CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Long Term Evolution (LTE)When UMTS was designed, it was a bold approach to specify an air interface with a carrier
bandwidth of 5 MHz. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), the air interface chosen at that time, performed
very well within this limit. Unfortunately, it does not scale very well. Ifthe bandwidth of the carrier is increased to attain higher
transmission speeds, the time between two transmission steps has to decrease
With LTE, a completely different air interfacehas been specified to overcome the effects of multipath fading. Instead of
spreading one signal over the complete carrier bandwidth (e.g. 5 MHz), LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) that transmits the data over many narrowband carriers of 180 kHz each. Instead of a single fast
transmission, a data stream is split into many slower data streams that are transmitted simultaneously.
As a consequence, the attainable datarate compared to UMTS is similar in the same bandwidth but the multipath effect is greatly
reduced because of the longer transmission steps

Network Architecture and Interfaces The general LTE network architecture is similar to that of GSM and UMTS. In principle,
the networkis separated into a radio network part and a core network part. The number of logical network nodes,however, has
been reduced to streamline the overall architecture and reduce cost and latency in thenetwork

LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface In the LTE specifications, as in UMTS, the mobile device is referred to as the
User Equipment (UE). In 3GPP Release 8, five different UE classes have been defined as shown and as defined in 3GPP TS
36.306 [2].
Unlike in HSPA where devices support a wide range of different modulationand coding schemes because of the continuing
evolution of the standard, LTE UEs support the very fast 64-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in the downlink direction
and antenna diversity.
In addition, all device classes except for the lowest support MIMO transmission, a multistream data transmission method that is
discussed in more detail below

PDN-GW Internet

HSS MME Serving-GW

TOWER TOWER
eNode-B
Most LTE eNode-B
networks and devices in the first years of deployment will use 2 × 2 MIMO, that is, two transmit and two receive
antennas. In the future, 4 × 4 MIMO might be used with category 5 UEs in case this is also supported on the network side. It will
be a challenge, however, to fit four independent
antennas in a small mobile device.
The Chinese marketMobile
is andevice
exception in the table. Unlike most other regions in the world, where FDD is used to separate uplink
and downlink, China uses TDD. Hence, the frequency ranges noted in the uplink and downlink are the same.
Most LTE-capable devices also support other radio technologies such as GSM and UMTS. As a consequence, most devices
support not only one or more LTE frequency bands but also those for the other technologies.
A device sold in Europe usually also supports 900MHz and 1800MHz for GSM, 2100MHz for UMTS and, in addition, the 850-
MHz and 1900-MHz bands for international GSM and UMTS roaming. This is a challenge for antenna and transmitter design
due to the small size of devices and limited battery capacity

The eNode-B and the S1 and X2 Interfaces The most complex device in the LTE network is the base station, referred to as
eNode-B in the specification documents. The name is derived from the name originally given to the UMTS base station (Node-
B) with an ‗e‘ referring to ‗evolved‘. The leading ‗e‘ has also been added to numerous other abbreviations already used in UMTS
eNode-Bs consist of three major elements:
• the antennas, which are the most visible parts of a mobile network;
• radio modules that modulate and demodulate all signals transmitted or received on the air interface;
• digital modules that process all signals transmitted and received on the air interface and that act as an interface to the core
network over a high-speed backhaul connection

The Mobility Management Entity (MME) While the eNode-Bs autonomously handle users and their radio bearers once they
are established, overall user control is centralized in the core network. This is necessary as there needs to be a single
1 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Authentication: When a subscriber first attaches to the LTE network, the eNode-B communicates with the MME over the S1
interface and helps to exchange authentication information between the mobile device and the MME. The MME then requests
authentication information from Home Subscriber Server (HSS), which is discussed in more detail below, and authenticates the
subscriber.
Once done, it forwards encryption keys to the eNode-B so that further signaling and data exchanges over the air interface can
be ciphered

Core network Internet

Aggregation router
Establishment of bearers: The MME itself is not directly involved in the exchange of user data packets between the mobile
device and the Internet. Instead, it communicates with other core network components to establish an IP tunnel between the
eNode-B and the gateway to the Internet.
However, ittow
is responsible for selecting a gateway router to the Internet, if there is more than one gateway available
tow tow tow
er er er er
NAS mobility management: In case a mobile device is dormant for a prolonged duration of time, the air interface connection
and resources in the radio network are released. The mobile device is then free to roam between different base stations in the
same Tracking Area (TA) without notifying
the network to save battery capacity and signaling overhead in the network

Handover support: In case no X2 interface is available, the MME helps to forward the handover messages between the two
eNode-Bs involved. The MME is also responsible for the modification of the user data IP tunnel after a handover in case
different core network routers become responsible.

Interworking with other radio networks: When a mobile device reaches the limit of the LTE coverage area, the eNode-B can
decide to hand over the mobile device to a GSM or UMTS network or instruct it to perform a cell change to suitable cell.

SMS and voice Support: Despite LTE being a pure IP network, some functionality is required to support traditional services
such as voice calls and SMS, which were so far part of the GSM and UMTS circuit-switched core networks and cannot thus
simply be mapped to LTE

The Serving Gateway (S-GW) The S-GW is responsible for managing user data tunnels between the eNode-Bs in the radio
networkand the Packet Data Network Gateway PDN-GW, which is the gateway router to the Internet, and isdiscussed in the next
section. On the radio network side, it terminates the S1-UP GTP tunnels, and onthe core network side, it terminates the S5-UP
GTP tunnels to the gateway to the Internet. S1 andS5 tunnels for a single user are independent of each other and can be changed
as required

The PDN-Gateway The third LTE core network node is the PDN-GW. In practice, this node is the gateway to the
Internet and some network operators also use it to interconnect to intranets of large companies over an encrypted tunnel to offer
employees of those companies direct access to their private internal networks. As mentioned in the previous section, the PDN-
GW terminates the S5 interface

The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) LTE shares its subscriber database with GSM and UMTS. In these systems, the database
is referredto as the Home Location Register (HLR) and the Mobile Application Part (MAP) is used as the
protocol between the MSC and SGSN on the one side and the HLR on the other side. In LTE, an IP-based protocol referred to as
DIAMETER is used to exchange information with the database.

