18/N18/Chem/6M][M18/Biot/6M]
Solution:
2 −1 1
𝐴 = [1 2 −1] , |𝐴| = 6
1 −1 2
The characteristic equation,
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
2 − 𝜆 −1 1
| 1 2−𝜆 −1 | = 0
1 −1 2 − 𝜆
𝜆3 − [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆2 + [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆 − |𝐴| = 0
2 −1 2 1 2 −1
𝜆3 − [2 + 2 + 2]𝜆2 + [| |+| |+| |] 𝜆 − 6 = 0
−1 2 1 2 1 2
𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 11𝜆 − 6 = 0
(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 − 3) = 0
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𝜆 = 1,2,3
(i) For 𝜆 = 1, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
1 −1 1 𝑥1 0
[1 1 −1] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
1 −1 1 𝑥3 0
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
−1 1 = − 1 1 = 1 −1
| | | | | |
1 −1 1 −1 1 1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
=− =
0 −2 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= =
0 1 1
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 1 the eigen vector is 𝑋1 = [0,1,1]′
(ii) For 𝜆 = 2, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
0 −1 1 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[1 0 −1] [ 2 ] = [0]
1 −1 0 𝑥3 0
0𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
−1 1 = − 0 1 = 0 −1
| | | | | |
0 −1 1 −1 1 0
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
=− =
1 −1 1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= =
1 1 1
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 2 the eigen vector is 𝑋2 = [1,1,1]′
(iii) For 𝜆 = 3, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
−1 −1 1 𝑥1 0
[ 1 −1 −1] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
1 −1 −1 𝑥3 0
−𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
−1 1 = − −1 1 = −1 −1
| | | | | |
−1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
=− =
2 0 2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥
= = 3
1 0 1
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 3 the eigen vector is 𝑋3 = [1,0,1]′
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2 1 0
8. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of 𝐴 = [0 2 1]
0 0 2
[N16/CompIT/5M]
Solution:
2 1 0
𝐴 = [0 2 1] , |𝐴| = 8
0 0 2
The characteristic equation,
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
2−𝜆 1 0
| 0 2−𝜆 1 |=0
0 0 2−𝜆
𝜆 − [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆2 + [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆 − |𝐴| = 0
3
2 1 2 0 2 1
𝜆3 − [2 + 2 + 2]𝜆2 + [| |+| |+| |] 𝜆 − 8 = 0
0 2 0 2 0 2
𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 12𝜆 − 8 = 0
𝜆 = 2,2,2
For 𝜆 = 2, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
0 1 0 𝑥1 0
[0 0 1] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
0 0 0 𝑥3 0
0𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 0
0𝑥1 + 0𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
1 0 =− 0 0 = 0 1
| | | | | |
0 1 0 1 0 0
𝑥1 𝑥 𝑥
=− 2= 3
1 0 0
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 2 the eigen vector is 𝑋1 = [1,0,0]′
1 −6 4
9. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of 𝐴 = [0 4 2]
0 −6 −3
Ans. 0,1,1& [14,1,-2]’,[1,0,0]’
2 1 1
10. Find eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A where 𝐴 = [2 3 2]
3 3 4
[M14/ChemBiot/8M][N14/ChemBiot/5M][N14/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M]
Solution:
We have,

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2 1 1
𝐴 = [2 3 2] , |𝐴| = 7
3 3 4
The characteristic equation,
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
2−𝜆 1 1
| 2 3−𝜆 2 |=0
3 3 4−𝜆
𝜆 − [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆2 + [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆 − |𝐴| = 0
3
3 2 2 1 2 1
𝜆3 − [2 + 3 + 4]𝜆2 + [| |+| |+| |] 𝜆 − 7 = 0
3 4 3 4 2 3
𝜆3 − 9𝜆2 + 15𝜆 − 7 = 0
(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 7) = 0
𝜆 = 1,1,7
(i) For 𝜆 = 1, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
1 1 1 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[ 2 2 2] [ 2 ] = [ 0]
3 3 3 𝑥3 0
By 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 1 1 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[ 0 0 0] [ 2 ] = [ 0]
0 0 0 𝑥3 0
∴ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
The rank (r) of the matrix is 1 and number of unknowns (n) is 3
Thus, 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 3 − 1 = 2 linearly independent solution
Let 𝑥3 = 𝑡 & 𝑥2 = 𝑠
∴ 𝑥1 = −𝑠 − 𝑡
−𝑠 − 𝑡 −𝑠 − 𝑡 −𝑠 −𝑡 −1 −1
∴ 𝑋 = [ 𝑠 ] = [ 𝑠 + 0𝑡 ] = [ 𝑠 ] + [ 0𝑡 ] = 𝑠 [ 1 ] + 𝑡 [ 0 ]
𝑡 0𝑠 + 𝑡 0𝑠 𝑡 0 1
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 1 the eigen vectors are
𝑋1 = [−1,1,0]′ & 𝑋2 = [−1,0,1]′
(ii) For 𝜆 = 7, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
−5 1 1 𝑥1 0
[ 2 −4 2 ] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
3 3 −3 𝑥3 0
−5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
2𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0
Solving the above equations by Crammers rule, we get

