Program Analysis with ALGORITHM AND

FLOW CHART

 Introduction
 Problem Solving
 Algorithm
 Examples of Algorithm
 Properties of an Algorithm
 Flow Chart
 Flow Chart Symbols
 Some Flowchart Examples
 Advantages of Flowcharts

Steps for Problem Solving

 When problems are straightforward and easy, we can easily find the solution.
 But a complex problem requires a methodical approach to find the right solution.
 In other words, we have to apply problem solving techniques.
 Problem solving begins with the precise identification of the problem and ends with a
complete workingsolution in terms of a program or software.

1. Problem Definition
 This is the formal definition of task
 In this stage following points are important:-
1. Definition of input and output
2. Identify variables
3. Identify different variables
4. Check whether formula is required
2. Program design
 In this stage write steps to solve the problem
i.e. either write algorithm or draw flow chart
 This step consist of planning the flow of the program
 It will guide the actual coding of the program.

3. Coding
 This is the step where process of transferring the program design into computer
language.
 This step contains:-
i) Use of variables instead of actual data
ii) Use meaningful names of variables
iii) Keep variable names distinct
iv)Avoid complex instructions
v) Give importance to simplicity

4. Debugging
 This is the step of correction of programming errors.
 It is referred as verification i.e. ensure that the program does what the programmer
want
 Some common errors are:-
i) Failure to initialize variables
ii) Failure to handle condition which can cause endless iterations of code
5. Testing
 It refers to validation of problem
 It includes running the program, testing program for different input values, checking the
output & if any error is there again correcting the errors.

6. Documentation
 It is very important step
 In the documentation part those who use software can understand it & modify it
whenever needed.
 The documentation consist of :
i) Problem definition
ii) flowchart or algorithm
iii) The form of input and output data
iv)Description of files used
v) Program code

Program Analysis Tools

 Algorithm
 Flow chart
 Pseudocode

Algorithm can be defined as

“Logical sequence of steps prepared for solving problem.”
Or
“A sequence of activities to be processed for getting desired output from a given input.”
Or
“An algorithm is a finite step by step list of well-defined instruction for solving a particular
problem”
Then we can say that:
 Getting specified output is essential after algorithm is executed.
 One will get output only if algorithm stops after finite time.
 Activities in an algorithm to be clearly defined in other word for that it to be unambiguous.

Example of Sequential Control Structure

Problem 1: Find the area of a Circle of radius r
Inputs to the algorithm:
Radius r of the Circle.
Expected output:
Area of the Circle

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read/Input the Radius r of the Circle
Step 3: Area = PI*r*r // calculation of area
Step 4: Print Area
Step 5 : Stop
Problem2: Write an algorithm to read two numbers and find their sum.

Inputs to the algorithm:

First num1.
Second num2.
Expected output:
Sum of the two numbers.

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Read/input the first num1.
Step3: Read/input the second num2.
Step4: Sum =num1+num2 // calculation of sum
Step5: Print Sum
Step6: End

Problem3: Write an algorithm to read two float numbers and find their division.
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Expected output:
division of the two float numbers.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Read/input the first num1.
Step3: Read/input the second num2.
Step4: Initialize Div (of double type)=0
Step5: Div=num1/num2 // calculation of division
Step5: Print Div
Step6: End

Problem 4: Convert temperature Fahrenheit to Celsius

Inputs to the algorithm:
Temperature in Fahrenheit
Expected output:
Temperature in Celsius
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2: Read Temperature in Fahrenheit F
Step 3: C =5/9*(F-32)
Step 4: Print Temperature in Celsius: C
Step5: End
Problem 5: Write an algorithm to find the square of a number.
• Input: Number whose square is required
Process: Multiply the number by itself to getits square
• Output: Square of the number

Algorithm to find square of a number.

Step 1: Input a number and store it to num
Step 2: square=num * num
Step 3: Print square
Step 4: End

Problem 6: Write an algorithm and program for the use of arithmetic Operators In C++.
(+,-,/,*,%)
• Input:
First num1.
Second num2.
• Output: Use of arithmetic Operators

Algorithm for the use of arithmetic Operators.