2 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

PDN-GW Internet

HSS GRX

TOWER MOBILE
MME S-GW

the user‘s International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), which uniquely identifies a subscriber.
The IMSI implicitly includes the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) and is thus used when the user
is roaming abroad to find the home network of the user to contact the HSS.
A copy of the IMSI is stored on the SIM card of the subscriberauthentication information that is used to authenticate the
subscriber and to generate encryption keys on a session basis;
circuit-switched service properties such as the user‘s telephone number, referred to as the Mobile
Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN) number, and the services the user is allowed to use, such as SMS, call
forwarding, etc. While the MSISDN is used for some purposes
in LTE, the other values are mainly of interest while the user is connected to GSM or UMTS

Billing, Prepaid and Quality of Service The network nodes and interfaces described in the previous sections are the main
components requiredto offer wireless connectivity to the user. In addition, several other supporting network components
and interfaces are usually deployed in practice to complement the network with additional services.
To charge mobile subscribers for their use of the system, billing records are created, for example, on the MME. These are
collected and sent to a charging system, which once a month generates an invoice that is then sent to the customer.

FDD Air Interface and Radio Network The major evolution in LTE compared to previous 3GPP wireless systems is the
completely revisedair interface.
To understand why a new approach was taken, a quick look back at how data wastransmitted in previous generation systems is
necessary:GSM is based on narrow 200-kHz carriers that are split into eight repeating timeslots for voice
calls.
One timeslot carries the data of one voice call, thus limiting the number of simultaneousvoice calls on one carrier to a maximum
of eight. Base stations use several carriers to increase thenumber of simultaneous calls.
Later on, the system was enhanced with GPRS for packet-switcheddata transmission. The decision to use 200-kHz carriers,
however, remained the limiting factor

OFDMA for Downlink Transmission In the downlink direction, LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA).Instead of sending a data stream at a very high speed over a single carrier as in UMTS, OFDMA splits
the data stream into many slower data streams that are transported over many carriers simultaneously.
The advantage of many slow but parallel data streams is that transmission steps can be sufficiently long to avoid the issues of
multipath transmission on fast data streams as discussed above

Bandwidth Number of FFT (MHz) subcarriers size

1.25 76 128
2.5 150 256
5 300 512
10 600 1024
15 900 1536
20 1200 2048

subcarrier spacing: 15 kHz;

length of each transmission step (OFDM symbol duration): 66.667 microseconds;

standard cyclic prefix: 4.7 microseconds. The cyclic prefix is transmitted before each OFDM symbol to prevent intersymbol
interference due to different lengths of several transmission paths.

3 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

For difficult environments with highly diverse transmission paths, a longer cyclic prefix of 16.67 microseconds has been
specified as well

SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission For uplink data transmissions, the use of OFDMA is not ideal because of its high Peak to
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) when the signals from multiple subcarriers are combined. In practice, the amplifier in a radio
transmitter circuit has to support the peak power output required to transmit the data and this value defines the power
consumption of the PA device regardless of the current transmission powerlevel required.
Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks and Frames Data transmission in LTE is organized as follows: The smallest transmission unit on
each subcarrier isa single transmission step with a length of 66.667 microseconds.
A transmission step is also referredto as a symbol and several bits can be transmitted per symbol depending on the modulation
scheme.
If radio conditions are excellent, 64-QAM is used to transfer 6 bits (26 = 64) per symbol. Under less ideal signal conditions, 16-
QAM or QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation is used to transfer 4 or 2 bits per symbol.
A symbol is also referred to as a Resource Element (RE).

Reference and Synchronization SignalsTo enable mobile devices to detect LTE carriers during a network search and to
estimate the channelquality later on, reference symbols, also referred to as reference signals, are embedded in a predefined
For initial synchronization, two additional signal types are used. These are referred to as the primaryand secondary synchronization
signals and they are transmitted in every first and sixth subframe on the inner 72 subcarriers of the channel. On each of those
subcarriers, one symbol is used for each
synchronization signal. Hence, synchronization signals are transmitted every 5 milliseconds

The LTE Channel Model in Downlink Direction All higher layer signaling and user data traffic are organized in channels
Mapping DTCHs to a single shared channel is done in two steps. First, the logical DTCHs of allusers are mapped to a transport
layer Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH). In the second step, this data stream is then mapped to the Physical Downlink Shared
Channel (PDSCH).

Logical channels PCCH BCCH DTCH DCCH

Transport PCH BCH DL-SCH

Channels
(how)

Physcial channels PBCH PDSCH

Downlink Management ChannelsThe downlink control information occupies the first one to four symbols over the whole
channelbandwidth in each subframe. The number of symbols that are used for this purpose is broadcast via the
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), which occupies 16 symbols
And finally, some symbols are reserved to acknowledge the proper reception of uplink data blocksor to signal to the mobile
device that a block was not received correctly. This functionality is referred to as Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request
(HARQ) and the corresponding channel is the Physical Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request Indicator Channel (PHICH).