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𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
1 1 =− −5 1 = −5 1
| | | | | |
−4 2 2 2 2 −4
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= − =
6 −12 18
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= =
1 2 3
Hence, corresponding to 𝜆 = 7 the eigen vector is 𝑋3 = [1,2,3]′
2 2 1
11. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of 𝐴 = [1 3 1]
1 2 2
[M15/ElexExtcElectBiomInst/6M][N19/Comp/6M]
Solution:
We have,
2 2 1
𝐴 = [1 3 1] , |𝐴| = 5
1 2 2
The characteristic equation,
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
2−𝜆 2 1
| 1 3−𝜆 1 |=0
1 2 2−𝜆
𝜆3 − [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆2 + [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠]𝜆 − |𝐴| = 0
3 1 2 1 2 2
𝜆3 − [2 + 3 + 2]𝜆2 + [| |+| |+| |] 𝜆 − 5 = 0
2 2 1 2 1 3
𝜆3 − 7𝜆2 + 11𝜆 − 5 = 0
(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 5) = 0
𝜆 = 1,1,5
(i) For 𝜆 = 1, [𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 gives
1 2 1 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[ 1 2 1] [ 2 ] = [ 0]
1 2 1 𝑥3 0
By 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 2 1 𝑥1 0
𝑥
[ 0 0 0] [ 2 ] = [ 0]
0 0 0 𝑥3 0
∴ 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
The rank (r) of the matrix is 1 and number of unknowns (n) is 3
Thus, 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 3 − 1 = 2 linearly independent solution
Let 𝑥3 = 𝑡 & 𝑥2 = 𝑠
∴ 𝑥1 = −2𝑠 − 𝑡

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Important Distributions
Type I: Poisson distribution
1. A random variable X follows poisson distribution with variance 3 calculate
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) and 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4)
[N14/AutoMechCivil/6M]
Solution:
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚 = 3
By Poisson distribution,
𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚𝑟 𝑒 −3 .3𝑟
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = =
𝑟! 𝑟!
𝑒 −3 .32
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = = 0.2240
2!
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 4)
= 1 − {𝑃(0) + 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3)}
𝑒 −3.30 𝑒 −3 .31 𝑒 −3 .32 𝑒 −3 .33
=1−{ + + + }
0! 1! 2! 3!
= 1 − {0.0498 + 0.1494 + 0.2240 + 0.2240}
= 0.3528

2. If a random variable X follows Poisson distribution such that

𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 2𝑃(𝑋 = 2), find the mean, variance of the distribution. Also find
𝑃(𝑋 = 3).
[M16/CompIT/6M][N16/CompIT/6M]
Solution:
By Poisson distribution,
𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚𝑟
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) =
𝑟!
It is given that,
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 2𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚1 𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚2
= 2.
1! 2!
𝑚 = 𝑚2
𝑚=1
𝑒 −1 .13
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = = 0.0613
3!