Step 1: Start
Step 2 : Read two integer numbers a and b
Step 3 : Print “ Addition of a and b = ” a+b
Step 4 : Print “ subtraction of a and b = ” a-b
Step 5 : Print “ Product of a and b = ” a*b
Step 6 : Print “ Quotient of a and b = ” a/b
Step 7 : Print “ Remainder of a and b = ” a%b
Step 8 : Stop

Control Structures:-
There are three ways in which steps of algorithm carried out:
 Sequential Control Structure
 Conditional Control Structure
 Iterative/Looping Control Structure

1. Sequential Control Structure :- (All above algorithm examples included in Sequential

Control structures
 Modules executed sequentially one after another.

 The sequence may be present explicitly by means

of numberedsteps or by order in which modules are

written.

 Modules executed sequentially one after another.

2.Conditional Control Structure/ Selection Logic structure

 This structure test the condition

 A condition is any variable or expression that returns Boolean value(i.e. True or False)

 When the condition is associated with a statement that is true then respective
statements will be executed.

 It is divided into three types:-

a. Single Alternative
b. Double Alternative
c. Multiple Alternative

(a) Single Alternative

Syntax:-
If condition, then
[module A]
[End of If structure]

 If condition is true then module A, which consist of number of statements, is executed.

 Otherwise module A is skipped and next statement of algorithm is executed.

Example on Conditional Control Structure

Problem 1:-
Write an algorithm to find first number is greater or not from two given
numbers
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Expected output:
Greater number from two numbers

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read integer numbers a, b
Step 3 : initialize max=0
Step 4 : If (a>b) Then
max = a
[End of If ]
Step 5 : Print “ Maximum value = ” max
Step 6 : Stop

Problem 2:-
Write an algorithm to check number is even or not?
Inputs to the algorithm:
Integer number
Expected output:
Number is even or not

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:PRINT "Enter the Number"
Step 3: Read integer number num
Step 4: If (num % 2 == 0 )Then
PRINT "Number is Even“
[ End of If ]
Step 5 : Stop

(b) Double Alternative

Syntax:-
If condition, then
[module A]
Else:
[module B]
[End of If structure]

 If condition is true then module A, which consist of number of statements, is executed.

 Otherwise module B is executed.

Problem 1:-
Write an algorithm to find smaller of two numbers
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Expected output:
Smaller number from two numbers

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read integer numbers a, b
Step 3 : initialize min=0
Step 4 : If (a<b) Then
min= a
Else
min=b
[End of If ]
Step 5 : Print “ Minimum value = ” min
Step 6 : Stop
Problem 2:-
Write an algorithm to check number is even or odd?
Inputs to the algorithm:
Integer number
Expected output:
Number is even or odd

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:PRINT "Enter the Number"
Step 3: Read integer number num
Step 4: If (num % 2 == 0 )Then
PRINT "Number is Even“
Else
PRINT "Number is Odd“
[ End of If ]
Step 5 : Stop

Problem 3:-
Write an algorithm to check student Pass or Fail?
Inputs to the algorithm:
Percentage Marks
Expected output:
Student declare as Pass or Fail

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:PRINT "Enter the Percentage Marks"
Step 3: Read Marks
Step 4: If Marks < 40 Then
Print “Student is Fail”
Else
Print “Student is Pass”
Step 5 : Stop

Problem 4:-
Write an algorithm to check number is divisible by 5 or not
Inputs to the algorithm:
Integer number
Expected output:
Number is divisible by 5 or not

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:PRINT "Enter the Number"
Step 3: Read integer number num
Step 4: If (num % 5 == 0 )Then
PRINT "Number is divisible by 5“
 Else
PRINT "Number is not divisible by 5“
[ End of If ]
Step 8 : Stop

(c) Multiple Alternative:-

Syntax

If condition(1), then:
[module A1]
else if condition(2), then:
[module A2]
:
:
else if condition(n), then:
[module An]
else :
[module B]
[End of If structure]

Example on Multipale alternative Control Structure

Problem :- 1
Write an algorithm to find Maximum value from three numbers (Nested if…else)
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Third num3
Expected output:
larger number from three numbers

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read integer numbers a, b ,c
Step 3 : initialize max=0
Step 4 :If (a>b) Then
If (a>c) Then
max = a
Else
max=c
Else
If (b>c) Then

max = b
Else
max =c
Step 5 : Print “ Maximum value = ” max
Step 6 : Stop
Problem :- 2
Write an algorithm to find Maximum value from three numbers by using and operator
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Third num3
Expected output:
larger number from three numbers