System Information Messages As in GSM and UMTS, LTE uses system information messages to convey information that is
requiredby all mobile devices that are currently in the cell. Unlike in previous systems, however, only theMaster Information
Block (MIB) is transported over the broadcast channel. All other SI is scheduled in the PDSCH and their presence is announced
on the PDCCH in a search space that has to be observed by all mobile devices
Not all of the SIBs shown are usually broadcast as some of them are functionalitydependent. In practice, the MIB and, in
addition, SIB-1 and SIB-2 are always broadcast because they are mandatory. They are followed by SIB-3 and optionally SIB-4.
SIB-5 is required only if the LTE network uses more than one carrier frequency

The LTE Channel Model in Uplink Direction In the uplink direction, a similar channel model is used as in the downlink
direction.
There are againlogical, transport and physical channels to separate logical data streams from the physical transmissionover the
air interface and to multiplex different data streams onto a single channelthe most important channel is the Physical Uplink
Shared Channel (PUSCH).
4 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Its maintask is to carry user data in addition to signaling information and signal quality feedback
The mobile has been dormant for some time and wants to reestablish the connection.
A radio link failure has occurred and the mobile has found a suitable cell again.
During a handover process, the mobile needs to synchronize with a new cell before user data trafficcan be resumed.
Optionally for requesting uplink resources

Scheduling Data transmissions in LTE in both the uplink and the downlink directions are controlled by the network.
This is similar to other technologies such as GSM and UMTS. In these systems, some or all of the scheduling control is located
in centralized network components such as the PCU
• The network can react to changing radio conditions of each user and optimize the overall throughput.• The network can ensure
the QoS for each user. • Overload situations can be dealt with.

Downlink Scheduling In the downlink direction, the eNode-B‘s scheduler is responsible for forwarding the data that it
receives from the network, for all users it serves, over the air interface. In practice, a single logical default bearer is usually
assigned to a mobile device, over which the data is transported

Dynamic Scheduling Scheduling is a simple task if there is only one user and if there is less data waiting in the
transmissionbuffer than can be sent over the air interface. When the eNode-B serves several users, or several bearers
to be precise, and the amount of data in the downlink buffer exceeds that which can be sent in a subframe, then the scheduler has
to decide which users and bearers are given an assignment grant for the next subframe and how much capacity is allocated to
each

Semipersistent Scheduling While dynamic scheduling is great for bursty, infrequent and bandwidth-consuming data
transmissionssuch as web surfing, video streaming and e-mails, it is less suited for real-time streaming applications
such as voice calls. Here, data is sent in short bursts at regular intervals. If the datarate of the stream is very low, as is the case for
voice calls, the overhead of the dynamic scheduling messages is very high as only little data is sent for each scheduling message

Uplink Scheduling To get resources assigned on the PUSCH, the mobile device has to send an assignment request to
the eNode-B. If no physical connection currently exists with the eNode-B, the mobile first needs to reestablish the link. This is
done as already described above by sending an RRC connection request message on the random access channel.

Mobility Management and Power OptimizationLTE knows two general activity states for mobile devices. These are the RRC
Connected stateand the RRC Idle state. This state model is much simpler than the one used in UMTS, which hasmany more
states such as Cell-DCH, Cell-FACH, Cell-PCH, URA-PCH and Idle.

Mobility Management in Connected State While the mobile device is in RRC Connected state, it is usually fully synchronized
with the networkin the uplink and the downlink directions and can hence transmit and receive data at any time.
While the mobile device is in this state, a user data tunnel is established on the S1 interface between the eNode-B and the
serving-GW and another tunnel is established between the serving-GW and the PDN-GW

Measurements for Handover A handover is controlled autonomously by each eNode-B and it also decides if and when
mobiledevices should send measurement reports either periodically or event triggered. The standard is flexible
in this regard so that different eNode-B vendors can use different strategies for measurement reporting. Measurement report
parameters are sent to the mobile device after an RRC connection has been established
In LTE, the following criteria are used to describe the current reception conditions:

RSRP: The Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), expressed in dBm (the power relative to one milliwatt on a logarithmic
scale). With this parameter, different cells using the same carrier frequency can be compared and handover or cell reselection
decisions can be taken

RSSI: The Received Signal Strength Indication. This value includes the total power received, including the interference from
neighboring cells and other sources.

RSRQ: The Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ). It equals the RSRP divided by the RSSI.
The better this value the better can the signal of the cell be received compared to the interference generated by other cells. The
RSRQ is usually expressed on a logarithmic scale in decibel (dB)and is negative as the reference signal power is smaller than the
overall power received

5 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Mobility Management in Idle State During long times of inactivity, it is advantageous for both the network and the mobile
device toput the air interface connection into the RRC Idle state.
This reduces the amount of signaling andthe amount of power required for the mobile device to maintain the connection. In this
state, the mobile device autonomously performs cell reselections, that is, it changes on its own from cell to cell whenever
required by signal conditions
RRC Connected state with an observation of the control region for assignment grants inevery subframe.
RRC Connected state with an observation of the control region for assignment grants in a short
DRX cycle pattern. The receiver is switched off for short periods of time.
RRC Connected state with an observation of the control region for assignment grants in a long
DRX cycle pattern. The receiver is switched off for longer periods of time.
RRC Idle state in which the mobile scans only periodically for incoming paging messages

Cell barring status in SIB 1: If the cell is barred, the mobile device must not use it as its new serving cell.

A serving cell hysteresis in SIB 3: The degree by which the current cell should be preferred to
neighboring cells (in dB).

Speed state selection in SIB 3: Depending on the speed of the mobile, that is, whether it is stationary or in a car, train, etc.,
different cell reselection parameter settings can be defined. When moving, the cell search mechanism could be started while the
reception level is still relatively high to prevent the loss of coverage due to fast cell changes and not enough time to make
appropriate measurements

Start of intrafrequency search in SIB 3: Defines the signal quality level of the serving cell at which the mobile device should
start looking for neighboring cells.

Start of interfrequency and inter-RAT (Radio Access Technology) search in SIB 3: Defines the signal quality level of the
serving cell at which the mobile device should, in addition, start looking for neighboring cells on other LTE frequencies and cells
of other RATs such as GSM, UMTS and
CDMA

Neighbor cell information in SIB 4 to 8: These system information messages contain further details about neighboring cells on
the same frequency, on another frequency and other RAT cells.