3. For a Poisson distribution 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) = 9𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 90𝑃(𝑥 = 6). Find mean

and variance.
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[M19/IT/6M]
Solution:
We have,
𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
𝑥!
Given that,
𝑃(𝑥 = 2) = 9𝑃(𝑥 = 4) + 90𝑃(𝑥 = 6)
𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚2 𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚4 𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚6
=9 + 90
2! 4! 6!
𝑚2 9𝑚4 90𝑚6
= +
2 24 720
1 3𝑚2 𝑚4
= +
2 8 8
4 = 3𝑚2 + 𝑚4
∴ 𝑚4 + 3𝑚2 − 4 = 0
∴ 𝑚2 = 1
∴𝑚=1

4. If x is a Poisson variable such that 𝑃(𝑥 = 1) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) find 𝐸(𝑥 2 )

[N17/AutoMechCivil/6M] [M19/MTRX/5M]
Solution:
We have,
𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
𝑥!
Given that,
𝑃(𝑥 = 1) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 2)
𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚1 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚2
=
1! 2!
𝑚2
𝑚=
2
𝑚=2
∴ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝐸(𝑥) = 2
∴ 𝑣𝑎𝑟 = 𝑉(𝑥) = 2
Now,
𝑉(𝑥) = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) − [𝐸(𝑥)]2
2 = 𝐸(𝑥 2 ) − [2]2
𝐸(𝑥 2 ) = 6

5. If X and Y are Poisson variates such that 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) and

𝑃(𝑌 = 2) = 𝑃(𝑌 = 3). Find the variance of 3𝑋 − 2𝑌. Ans. 30

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6. A random variable X follows poisson distribution with variance 3 calculate
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) and 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
[N18/MTRX/5M]
Solution:
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚 = 3
By Poisson distribution,
𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚𝑟 𝑒 −3 .3𝑟
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = =
𝑟! 𝑟!
𝑒 −3 .32
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = = 0.2240
2!
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 1 − {𝑃(0) + 𝑃(1)}
𝑒 −3.30 𝑒 −3 .31
=1−{ + }
0! 1!
= 1 − {0.0498 + 0.1494}
= 0.8008

7. If x is a poisson variate and 𝑝(𝑥 = 0) = 6𝑝(𝑥 = 3) find 𝑝(𝑥 = 2)

[N19/IT/6M]
Solution:
We have,
𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
𝑥!
Given that,
𝑃(𝑥 = 0) = 6𝑃(𝑥 = 3)
𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚0 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚3
= 6.
0! 3!
3
1=𝑚
𝑚=1
𝑒 −𝑚 .𝑚𝑟 𝑒 −1 .1𝑟
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = =
𝑟! 𝑟!
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 0.1839

8. If X and Y are Poisson variates such that 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) and

𝑃(𝑌 = 2) = 𝑃(𝑌 = 3). Find the variance of 2𝑋 − 3𝑌. Ans. 35
9. The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a city follows
Poisson distribution with mean 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers, find approximately
the number of drivers with (i) no accidents in a year (ii) more than 3 accidents
in a year. (Given: 𝑒 −3 = 0.0498)
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S.E/Paper Solutions 3 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
4. The mean inside diameter of a sample of 200 washers produced by a machine
is 0.502 inches and the standard deviation is 0.005 inches. The purpose for
which these washers are intended allows a maximum tolerance in the
diameter of 0.496 to 0.508 inches, otherwise the washers are considered
defective. Determine the percentage of defective washers produced by the
machinery assuming the diameters are normally distributed.
[N14/CompIT/8M]
Solution:
𝑁 = 200
𝜇 = 0.502
𝜎 = 0.005
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−0.502
𝑧= =
𝜎 0.005
𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠) = 𝑃(0.496 < 𝑋 < 0.508)
0.496−0.502 0.508−0.502
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
0.005 0.005
= 𝑃(−1.2 < 𝑧 < 1.2)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = −1.2 𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 1.2
= 2 𝐴(1.2)
= 2 × 0.3849
= 0.7698
= 76.98%
Thus, 𝑃(𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠) = 1 − 0.7698 = 0.2302 = 23.02%
5. For a normal variate with mean 2.5 and sd 3.5, find the probability that
(i) 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4.5 (ii) −1.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.5
[N15/AutoMechCivil/6M][N18/Inst/8M][N19/Elex/6M]
Solution:
𝜇 = 2.5
𝜎 = 3.5
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−2.5
𝑧= =
𝜎 3.5
2−2.5 4.5−2.5
(i) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4.5) = 𝑃 ( ≤𝑧≤ )
3.5 3.5
= 𝑃(−0.14 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.57)
= 𝐴(0.14) + 𝐴(0.57)
= 0.0557 + 0.2157
= 0.2714
−1.5−2.5 5.5−2.5
(ii) 𝑃(−1.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.5) = 𝑃 ( ≤𝑧≤ )
3.5 3.5
= 𝑃(−1.14 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.86)
= 𝐴(1.14) + 𝐴(0.86)
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S.E/Paper Solutions 15 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
= 0.3729 + 0.3051
= 0.6780

