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About the Author
Best-selling author Herbert Schildt has written extensively about
programming for over three decades and is a leading authority on
the Java language. His books have sold millions of copies worldwide
and have been translated into all major foreign languages. He is the
author of numerous books on Java, including Java: A Beginner’s
Guide, Herb Schildt’s Java Programming Cookbook, Introducing
JavaFX 8 Programming, and Swing: A Beginner’s Guide. He has also
written extensively about C, C++, and C#. Although interested in all
facets of computing, his primary focus is computer languages.
Schildt holds both graduate and undergraduate degrees from the
University of Illinois. His website is www.HerbSchildt.com.

About the Technical Editor

Dr. Danny Coward has worked on all editions of the Java platform.
He led the definition of Java Servlets into the first version of the Java
EE platform and beyond, web services into the Java ME platform,
and the strategy and planning for Java SE 7. He founded JavaFX
technology and, most recently, designed the largest addition to the
Java EE 7 standard, the Java WebSocket API. From coding in Java,
to designing APIs with industry experts, to serving for several years
as an executive to the Java Community Process, he has a uniquely
broad perspective into multiple aspects of Java technology. In
addition, he is the author of two books on Java programming: Java
WebSocket Programming and Java EE: The Big Picture. Most
recently, he has been applying his knowledge of Java to solving
problems in the field of robotics. Dr. Coward holds a bachelor’s,
master’s, and doctorate in mathematics from the University of
Oxford.
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Contents at a Glance
Part I The Java Language
1 The History and Evolution of Java
2 An Overview of Java
3 Data Types, Variables, and Arrays
4 Operators
5 Control Statements
6 Introducing Classes
7 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes
8 Inheritance
9 Packages and Interfaces
10 Exception Handling
11 Multithreaded Programming
12 Enumerations, Autoboxing, and Annotations
13 I/O, Try-with-Resources, and Other Topics
14 Generics
15 Lambda Expressions
16 Modules
Part II The Java Library
17 String Handling
18 Exploring java.lang
19 java.util Part 1: The Collections Framework
20 java.util Part 2: More Utility Classes
21 Input/Output: Exploring java.io
22 Exploring NIO
23 Networking
 24 Event Handling
25 Introducing the AWT: Working with Windows, Graphics,
and Text
26 Using AWT Controls, Layout Managers, and Menus
27 Images
28 The Concurrency Utilities
29 The Stream API
30 Regular Expressions and Other Packages
Part III Introducing GUI Programming with Swing
31 Introducing Swing
32 Exploring Swing
33 Introducing Swing Menus
Part IV Applying Java
34 Java Beans
35 Introducing Servlets
Part V Appendixes
A Using Java’s Documentation Comments
B Introducing JShell
C Compile and Run Simple Single-File Programs in One Step