LTE Security Architecture The LTE security architecture is similar to the mechanisms already used in UMTS and discussed
The architecture is based on a secret key which is stored on the SIM card of thesubscriber and in the HSS in the network. The
same key is used for GSM, UMTS and LTE. It is
therefore possible to efficiently move the security context between network nodes when the user roams between different RATs
When ciphering and integrity checking are activated, the UE, MME and eNode-B can select anappropriate EPS Encryption
Algorithm (eea0, eea1, eea2, etc.) and an EPS Integrity Algorithm (eia1, eia2, etc.) from a list of supported algorithms that is
supported by both sides

Interconnection with UMTS and GSM When a mobile device is at the border of the coverage area of the LTE network, it
should switchto another network layer such as UMTS and GSM to ensure connectivity.
In the worst case, themobile device looses the LTE network coverage and if it does not find a suitable LTE cell on the current
channel it will search for LTE cells on other channels and also switch to other frequency bands and other RATs to regain contact
with the network.
cell reselection from LTE to UMTS or GSM;• RRC connection release with redirect from LTE to UMTS or GSM; • inter-RAT
handover from LTE to UMTS or GSM.
6 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTSThe simplest way from a network and signaling point of view to move from
LTE to another RAT is cell reselection in RRC Idle state. For this purpose, the eNode-Bs broadcast information on neighboring
GSM, UMTS and CDMA cells in their system information messages as described above. When a
network-configured signal level threshold is reached, the mobile device starts searching for non-LTE cells and reselects to them
based on their reception level and usage priority
Once the mobile device decides to move from an LTE cell to a GSM or UMTS cell, it performs alocation area update with the circuit-
switched side of the core network if it has circuit-switched voice and SMS capabilities.

RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE

and GSM/UMTS While the mobile device is in the LTE RRC Connected state, the network is responsible for themobility
management. The network needs to coordinate times during which the mobile device is notavailable to receive data in the
downlink direction because of measurements on other channels and onother frequency bands

Handover between LTE and GSM/UMTS As the outage time during a Cell Change Order procedure is in the range of several
seconds, it isnot suitable for a number of applications such as VoIP.
For other applications such as web browsing,
outage times of several seconds are acceptable but they have a negative impact on the overall user experience.
As a consequence, the LTE standards also define handover procedures between LTE, GSM and UMTS in 3GPP TS 23.304 [24]
with which almost seamless handovers are possible.
From a network point of view, handovers are much more complicated than Cell Change Orders and hence the functionality might
not be used in early networks

LTE Advanced (3GPPP Release 10)In LTE-Advanced focus is on higher capacity:The driving force to further
develop LTE towards LTE–Advanced - LTE Release10 was to provide higher bitrates in a cost efficient way and, at the same
time, completely fulfil the requirements set by ITU for IMT Advanced, also referred to as 4G.
 Increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL 1.5 Gbps
 Higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10
 Increased number of simultaneously active subscribers
 Improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell.
The main new functionalities introduced in LTE-Advanced are Carrier Aggregation (CA), enhanced use of multi-antenna
techniques and support for Relay Nodes (RN).

7 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

LTE carrier aggregation enhancements Within the LTE-Advanced feature set of 3GPP Release 10 carrier aggregation was clearly
the most demanded feature due to its capability to sum up the likely fragmented spectrum a network operator owns
Multiple Timing Advances (TAs) for uplink carrier aggregation As of 3GPP Release 10 multiple carriers in uplink direction were
synchronized due to the fact that there was only a single Timing Advance (TA) for all component carriers based on the PCell.
The initial uplink transmission timing on the random access channel is determined based on the DL reference timing
Non-contiguous intra-band carrier aggregation Carrier aggregation as of 3GPP Release 10 enables intra-band and inter-band
combinations of multiple carrier frequencies.In the intra-band case the carrier frequencies may or may not be adjacent, therefore
both continuous and noncontiguous carrier aggregation is possible

8 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Modification and addition of base stationrequirements Frames of the LTE signals present at the base station antenna port(s)
are not perfectly aligned in time. For operation in case of MIMO, TX diversity and/or multiple carrier frequencies, the timing
error between a specific set of transmitters needs to fulfill specified requirements.
For the non-contiguous carrier aggregation case, the TAE requirement highlighted in blue was added. ı For MIMO or TX
diversity transmissions, at each carrier frequency,
TAE shall not exceed 65 ns. ı For intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall
not exceed 130 ns. ı For intra-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not
exceed 260 ns
Operating band unwanted emissions apply inside any sub-block gap. ı Transmit intermodulation requirements are applicable
inside a sub-block gap for interfering signal offsets where the interfering signal falls completely within the sub-block gap. In this
case the interfering signal offset is defined relative to the sub-block edges. ı Receiver ACS, blocking and intermodulation
requirements apply additionally inside any sub-block gap, in case the sub-block gap size is at least as wide as the E-UTRA
interfering signal.

Modification and addition of UE requirements With respect to the user equipment only 5 MHz and 10 MHz bandwidths have
to be supported for intra-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation.
The corrections / modifications in 3GPP Release 11 naturally refer to the reception of a non-contiguous carrier aggregation
signal. 3GPP RAN4 added so-called in-gap and out-of-gap tests.
In-gap test refers to the case when the interfering signal(s) is (are) located at a negative offset with respect to the assigned
channel frequency of the highest carrier frequency; or located at a positive offset with respect to the assigned channel frequency
of the lowest carrier frequency

Wgap ≥ (Interferer frequency offset 1) + (Interferer frequency offset 2) – 0.5 * ((Channel bandwidth 1) + (Channel bandwidth
2))

9 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Additional Special Subframe Configuration for LTE TDD and support of different UL/DL configurations on different
bands As of 3GPP Release 10 when TDD carrier aggregation is applied, all carrier frequencies use the same UL/DL
configuration.