6. A manufacturer knows from his past experience that the resistance of resistors
he produces is normal with mean 100 ohms and standard deviation 2 ohms.
What percentage of resistors will have resistance between 98 ohms and 102
ohms?
[M17/CompIT/8M][N19/Chem/6M]
Solution:
𝜇 = 100
𝜎=2
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−100
𝑧= =
𝜎 2
𝑃(𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 98 𝑎𝑛𝑑 102) = 𝑃(98 < 𝑋 < 102)
98−100 102−100
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
2 2
= 𝑃(−1 < 𝑧 < 1)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = −1 𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 1
= 𝐴(1) + 𝐴(1)
= 2 × 0.3413
= 0.6826
= 68.26%

7. In an intelligence test administered to 1000 students the average score was 42

and standard deviation 24. Find the number of students (i) exceeding the score
50 (ii) between 30 and 54
[N16/AutoMechCivil/6M][M17/AutoMechCivil/6M]
Solution:
𝑁 = 1000
𝜇 = 42
𝜎 = 24
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−42
𝑧= =
𝜎 24
(i) 𝑃(𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 50) = 𝑃(𝑋 > 50)
50−42
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
24
= 𝑃(𝑧 > 0.33)
= 𝐴(∞) − 𝐴(0.33)
= 0.5 − 0.1293
= 0.3707
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S.E/Paper Solutions 16 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
B-Testing the difference between means
1. The means of 2 random samples of size 9 & 7 is given as 196.42 & 198.82
respectively. The sums of the squares of the deviation from the means are
26.94 & 18.73 respectively. Can the samples be considered as drawn from the
same population?
[N14/CompIT/6M][M15/AutoMechCivil/6M][N18/AutoMechCivil/6M]
[M19/Comp/6M]
Solution:
𝑛1 = 9, 𝑛2 = 7
𝑥1 = 196.42, 𝑥2 = 198.82
∑(𝑥1 − 𝑥1 )2 = 26.94, ∑(𝑥2 − 𝑥2 )2 = 18.73
∑(𝑥1 −𝑥1 )2 26.94 ∑(𝑥2 −𝑥2 )2 18.73
𝜎1 = √ =√ = 1.7301, 𝜎2 = √ =√ = 1.6358
𝑛1 9 𝑛2 7
(i) Null Hypothesis: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
Alternative Hypothesis: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
(ii) Test statistic:
𝑛1 𝜎12 +𝑛2 𝜎22 9(1.7301)2 +7(1.6358)2
𝑠𝑝 = √ =√ = 1.806
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 9+7−2
1 1 1 1
𝑆. 𝐸. = 𝑠𝑝 √ + = 1.806√ + = 0.9102
𝑛1 𝑛2 9 7
𝑥 −𝑥 196.42−198.82
𝑡 = | 1 2| = | | = 2.637
𝑆.𝐸. 0.9102
(iii) L.O.S.: 𝛼 = 0.05
(iv) Degree of freedom: ∅ = (𝑛1 − 1) + (𝑛2 − 1) = 8 + 6 = 14
(v) Critical value: 𝑡𝛼 = 2.145
(vi) Decision: Since, the calculated value of t is more than the critical value, null
hypothesis is rejected.
Thus, the samples cannot be regarded as drawn from the same populations
2. The means of 2 random samples of size 9 & 7 is given as 196 & 199
respectively. The sums of the squares of the deviation from the means are 27
& 19 respectively. Can the samples be considered as drawn from the same
population?
[N18/Comp/6M]
Solution:
𝑛1 = 9, 𝑛2 = 7
𝑥1 = 196, 𝑥2 = 199
∑(𝑥1 − 𝑥1 )2 = 27, ∑(𝑥2 − 𝑥2 )2 = 19