Index
Contents
Preface

Part I The Java Language

Chapter 1 The History and Evolution of Java
Java’s Lineage
The Birth of Modern Programming: C
C++: The Next Step
The Stage Is Set for Java
The Creation of Java
The C# Connection
How Java Impacted the Internet
Java Applets
Security
Portability
Java’s Magic: The Bytecode
Moving Beyond Applets
A Faster Release Schedule
Servlets: Java on the Server Side
The Java Buzzwords
Simple
Object-Oriented
Robust
Multithreaded
Architecture-Neutral
 Interpreted and High Performance
Distributed
Dynamic
The Evolution of Java
A Culture of Innovation
Chapter 2 An Overview of Java
Object-Oriented Programming
Two Paradigms
Abstraction
The Three OOP Principles
A First Simple Program
Entering the Program
Compiling the Program
A Closer Look at the First Sample Program
A Second Short Program
Two Control Statements
The if Statement
The for Loop
Using Blocks of Code
Lexical Issues
Whitespace
Identifiers
Literals
Comments
Separators
The Java Keywords
The Java Class Libraries
Chapter 3 Data Types, Variables, and Arrays
Java Is a Strongly Typed Language
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The Primitive Types
Integers
byte
short
int
long
Floating-Point Types
float
double
Characters
Booleans
A Closer Look at Literals
Integer Literals
Floating-Point Literals
Boolean Literals
Character Literals
String Literals
Variables
Declaring a Variable
Dynamic Initialization
The Scope and Lifetime of Variables
Type Conversion and Casting
Java’s Automatic Conversions
Casting Incompatible Types
Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions
The Type Promotion Rules
Arrays
One-Dimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
 Alternative Array Declaration Syntax
Introducing Type Inference with Local Variables
Some var Restrictions
A Few Words About Strings
Chapter 4 Operators
Arithmetic Operators
The Basic Arithmetic Operators
The Modulus Operator
Arithmetic Compound Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement
The Bitwise Operators
The Bitwise Logical Operators
The Left Shift
The Right Shift
The Unsigned Right Shift
Bitwise Operator Compound Assignments
Relational Operators
Boolean Logical Operators
Short-Circuit Logical Operators
The Assignment Operator
The ? Operator
Operator Precedence
Using Parentheses
Chapter 5 Control Statements
Java’s Selection Statements
if
switch
Iteration Statements
while
 do-while
for
The For-Each Version of the for Loop
Local Variable Type Inference in a for Loop
Nested Loops
Jump Statements
Using break
Using continue
Chapter 6 Introducing Classes
Class Fundamentals
The General Form of a Class
A Simple Class
Declaring Objects
A Closer Look at new
Assigning Object Reference Variables
Introducing Methods
Adding a Method to the Box Class
Returning a Value
Adding a Method That Takes Parameters
Constructors
Parameterized Constructors
The this Keyword
Instance Variable Hiding
Garbage Collection
A Stack Class
Chapter 7 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes
Overloading Methods
Overloading Constructors
Using Objects as Parameters
 A Closer Look at Argument Passing
Returning Objects
Recursion
Introducing Access Control
Understanding static
Introducing final
Arrays Revisited
Introducing Nested and Inner Classes
Exploring the String Class
Using Command-Line Arguments
Varargs: Variable-Length Arguments
Overloading Vararg Methods
Varargs and Ambiguity
Local Variable Type Inference with Reference Types
Chapter 8 Inheritance
Inheritance Basics
Member Access and Inheritance
A More Practical Example
A Superclass Variable Can Reference a Subclass
Object
Using super
Using super to Call Superclass Constructors
A Second Use for super
Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy
When Constructors Are Executed
Method Overriding
Dynamic Method Dispatch
Why Overridden Methods?
Applying Method Overriding
 Using Abstract Classes
Using final with Inheritance
Using final to Prevent Overriding
Using final to Prevent Inheritance
Local Variable Type Inference and Inheritance
The Object Class
Chapter 9 Packages and Interfaces
Packages
Defining a Package
Finding Packages and CLASSPATH
A Short Package Example
Packages and Member Access
An Access Example
Importing Packages
Interfaces
Defining an Interface
Implementing Interfaces
Nested Interfaces
Applying Interfaces
Variables in Interfaces
Interfaces Can Be Extended
Default Interface Methods
Default Method Fundamentals
A More Practical Example
Multiple Inheritance Issues
Use static Methods in an Interface
Private Interface Methods
Final Thoughts on Packages and Interfaces
Chapter 10 Exception Handling
 Exception-Handling Fundamentals
Exception Types
Uncaught Exceptions
Using try and catch
Displaying a Description of an Exception
Multiple catch Clauses
Nested try Statements
throw
throws
finally
Java’s Built-in Exceptions
Creating Your Own Exception Subclasses
Chained Exceptions
Three Additional Exception Features
Using Exceptions
Chapter 11 Multithreaded Programming
The Java Thread Model
Thread Priorities
Synchronization
Messaging
The Thread Class and the Runnable Interface
The Main Thread
Creating a Thread
Implementing Runnable
Extending Thread
Choosing an Approach
Creating Multiple Threads
Using isAlive( ) and join( )
Thread Priorities
 Synchronization
Using Synchronized Methods
The synchronized Statement
Interthread Communication
Deadlock
Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping Threads
Obtaining a Thread’s State
Using a Factory Method to Create and Start a Thread
Using Multithreading
Chapter 12 Enumerations, Autoboxing, and Annotations
Enumerations
Enumeration Fundamentals
The values( ) and valueOf( ) Methods
Java Enumerations Are Class Types
Enumerations Inherit Enum
Another Enumeration Example
Type Wrappers
Character
Boolean
The Numeric Type Wrappers
Autoboxing
Autoboxing and Methods
Autoboxing/Unboxing Occurs in Expressions
Autoboxing/Unboxing Boolean and Character Values
Autoboxing/Unboxing Helps Prevent Errors
A Word of Warning
Annotations
Annotation Basics
Specifying a Retention Policy
 Obtaining Annotations at Run Time by Use of
Reflection
The AnnotatedElement Interface
Using Default Values
Marker Annotations
Single-Member Annotations
The Built-In Annotations
Type Annotations
Repeating Annotations
Some Restrictions
Chapter 13 I/O, Try-with-Resources, and Other Topics
I/O Basics
Streams
Byte Streams and Character Streams
The Predefined Streams
Reading Console Input
Reading Characters
Reading Strings
Writing Console Output
The PrintWriter Class
Reading and Writing Files
Automatically Closing a File
The transient and volatile Modifiers
Using instanceof
strictfp
Native Methods
Using assert
Assertion Enabling and Disabling Options
Static Import
 Invoking Overloaded Constructors Through this( )
A Word About Compact API Profiles
Chapter 14 Generics
What Are Generics?
A Simple Generics Example
Generics Work Only with Reference Types
Generic Types Differ Based on Their Type
Arguments
How Generics Improve Type Safety
A Generic Class with Two Type Parameters
The General Form of a Generic Class
Bounded Types
Using Wildcard Arguments
Bounded Wildcards
Creating a Generic Method
Generic Constructors
Generic Interfaces
Raw Types and Legacy Code
Generic Class Hierarchies
Using a Generic Superclass
A Generic Subclass
Run-Time Type Comparisons Within a Generic
Hierarchy
Casting
Overriding Methods in a Generic Class
Type Inference with Generics
Local Variable Type Inference and Generics
Erasure
Bridge Methods
 Ambiguity Errors
Some Generic Restrictions
Type Parameters Can’t Be Instantiated
Restrictions on Static Members
Generic Array Restrictions
Generic Exception Restriction
Chapter 15 Lambda Expressions
Introducing Lambda Expressions
Lambda Expression Fundamentals
Functional Interfaces
Some Lambda Expression Examples
Block Lambda Expressions
Generic Functional Interfaces
Passing Lambda Expressions as Arguments
Lambda Expressions and Exceptions
Lambda Expressions and Variable Capture
Method References
Method References to static Methods
Method References to Instance Methods
Method References with Generics
Constructor References
Predefined Functional Interfaces
Chapter 16 Modules
Module Basics
A Simple Module Example
Compile and Run the First Module Example
A Closer Look at requires and exports
java.base and the Platform Modules
Legacy Code and the Unnamed Module
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 Exporting to a Specific Module
Using requires transitive
Use Services
Service and Service Provider Basics
The Service-Based Keywords
A Module-Based Service Example
Module Graphs
Three Specialized Module Features
Open Modules
The opens Statement
requires static
Introducing jlink and Module JAR Files
Linking Files in an Exploded Directory
Linking Modular JAR Files
JMOD Files
A Brief Word About Layers and Automatic Modules
Final Thoughts on Modules