Enhanced TxD schemes for PUCCH format 1b with channel selection Although generally two antennas are available at the
end user device side, up to 3GPP Release 10 these are only used for receiving data. With 3GPP Release 11 it is possible to apply
transmit diversity in uplink direction using both antennas also to transmit. Although not named in 3GPP specifications the basic
scheme used is Spatial Orthogonal-Resource Transmit Diversity (SORTD)

Coordinated Multi-Point Operation for LTE (CoMP) CoMP, short for Coordinated Multi-Point Operation for LTE, is one of
the most important technical improvements coming with 3GPP Release 11 with respect to the new Heterogonous Network
(HetNet) deployment strategies, but also for the traditional homogenous network topology. In brief HetNet‘s aim to improve
spectral efficiency per unit area using a mixture of macro-, pico-, femto-cell base station and further relays. In contrast
homogenous network topologies comprise only one cell size, usually the macro layer.

CoMP terminologyCoMP Cooperating Set. The CoMP Cooperating Set is determined by higher layers. It is a set of
geographically separated distribution points that are directly or indirectly involved in data transmission to a device in a time-
frequency resource. Within a cooperating set, there are CoMP points

CoMP Measurement Set. The CoMP Measurement Set is a set of points, about which channel state information (CSI) or
statistical data related to their link to the mobile device is measured and / or reported

CoMP resource management. The CoMP resource management is a set of CSI Reference Signals (CSI-RS) resources, for
which CSI-RS based RSRP1 measurements can be made and reported

10 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Downlink CoMP Joint Transmission (JT) enables simultaneous data transmission from multiple points to a single or even
multiple UE‘s. That means the UE‘s data is available at multiple points, belonging to the CoMP cooperating set, throughout the
network. The goal is to increase signal quality at the receiver and thus the average throughput
Coherent JT means the RRH are coordinated by the corresponding eNode B and are transmitting the data time-synchronized.
Non-Coherent JT is associated with a nonsynchronous transmission. In general JT requires a low latency between the
transmission points, high-bandwidth backhaul and low mobility UE‘s

Also for Dynamic Point Selection (DPS) the PDSCH data hasto be available atmultiple points. However in contrast to JT, data is
only transmitted from one point atany given time to reduceinterference

11 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Uplink CoMP Fig. 2-10 shows the CoMP schemes being utilized for the uplink. For Joint Reception the PUSCH transmitted by
the UE is received jointly at multiple points (part of or entire CoMP cooperating set) at a time to improve the received signal
quality

A fundamental change due to CoMP in the LTE uplink is the introduction of virtual cellID‘s. As of 3GPP Release 8 the generat
ion of the Demodulation Reference Signal(DMRS) embedded in two defined SCFDMA symbols in an uplink subframe isdepen
dent on the physical cell identity (PCI).

E-PDCCH: new control channel in 3GPP Release 11 for

LTE-Advanced

Why a new control channel in LTE?One of the major enhancements in 3GPP Release 11 is the introduction of a newdownlink
control channel, the Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (EPDCCH). The standardization of the EPDCCH was nece
ssary to support new featureslike CoMP, downlink MIMO and the considered introduction of a new carrier type with3GPP Rele
ase 12 all with the intention to support the following goals:
Support of increased control channel capacity.Support of frequency
domain ICIC.Achieve improved spatial reuse of control channel resources.
Support beamforming and/or diversity.
Operate on a new carrier type and in MBSFN subframes.
Coexist on the same carrier as legacy Rel-8 and Rel-10 devices

Enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH) design and architectureBased on the requirements the EPDCCH uses a similar designto the one
of thePhysical Data Shared Channel (PDSCH). Instead ofusing first symbols of a subframe,where the Downlink Control Inform
ation (DCI) is spread overthe entire bandwidth theEPDCCH uses the same resources asthe PDSCH

Each RBpair consist now of a number of Enhanced Control Channel Elements (ECCE). Each EPDCCH uses one or more ECC
E, where an ECCE consist out of 4 or 8 Enhanced
Resource Element Groups, short EREG. There are 16 EREGs per RB pair, where 9Resource Elements (RE) form an EREG for
normal cyclic prefix usage; see ,where DM-RS stands for Demodulation Reference Signals

12 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Now EREG can be further organized in so called EREG groups. EREG group #0 isformed by EREG with indices 0, 4, 8 and 1
2, where EREG group #1 is formed byindices 1, 5, 9 and13 and so on. In total there are four EREGgroups,

As explained earlier an ECCE can consist of four or eight EREG. In case of four EREGone EREG group forms an ECCE, in ca
se of eight EREG, groups #0 and #2 form onepart of the ECCE, where EREG groups #1 and #3 form the other portion of the E
CCE.
The grouping has an impact to the transmission type used for the EPDCCH. Forlocalized transmission the EREG group is
located within a single RB pair

13 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Further enhanced non CA-

based ICIC (feICIC)Generally intercell interference coordination (ICIC) has the task to manage radioresources such that interce
ll interference is kept under control. Up to 3GPP Release10 the ICIC mechanism includes a frequency and time domain compo
nent.
ICIC isinherently a multicell radio resource management function that needs to take intoaccount information frommultiple cells
With 3GPP Release 11,this information element may optionally include a neighCellsCRSInfo field.neighCellsCRSInfo includes
the following information of the aggressor cell(s):
ı Physical Cell ID.
ı Number of used antenna ports (1, 2, 4).
ı MBMS subframe configuration.

