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FORAMINIFERAL
M I C R O PA L E O N T O L O G Y
F O R U N D E R S TA N D I N G
EARTH’S HISTORY
Cover illustration: Planktic foraminifera from the Mediterranean Sea (left), late Eocene
Pellatispira from Surat, India (centre) and modern larger benthic foraminifera from Okinawa,
Japan (right).
FORAMINIFERAL
M I C R O PA L E O N T O L O G Y
F O R U N D E R S TA N D I N G
EARTH’S HISTORY
PRATUL KUMAR SARASWATI
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-823957-5
Preface .............................................................................................................ix
1 Introduction............................................................................................................1
1.1 Historical background .......................................................................... 1
1.2 Foraminifera records the Earth’s history .......................................... 12
1.3 Reading the fossil records ................................................................. 16
References ................................................................................................. 22
v
vi Contents
ix
x Preface
Figure 1.1 Distribution of neritic and pelagic sediments on the ocean floor. Calcareous ooze comprising
foraminifera, pteropods, and calcareous nannoplankton are shown in pink. Source: After Skinner, B.J., Murck, B., 2011.
The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science, third ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Skinner and Murck, 2011),
reproduced with permission r John Wiley & Sons - Books.
Figure 1.2 Calcareous ooze from the Mediterranean Sea, composed mainly of planktic foraminifera and pteropods.
Source: Sample courtesy Michael Knappertsbusch, Natural History Museum, Basel.
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Figure 1.3 Map showing the global distribution of coral reefs, the major sites of present-day, shallow water
carbonate deposition. Source: Reproduced with permission r National Ocean Services, USA.
Figure 1.6 The first foraminifera illustrated by Robert Hook (right) in 1665.
The beginning
Greek geographer and philosopher Strabo (64 or 63 BCECE
24) made the first observation on foraminifera, although in a
completely different sense. He described the abundantly occurring
Nummulites in the Eocene limestone, making Egypt’s pyramids, as
petrified remains of beans leftover by the laborers who built the
pyramids (Heron-Allen, 1915). Robert Hooke (16351703), a British
naturalist and architect, documented various samples under the
microscope and published them in his book titled Micrographia in
1665 (Fig. 1.6). It was possibly the first illustration of foraminifera
(Cifelli, 1990). Alcide d’Orbigny (180257) (Fig. 1.7), an extraordi-
nary naturalist born in France, began a systematic study on forami-
nifera. He is regarded as the father of micropaleontology. He
developed an interest in foraminifera at an early age by studying
the beach sands in his coastal neighborhood. His father, a surgeon
in the French Navy, encouraged him in his study by arranging
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