Part II The Java Library

Chapter 17 String Handling
The String Constructors
String Length
Special String Operations
String Literals
String Concatenation
String Concatenation with Other Data Types
String Conversion and toString( )
Character Extraction
charAt( )
 getChars( )
getBytes( )
toCharArray( )
String Comparison
equals( ) and equalsIgnoreCase( )
regionMatches( )
startsWith( ) and endsWith( )
equals( ) Versus ==
compareTo( )
Searching Strings
Modifying a String
substring( )
concat( )
replace( )
trim( ) and strip( )
Data Conversion Using valueOf( )
Changing the Case of Characters Within a String
Joining Strings
Additional String Methods
StringBuffer
StringBuffer Constructors
length( ) and capacity( )
ensureCapacity( )
setLength( )
charAt( ) and setCharAt( )
getChars( )
append( )
insert( )
reverse( )
 delete( ) and deleteCharAt( )
replace( )
substring( )
Additional StringBuffer Methods
StringBuilder
Chapter 18 Exploring java.lang
Primitive Type Wrappers
Number
Double and Float
Understanding isInfinite( ) and isNaN( )
Byte, Short, Integer, and Long
Character
Additions to Character for Unicode Code Point
Support
Boolean
Void
Process
Runtime
Memory Management
Executing Other Programs
Runtime.Version
ProcessBuilder
System
Using currentTimeMillis( ) to Time Program
Execution
Using arraycopy( )
Environment Properties
System.Logger and System.LoggerFinder
Object
Using clone( ) and the Cloneable Interface
Class
ClassLoader
Math
Trigonometric Functions
Exponential Functions
Rounding Functions
Miscellaneous Math Methods
StrictMath
Compiler
Thread, ThreadGroup, and Runnable
The Runnable Interface
Thread
ThreadGroup
ThreadLocal and InheritableThreadLocal
Package
Module
ModuleLayer
RuntimePermission
Throwable
SecurityManager
StackTraceElement
StackWalker and StackWalker.StackFrame
Enum
ClassValue
The CharSequence Interface
The Comparable Interface
The Appendable Interface
The Iterable Interface
 The Readable Interface
The AutoCloseable Interface
The Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler Interface
The java.lang Subpackages
java.lang.annotation
java.lang.instrument
java.lang.invoke
java.lang.management
java.lang.module
java.lang.ref
java.lang.reflect
Chapter 19 java.util Part 1: The Collections Framework
Collections Overview
The Collection Interfaces
The Collection Interface
The List Interface
The Set Interface
The SortedSet Interface
The NavigableSet Interface
The Queue Interface
The Deque Interface
The Collection Classes
The ArrayList Class
The LinkedList Class
The HashSet Class
The LinkedHashSet Class
The TreeSet Class
The PriorityQueue Class
The ArrayDeque Class
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