Network Based PositioningPositioning support was added to the LTE technology within 3GPP Release 9. Thoseadditions includ
ed the following positioning methods
ı network-assisted GNSS
ı downlink positioning
ı enhanced cell ID

In order to obtain uplink measurements, the LMUs need to know the characteristics ofthe SRS signal transmitted by the UEfor t
he time period required to calculate uplinkmeasurement. These characteristics need to be static over the periodic transmission of
SRS during the uplink measurements. Furthermore the ESMLC can indicate to theserving eNB the need to direct the UE to tran
smit SRS signals (up to the maximumSRS bandwidth applicable for the carrier frequency configured; as periodic SRSinvolving
multiple SRS transmissions).
3GPP created the following new specifications to describe the new SLm interface:
ı TS 36.456 SLm interface general aspects and principles
ı TS 36.457 SLm interface: layer 1
ı TS 36.458 SLm interface: signaling transport
14 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

ı TS 36.459 SLm Interface: SLmAP Specification

Service continuity improvements for MBMS 3GPP Release 10 makes provision for deployments involving more than one carrier
byadding the carrier aggregation technology component (see [3]). The network can takeinto account a UE‘s capability to operat e in a
specific frequency band or multiple bandsand also to operate on one or several carriers

BM MBMS CELL
SC GW TOWER
CELL
E- MME TOWER
UTRAN

Content MCE
provider

4G NETWORKS AND COMPOSITE RADIO

ENVIRONMENT In the wireless communications community we are witnessing more and more the existence of the composite
radio environment (CRE) and as a consequence the need for reconfigurability concepts.
Nowadays, a multiplicity of radio access technology (RAT) standards are used in wireless communications.
Cellular networks that include second-generation (2G) mobile systems, such as Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) , and their evolutions, often called 2.5G systems, such as enhanced digital GSM evolution (EDGE), General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS) and IS 136 in US.
These systems are based on TDMA technology. Third-generation (3G) mobile networks, known as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) (WCDMA and cdma2000) are based on CDMA technology that provides up to 2Mbit/s.
In these networks 4G solutions are expected to provide up to 100 Mbit/s
Broadband radio access networks (BRANs) or wireless local area networks (WLANs), which are expected to provide up to
1Gbit/s in 4G. These technologies are based on OFDMA and space time coding

Digital voice and video broadcasting (DVB) [6] and satellite communications will be suing OFDMA signalling formats.
• Ad hoc and sensor networks with emerging applications.
Although 4G is open for new multiple access schemes, the CRE concept remains attractive for increasing the service provision
efficiency and the exploitation possibilities of the available RATs.
15 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Composite radio systems and reconfigurability, discussed above, are potential enablers of DSA systems. Composite radio
systems allow seamless delivery of services through the most appropriate access network, and close network cooperation can
facilitate the sharing not only of services,
but also of spectrum.

PROTOCOL BOOSTERSA protocol booster is a software or hardware module thattransparently improves protocol
performance. The booster can reside anywhere in the network or end systems, and may operate independently (one-element
booster), or in cooperation with other protocol boosters (multi-element booster).
Protocol boosters provide an architectural alternative to existing protocol adaptation techniques, such as protocol conversion

One-Element Error Detection Booster for UDP:UDP has an optional 16-bit checksum field in the header. If it contains the
value zero, it means that the checksum was not computed by the source For wide-area communication, the single-element error
detection booster computes the checksum and puts it into the UDP header. The booster could be located either in the source host
(below the level of UDP) or in a gateway machine.

One-Element ACK Compression Booster for TCP On a system with asymmetric channel speeds, such asbroadcast satellite,
the forward (data) channel may beconsiderably faster than the return (ACK) channel. On such asystem, many TCP ACK‘s may
build up in a queue,increasing round-trip time, and thus reducing thetransmission rate for a given TCP window size

16 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

The booster increases the protocol performance because it reduces the ACK latency, and allows faster transmission for a given
window size

One-Element Congestion Control Booster for TCP:Congestion control reduces buffer overflow loss by reducing the
transmission rate at the source when the network is congested. A TCP transmitter deduces information about network congestion
by examining acknowledgments (ACK‘s) sent by the TCP receiver
The TCP receiver would think that data messages have been lost because of congestion, and would reduce its window size, thus
reducing the amount of data it injects into the network.

One-Element ARQ Booster for TCP: CP uses ARQ to

retransmit data unacknowledged by the receiver when a packet loss is suspected, such as after a retransmission timeoutexpires.
The ARQ booster improves performance byshortening the retransmission path. A typical application would be if Host X were on
a wireless network and the booster were on the interface between the wireless and wireline networks.

A Forward Erasure Correction Booster for IP or TCP:For many real-time and multicast applications, forward errorcorrection
coding is desirable. The two-element FZC boosteruses a packet forward error correction code and erasure decoding. The FZC
booster at the transmitter side of the network adds parity packets.

Two-Element Jitter Control Booster for IP:For realtime communication, we may be interested in bounding the amount of
jitter that occurs in the network. A jitter control booster can be used to reduce jitter at the expense of increased latency.

Two-Element Selective ARQ Booster for IP or TCP: For links with significant error rates using a selective ARQprotocol
(with selective acknowledgment and selectiveretransmission) can significantly improve the efficiencycompared to using TCP‘s
ARQ (with cumulativeacknowledgment and possibly go-back-N retransmission)

HYBRID 4GWIRELESS NETWORK PROTOCOLSthere are two basic types of structure for WLAN.

Infrastructure WLAN: BS-oriented network. Singlehop (or cellular) networks that require fixed base stations interconnected by
a wired backbone.

Non-infrastructure WLAN: Ad hoc WLAN. Unlike the BS-oriented network, which has BSs providing coverage for MHs, ad
hoc networks do not have any centralized administration or standard support services regularly
available on the network to which the hosts may normally be
connected.

GREENWIRELESS NETWORKS 4G wireless networks might be using a spatial notching(angle ALPHA) to completely
suppress antenna radiation towardsthe user
This approach may be also used to reduce the interference between PAN and cellular or WLAN network and open new
dimension in spectrum sharing concept.
In mobile environment in the periods when the notch coincides with the direction of the base station (access point) the multihop
protocol as discussed in the previous section can be used

Supported wireless technologies

lTransmission networks (Microwave)
lBroadband access networks (LMDS, MMDS, WLL)
l2G/2.5G networks (GSM, DCS, CDMA)

17 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

l3G/3.5G networks (CDMA2000, WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA)

l4G networks (WiMAX, LTE)
lMilitary and rescue networks (TETRA, TETRAPOL

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Single-User Environment Single-User Environment is used when there is no need to share network and geographical data and
all the network planning operations are done individually on a personal computer