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read integer numbers a, b ,c
Step 3 : initialize max=0
Step 4 :If (a>b) and (a>c) Then
max = a
Else If ( b>a) and (b>c) Then
max = b

Else
max =c
Step 5 : Print “ Maximum value = ” max
Step 6 : Stop
Problem :- 3
Write an algorithm to find out grade of student
Inputs to the algorithm:
Percentage of student
Expected output:
Grade of student

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read percentage marks of student
Step 3 :If (percentage >= 90)
print “ Student is having A+ grade” and Go to step 4
Else if (percentage >= 80)
print “ Student is having A grade” and Go to step 4
Else if (percentage >= 70)
print “ Student is having B+ grade” and Go to step 4
Else if (percentage >= 60)
print “ Student is having B grade” and Go to step 4
Else if (percentage >= 50)
print “Student is having C grade” and Go to step 4
Else if (percentage >= 40)
print “Student is having Pass Class” and Go to step 4
Else print “ Student is Fail”
[End of If]
Step 4: Stop
Problem :- 4
Write an algorithm to do arithmetic operations on two numbers depending upon the
choice of operator
Inputs to the algorithm:
Two integer numbers num1 & num2
Operator to perform arithmetic operation
Expected output:
Result of entered arithmetic operator

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read two integer numbers, a & b
Step 3 : Read operator and store in variable ‘ch’
Step 4: If (ch==‘+’) Then
Print “ Addition of a and b = ” a+b and Goto step 5
Else If (ch==‘-’ ) Then
Print “ Subtraction of a and b = ” a-b and Goto step 5
Else If (ch==‘* ’) Then
Print “ Multilication of a and b = ” a * b and Goto step 5
Else If (ch==‘/ ’) Then
Print “ Division of a and b = ” a / b and Goto step 5
Else if ch==‘%’ Then
Print “ Remainder of a and b = ” a % b and Goto step 5
Else
Print “ Invalid input”
[End of If]
Step 5: stop

Problem :- 5
Write an algorithm for the use of conditional, logical, relational Operators to find
minimum and Maximum value from three numbers
Inputs to the algorithm:
First num1.
Second num2.
Third num3
Expected output:
Smaller & larger number from three numbers

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2:Read integer numbers a, b ,c
Step 3 : initialize min=0 max=0
Step 4 :If (a>b) and (a>c) Then
max = a
Else if ( b>a) and (b>c) Then
max = b
Else
max =c
[End of If]
 Step 5 : If (a<b) and (a<c) Then
min = a
Else if ( b<a) and (b<c) Then
min = b
Else
min=c
[End of If]

Step 6 : Print “ Maximum value = ” max

Step 7 : Print “ Minimum value = ” min
Step 8 : Stop

3. Iterative / Repetitive Control Structure

 It is divided into two types:-
a. Repeat While
b. Repeat For

(a) Repeat while

Syntax:-
Initialize counter
Repeat While Condition
[module]
Update Counter
[End of Loop]

 Here body of loop i.e. module is executed repeatedly, until the condition is
satisfied.
 There must be a statement before the structure
that initialize the condition controlling loop counter.
 And one statement which change value of condition counter.

Example on Iterative/ Looping Control Structure

Problem :- 1
Write an algorithm to find sum of n natural numbers using do……while control
structure.
Inputs to the algorithm:
Enter number till you want to find out addition
Expected output:
Sum of n natural numbers

Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step 2: Read N
Step 3: Initialize I= 1, sum =0
Step 4: Repeat steps 5 and 6 while (I<=N)
Step 5: sum = sum +I
Step 6: Set I= I+1
[End of do …. While]
Step 7: Print sum
Step8 : stop

Problem :- 2
Write an algorithm to print table of number using do……while control structure.
Inputs to the algorithm:
Enter number
Expected output:
Table of number

Step1: Start
Step 2: Initialize I= 1, T= 1
Step 3: Read N
Step 4: Repeat steps 5, 6 and 7 while (I <= 10)
Step 5: T = N * I
Step 6: Print T
Step7 : Set I= I+1
[End of do …. While]
Step 8 : stop