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S.E/Paper Solutions 6 By: Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
1 1 −1 1 𝑧 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 − ] − [1 − ]
2𝑧 𝑧 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . ] − [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ]
2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2 3 3 3
(ii) |𝑧| > 3
1 3
2 2
𝑓(𝑧) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−3
1 3
2 2
𝑓(𝑧) = 1 + 3
𝑧[1− ] 𝑧[1− ]
𝑧 𝑧
1 1 −1 3 3 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 − ] + [1 − ]
2𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1 1 3 3 32 33
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 + + 2
+ 3
+ ⋯.] + [1 + + 2
+ + ⋯]
2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3

15. Obtain the Laurent’s series which represent the function

4𝑧+3
𝑓(𝑧) = in the regions (i) 2 < |𝑧| < 3 (ii) |𝑧| > 3
𝑧(𝑧−3)(𝑧+2)
[N19/AutoMechCivil/6M]
Solution:
4𝑧+3
We have, 𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧(𝑧−3)(𝑧+2)
4𝑧+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let = + +
𝑧(𝑧−3)(𝑧+2) 𝑧 𝑧−3 𝑧+2
4𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 3)(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐶𝑧(𝑧 − 3)
4𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 − 6) + 𝐵(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧) + 𝐶(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧)
Comparing the coefficients, we get
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 =0
−𝐴 + 2𝐵 − 3𝐶 = 4
−6𝐴 + 0𝐵 + 0𝐶 = 3
On solving, we get
1 1
𝐴 = − , 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −
2 2
1 1
− 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 2 + − 2
𝑧 𝑧−3 𝑧+2
(i) 2 < |z| < 3
1
1 1 2
𝑓(𝑧) = − + −
2𝑧 −3+𝑧 𝑧+2
1
1 1 2
𝑓(𝑧) = − + 𝑧 − 2
2𝑧 −3(1−3) 𝑧(1+𝑧)
1 1 𝑧 −1 1 2 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = − − [1 − ] − [1 + ]
2𝑧 3 3 2𝑧 𝑧
1 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3 1 2 22 23
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = − − [1 + + 2
+ 3
+ ⋯.] − [1 − + 2
− +⋯]
2𝑧 3 3 3 3 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3
(ii) |z| > 3

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Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
1
1 1 2
𝑓(𝑧) = − + −
2𝑧 𝑧−3 𝑧+2
1
1 1 2
𝑓(𝑧) = − + 3 − 2
2𝑧 𝑧(1−𝑧) 𝑧(1+𝑧)
1 1 3 −1 1 2 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = − + [1 − ] − [1 + ]
2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧
1 1 3 32 33 1 2 22 23
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = − + [1 + + 2
+ 3
+ ⋯.] − [1 − + 2
− +⋯]
2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3

1
16. Expand f(z) = about z = 0 for
z2 (z−1)(z+2)
(i) |z| < 1 (ii) 1 < |z| < 2
[N15/AutoMechCivil/8M]
(iii) |z| > 2 indicating the region of convergence in each case.
[M18/Chem/8M][N18/Extc/8M]
Solution:
1
We have, 𝑓(𝑧) = 2 (z−1)(z+2)
z
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Let = + + +
𝑧 2 (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2) 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧−1 𝑧+2
1 = 𝐴𝑧(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 2) + 𝐶𝑧 2 (𝑧 + 2) + 𝐷𝑧 2 (𝑧 − 1)
1 = 𝐴(𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧) + 𝐵(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 ) + 𝐷(𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 )
Comparing the coefficients, we get
𝐴+𝐶+𝐷 =0
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷 = 0
−2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
−2𝐵 = 1
On solving, we get
1 1 1 1
𝐴 = − ,𝐵 = − ,𝐶 = ,𝐷 = −
4 2 3 12
1 1 1 1
− 3
𝑓(𝑧) = 4 − 2
+ − 12
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧−1 𝑧+2
(i) |z| <1
1 1
1 1 3 12
𝑓(𝑧) = − − + −
4𝑧 2𝑧 2 −1+𝑧 2+𝑧
1 1
1 1 3 12
𝑓(𝑧) = − − + − 𝑧
4𝑧 2𝑧 2 −(1−𝑧) 2(1+2)
1 1 1 1 𝑧 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = − − 2
− [1 − 𝑧]−1 − [1 + ]
4𝑧 2𝑧 3 24 2
1 1 1 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = − − 2
− [1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 + ⋯ . ] − [1 − + 2
− + ⋯]
4𝑧 2𝑧 3 24 2 2 23
(ii) 1 < |z| < 2
1 1
1 1 3 12
𝑓(𝑧) = − − + −
4𝑧 2𝑧 2 𝑧−1 2+𝑧