Multi-User Environment Multi-User Environment is used for collaborative network planning when geographical and network
data is shared on a central database server. For Multi-User configuration of Cellular Expert, all information about radio network
objects is stored in ArcGIS Server database

Cellular Expert Reader Cellular Expert Reader is a special configuration of the software used forpreviewing of geographical
and network objects. Cellular Expert Reader is
installed on top of ArcReader. In order to prepare and edit a project forpreviewing in Cellular Expert Reader, ArcView with
Publisher extension license is required

Licenses
Two types of Cellular Expert licenses are available —

Single-use and Concurrent-use. It gives the versatility for the customer to optimize the number of seats used for the software.
A Single-use license is installed to eachworkstation, it is beneficial when the workstation used for Cellular Expert is exploited all
the time

Network Data ManagementCellular Expert is equipped with the set of various tools for management ofbase station radio
equipment data. The data can be represented and analyzed using map view, tabular representation, graphs and reports.
The Object Inspector tool allows previewing and editing network objects such as sites,sectors, constructions, repeaters structured
in hierarchical order

Radio Equipment Data ManagementEquipment Manager is used to edit and preview radio equipment data. Ithandles the
following categories of radio system equipment:antennapatterns, digital radio channels, frequency plans, radio models, feeders
andpassive components. Antenna Editor allows importing, viewing andmodifying antenna patterns and parameters

Nominal Network PlanningNominal Network Planning functionality includes automated creation of acell plan, assignment of
unique cells, creation of hexagon, square as well asother configurations of the cells, and easy site duplication for
nominalplanning

Coverage PredictionCellular Expert has several types of advanced coverage prediction algorithms for the modeling of
microwave point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, fixed and mobile radio systems based on ITU-R, ETSI, COST 231 and IEEE
standards andrecommendations. The models can be calibrated using drive test data, and customized for certain types of terrain
and land-use.

Interference AnalysisCellular Expert has the capability to perform a quick check of C/I and C/A interference between selected
sectors with or without preliminary channel assignment for the sector as well as calculation of C/I matrix. Total C/I and C/A
interference coverage and coverage of interference for each channel can becalculated

Visibility AnalysisVarious visibility calculation tools allow creating line-of-sight visibilitycoverage taking into account real or
effective Earth radius, transmitter,receiver and obstacle heights

Path ProfilingCellular Expert has powerful radio path profiling functionality for performingdynamic and static profiling
calculations. The tool evaluates the terrain andmultiple layers of obstacles
FUNCTIONALITY

Drive Test Data Analysis and Model TuningThe product allows importing drive test data from Ericsson TEMS,
MotorolaiFTA, NEMO or any other tool which has ASCII export capabilities. A powerfulset of post-processing, querying,
reporting and visualization tools enable toanalyze drive test data and use it for prediction model calibration.
Drive testpost-processing tool allows filtering data points by distance, frequency andother parameters and using different
statistical methods to process drive testdata

18 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Antenna Orientation Optimization ToolsAntenna tilting tools allow finding antenna orientation required to serveassigned area.
Antenna tilt angles can be calculated based on definedpolygon or cell area. Antenna gain pattern for a given tilt can be plotted on
the map.

Automated Site Candidates SelectionThe tool provides functionality for automated connection of fixed customers
to serving sites according to visibility or signal strength conditions. Optimal number of sites from all candidates is selected
according to signal quality requirements

Automated Task ProcessingAutomated Task Processing Tool is dedicated for large volume calculations. Itallows users to
create configuration files and use them for batch processing.
Automated Task Processing Tool utilizes multi-processors and multi-core processors, so the performance of prediction
operations is increased depending on the number of processors/cores installed on the machine

PRODUCT LICENSES

PROFILEProfile license provides advanced radio path profiling functionality for point-to-point network . Radiolink power
budget calculation, multipath and reflection analysis, as well as the antenna heightoptimization functions are available.

RADIO LINKS Radio Links license is dedicated for fixed wireless telecommunication networks. It is used to analyze and
plan transmission networks, point-to-point and point-to-multipoint access networks.

STANDARD Standard license is dedicated for 2G/2.5G mobile networks. The module provides the functionality toperform
point-to-area calculations based on ITU-R, ETSI and COST 231 standards.

UMTS UMTS license is dedicated for 3G/3.5G mobile networks. Versatile functionality fully covers modernoperator needs and
is focused to use at all stages of network planning and optimization.

WIMAX WiMAX license is dedicated for mobile and fixed WiMAX networks. The functionality of this module isbased on two
key standards - fixed WiMAX IEEE 802.16d and mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e.

PROFESSIONAL Professional license combines Standard, UMTS and WiMAX licenses and is most suitable for mobile
operators providing the whole spectrum of services and operating wide range of wireless technologies.

ENTERPRISE Enterprise license is a combination of all modules and includes the complete functionality offered by
Cellular Expert solution.

TRANSMISSION AND ACCESS NETWORK PLANNING

MICROWAVE, LMDS, MMDS, WLL, WIMAX
Path ProfilingProfiling and link power budget calculation functions are available for pointtopoint analysis. Fresnel zones, Earth
curvature and obstacles on the path aredisplayed in the path profile. The location and the height of the obstacles canbe edited,
automatically updating the radio link budget calculationworksheet.

Radio Links Design and ManagementPoint-to-point and point-to-multipoint radio links can be created between transmitting
and receiving sites. Radio Links Manager enables the creation ofone-way or duplex radio links, adjusting transmitter-receiver
parameters, andselection of diversity and protection configurations

Power Budget AnalysisRadio link power budget analysis includes detailed propagation losscalculations and power budget
prediction at the receiver side. Power budgetanalysis describes a received signal level, total gains and losses, thermal and
composite fade margins, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and resulting bit error rate (BER)

3G/3.5G/4G NETWORK PLANNING

CDMA2000, WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA, LTE

Network Configuration Cellular Expert has a co-planning capability for 3G/3.5G/4G with the earlier generation networks.
Network planning capabilities include support of multiple carriers and a capability to use flexible sector modifications like
active, passive repeaters, quasi and TMA sectors.

