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Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

A Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

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9 views

Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

A Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

Uploaded by

eowug
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Go Programming Language Tutorial (Part 9)

This tutorial delves into building distributed systems, implementing networking protocols, developing
blockchain-based applications, and fine-tuning CI/CD pipelines for Go projects.

1. Distributed Systems with Go


Distributed systems handle tasks across multiple machines. Go’s Goroutines and channels make it ideal
for distributed programming.

Building a Distributed Key-Value Store


Example: Distributed Key-Value Node
go
Copy code
package main

import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"net/http"
"sync"
)

type Store struct {


mu sync.RWMutex
data map[string]string
}

func (s *Store) Set(key, value string) {


s.mu.Lock()
defer s.mu.Unlock()
s.data[key] = value
}

func (s *Store) Get(key string) (string, bool) {


s.mu.RLock()
defer s.mu.RUnlock()
value, ok := s.data[key]
return value, ok
}

func main() {
store := &Store{data: make(map[string]string)}

http.HandleFunc("/set", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {


key := r.URL.Query().Get("key")
value := r.URL.Query().Get("value")
store.Set(key, value)
w.Write([]byte("OK"))
})
http.HandleFunc("/get", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
key := r.URL.Query().Get("key")
value, ok := store.Get(key)
if !ok {
http.Error(w, "Not Found", http.StatusNotFound)
return
}
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{key: value})
})

fmt.Println("Server running on :8080")


http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

Scaling with Raft Consensus


Implement Raft for distributed consensus using libraries like etcd/raft:
bash
Copy code
go get go.etcd.io/raft/v3

2. Networking Protocols
Implementing a Custom Protocol
Create a simple TCP-based chat application.

Server Example
go
Copy code
package main

import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"net"
"strings"
)

func main() {
listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer listener.Close()

fmt.Println("Chat server running on :8080")

for {
conn, err := listener.Accept()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("Connection error:", err)
continue
}
go handleConnection(conn)
}
}

func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) {


defer conn.Close()
reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)

for {
message, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("Connection closed")
return
}

message = strings.TrimSpace(message)
fmt.Printf("Received: %s\n", message)
conn.Write([]byte("Echo: " + message + "\n"))
}
}

Client Example
go
Copy code
package main

import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"net"
"os"
)

func main() {
conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:8080")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer conn.Close()

scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
for {
fmt.Print("Enter message: ")
scanner.Scan()
message := scanner.Text()

_, err := conn.Write([]byte(message + "\n"))


if err != nil {
fmt.Println("Error sending message:", err)
return
}

response, _ := bufio.NewReader(conn).ReadString('\n')
fmt.Println("Server response:", response)
}
}
3. Blockchain Development
Go’s efficiency and concurrency model make it ideal for blockchain development.

Building a Simple Blockchain


Define a Block
go
Copy code
package main

import (
"crypto/sha256"
"encoding/hex"
"fmt"
)

type Block struct {


Index int
Timestamp string
Data string
PrevHash string
Hash string
}

func calculateHash(block Block) string {


record := fmt.Sprintf("%d%s%s%s", block.Index, block.Timestamp, block.Data,
block.PrevHash)
h := sha256.New()
h.Write([]byte(record))
return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
}

Blockchain Logic
go
Copy code
type Blockchain struct {
chain []Block
}

func (bc *Blockchain) AddBlock(data, timestamp string) {


prevBlock := bc.chain[len(bc.chain)-1]
newBlock := Block{
Index: len(bc.chain),
Timestamp: timestamp,
Data: data,
PrevHash: prevBlock.Hash,
Hash: calculateHash(Block{
Index: len(bc.chain),
Timestamp: timestamp,
Data: data,
PrevHash: prevBlock.Hash,
}),
}
bc.chain = append(bc.chain, newBlock)
}

func NewBlockchain() *Blockchain {


genesisBlock := Block{
Index: 0,
Timestamp: "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z",
Data: "Genesis Block",
PrevHash: "",
Hash: calculateHash(Block{Index: 0, Timestamp: "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z",
Data: "Genesis Block"}),
}
return &Blockchain{chain: []Block{genesisBlock}}
}

func main() {
bc := NewBlockchain()
bc.AddBlock("First block", "2024-01-02T00:00:00Z")
bc.AddBlock("Second block", "2024-01-03T00:00:00Z")

for _, block := range bc.chain {


fmt.Printf("%+v\n", block)
}
}

4. CI/CD Optimization
Optimizing GitHub Actions for Go Projects
Example Workflow
yaml
Copy code
name: Go CI/CD Pipeline

on:
push:
branches:
- main

jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Set up Go
uses: actions/setup-go@v3
with:
go-version: 1.19
- name: Install Dependencies
run: go mod tidy
- name: Run Tests
run: go test ./...
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
needs: test
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Set up Go
uses: actions/setup-go@v3
with:
go-version: 1.19
- name: Build Application
run: go build -o myapp
- name: Archive Build
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
with:
name: myapp
path: ./myapp

5. Distributed Tracing in Distributed Systems


Jaeger Integration
Install go.opentelemetry.io packages:
bash
Copy code
go get go.opentelemetry.io/otel
go get go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace
go get go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger

Example: Tracing Setup


go
Copy code
package main

import (
"context"
"log"

"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/jaeger"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
)

func initTracer() trace.TracerProvider {


exp, err :=
jaeger.New(jaeger.WithCollectorEndpoint(jaeger.WithEndpoint("http://
localhost:14268/api/traces")))
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("failed to create Jaeger exporter: %v", err)
}

tp := trace.NewTracerProvider(
trace.WithBatcher(exp),
trace.WithResource(resource.Default()),
)
otel.SetTracerProvider(tp)
return tp
}

func main() {
tp := initTracer()
defer func() { _ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background()) }()

tracer := otel.Tracer("example-tracer")
ctx, span := tracer.Start(context.Background(), "example-operation")
log.Println("Running traced operation...")
span.End()
}

6. Further Exploration
1. Implementing GRPC Protocols:
• Use protobuf and grpc-go to define and implement APIs for distributed systems.
2. Building Fault-Tolerant Systems:
• Use libraries like Hystrix for circuit breaking.
3. Exploring DLTs:
• Dive deeper into Go-based blockchain platforms like Tendermint or Hyperledger
Fabric.

This tutorial prepares you for building distributed systems, implementing efficient networking
protocols, experimenting with blockchain development, and enhancing CI/CD pipelines. Continue
exploring Go’s vast potential for cutting-edge system design!

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