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Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
(i) 1 < |z| < 2
1 2−𝑧 1
𝑓(𝑧) = [ + ]
5 𝑧 2 +1 2+𝑧
1 2−𝑧 1
𝑓(𝑧) = [ 1 + 𝑧 ]
5 𝑧 2 [1+ 2] 2[1+ ]
𝑧 2
2−𝑧 1 −1 1 𝑧 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = 2
[1 + 2
] + [1 + ]
5𝑧 𝑧 10 2
2−𝑧 1 1 1 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = 2 [1 − 2 + 4 − 6 + ⋯ . ] + [1 − + 2 − 3 + ⋯ ]
5𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 10 2 2 2
(ii) |z| > 2
1 2−𝑧 1
𝑓(𝑧) = [ + ]
5 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧+2
1 2−𝑧 1
𝑓(𝑧) = [ 1 + 2 ]
5 𝑧 2 [1+ 2] 𝑧[1+ ]
𝑧 𝑧
2−𝑧 1 −1 1 2 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = 2
[1 + 2
] + [1 + ]
5𝑧 𝑧 5𝑧 𝑧
2−𝑧 1 1 1 1 2 22 23
𝑓(𝑧) = 2
[1 − 2
+ 4
− 6
+ ⋯.] + [1 − + 2
− + ⋯]
5𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 5𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3

1
9. Find all possible expansions of 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
[M19/Elex/8M][M19/Extc/8M]
Solution:
1
We have, 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
1 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
1 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)
Comparing the coefficients, we get
𝐴+𝐵 =0
−2𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1
On solving, we get
𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = 1
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
(i) |𝑧| < 1
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
−1+𝑧 −2+𝑧
1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = − + 𝑧
−[1−𝑧] −2[1− ]
2
1 𝑧 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 − 𝑧]−1 − [1 − ]
2 2
1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 + ⋯ . ] − [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ]
2 2 2 2
(ii) 1 < |𝑧| < 2
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
𝑧−1 −2+𝑧
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S.E/Paper Solutions 8 By:Kashif Shaikh

Crescent Academy…….………………….…..For Research in Education
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − 1 + 𝑧
𝑧[1− ] −2[1− ]
𝑧 2
1 1 −1 1 𝑧 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = − [1 − ] − [1 − ]
𝑧 𝑧 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = − [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . ] − [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ]
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2 2 2 2
(iii) |𝑧| > 2
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − 1 + 2
𝑧[1− ] 𝑧[1− ]
𝑧 𝑧
1 1 −1 1 2 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = − [1 − ] + [1 − ]
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1 1 1 2 22 23
𝑓(𝑧) = − [1 + + 2
+ 3
+ ⋯ . ] + [1 + + 2
+ + ⋯]
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧3

10. Obtain Taylor’s or Laurent’s series expansion of the function

1
𝑓(𝑧) = 2 when (i) |𝑧| < 1 (ii) 1 < |𝑧| < 2
𝑧 −3𝑧+2
[N19/Extc/8M]
Solution:
1
We have, 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
1 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
1 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)
Comparing the coefficients, we get
𝐴+𝐵 =0
−2𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1
On solving, we get
𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = 1
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2
(i) |𝑧| < 1
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
−1+𝑧 −2+𝑧
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − + 𝑧
−[1−𝑧] −2[1− ]
2
1 𝑧 −1
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 − 𝑧]−1 − [1 − ]
2 2
2 3 1 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = [1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + ⋯ . ] − [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ]
2 2 2 2
(ii) 1 < |𝑧| < 2
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − +
𝑧−1 −2+𝑧
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = − 1 + 𝑧
𝑧[1− ] −2[1− ]
𝑧 2

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S.E/Paper Solutions 9 By:Kashif Shaikh