19 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Nominal Planning Nominal planning is performed using Dimensioning Calculator. It has acapability of calculating cell size
based on specified targets like the requiredcoverage area, a number of users, traffic demand throughput and number of
sites. Dimensioning Calculator allows evaluation of both cell loading and range according to the traffic demand profile

Coverage Prediction Implemented prediction algorithms for outdoor and indoor penetration,pedestrian, vehicular test
environments. Walfish-Ikegami model can be usedfor planning of the third generation networks. The comprehensive
WalfishIkegami algorithm supports detailed buildings data and can be used formicrocells and picocells planning in dense urban
environment

WIMAX NETWORK PLANNING

FIXED WIMAX, MOBILE WIMAX

Network TechnologiesOFDMA and SOFDMA technologies are supported for fixed and mobileWiMAX planning.

Nominal Planning Customizible number of cells per site allows users to create square, hexagonor other cell configurations used
in WiMAX networks. The functionality allowsyou to create frequency reuse plans, different cell placement patterns, anddisplay
nominal cells on the map

Coverage PredictionSUI (Stanford University Interim) prediction model is implemented in CellularExpert for WiMAX network
planning. It allows users to define specific propagation parameters for different terrain types. The model can becombined with
Line-of-Sight model and include correction factors due todiffraction, clutter and building penetration loss

Introduction to 5G5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a
VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G
technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-
transactions) etc.
The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging from the smallest size, largest phone memory, speed
dialing, video player, audio player, and camera and so on. Recently with the development of Pico nets and Blue tooth technology
data sharing has become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you can share data within a line of sight that means the
two devices has to be aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth you can transfer data even when you have the
cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50 meters

2G-5G NetworksThe first generation of mobile phones was analog systems that emerged in the early 1980s. The second
generation of digital mobile phones appeared in 1990s along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second
generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth in terms of both subscribers and value-
added services
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit
switching for voice and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching utilizes
bandwidth much more efficiently

Network Architecture

A hand-off (later referred to as ―horizontal handoff‖ in this article) occurs when a mobile system changes its BS. The mobile
station communicates via the BS using one of the wireless frequency sharing technologies such as FDMA, TDMA, CDMA etc.

20 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

Each BS is connected to a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) through fixed links, and each MSC is connected to others via Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

The first generation cellular implementation consisted of analog systems in 450-900 MHz frequency range using frequency shift
keying for signaling and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for spectrum sharing.
The second generation implementations consist of TDMA/CDMA implementations with 900, 1800 MHz frequencies. These
systems are called GSM for Europe and IS-136 for US. The respective 2.5G implementations are called GPRS and CDPD
followed by 3G implementations
Third generation mobile systems are intended to provide a global mobility with wide range of services including voice calls,
paging, messaging, Internet and broadband data. IMT-2000 defines the standard applicable for North America.
In Europe, the equivalent UMTS standardization is in progress. In 1998, a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was
formed to unify and continue the technical specification work. Later, the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) was
formed for technical development of CDMA-2000 technology. 3G mobile offers access to broadband multimedia services, which
is expected to become all IP based in future 4G systems. However, current 3G networks are not based on IP; rather they are an
evolution from existing 2G networks.
Work is going on to provide 3G support and Quality of Service (QoS) in IP and mobility protocols. The situation gets more
complex when we consider the WLAN research and when we expect it to become mobile

A directory server on the home network forwards this to the care-of address via a tunnel, as in regular mobile IP. However, the
directory server also sends a message to the computer informing it of the correct care-of address, so future packets can be sent
directly.
This should enable TCP sessions and HTTP downloads to be maintained as users move between different types of networks.
Because of the many addresses and the multiple layers of sub netting, IPv6 is needed for this type of mobility
For instance, 128 bits (4 times more than current 32 bit IPv4 address) may be divided into four parts (I thru IV) for supporting
different functions. The first 32-bit part (I) may be defined as the home address of a device while the second part (II) may be
declared as the care-of address allowing communication between cell phones and personal computers. So once the

21 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

communication path between cell and PC is established, care-of address will be used instead of home address thus using the
second part of IPv6 address

Mix-Bandwidth Data Path DesignCDMA development group (CDG) has issued convergence architecture for 4G, which
combined pico cell, micro cell, macro cell and global area shown in Figure5. This architecture clearly shows that in pico-cell
area, there are four wireless network covered, in micro cell area, there are three wireless network covered, in macro cell area,
there are two wireless network covered at least

Mix-Bandwidth Data Path Model Design In order to design mix-bandwidth data path, we propose a new data model as shown
in Figure6. This model based on any two networks overlay area. When a mobile node comes intothe overlay area, both of the
two networks can supply services for the mobile node simultaneously. Data request can be sent from any one network, and reply
can be from any other network

22 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

In this model, the MN request can go through the first connection (MN → BS → PDSN → CN) and the resulting reply can come
from the second connection (CN → PDSN → AP → MN). Thus, two networks supply services for the mobile node
simultaneously. Following this model, we propose mix-bandwidth data path shown in Figure, which contains four components

Mobile - Wireless Grids Mobile computing is an aspect that plays seminal role in the implementation of 4G Mobile
Communication Systems since it primarily centers upon the requirement of providing access to various communications and
services everywhere, any time and by any available means
Wireless grids, a new type of resource-sharing network, connect sensors, mobile phones, and other edge devices with each other
and with wired grids. Ad hoc distributed resource sharing allows these devices to offer new resources and locations of use for
grid computing.
In some ways, wireless grids resemble networks already found in connection with agricultural, military, transportation, air
quality, environmental, health, emergency, and security systems

Devices on the wireless grid will be not only mobile but nomadic shifting across institutional boundaries. Just as real-world
nomads cross institutional boundaries and frequently move from one location to another, so do wireless devices. The following
classification offers one way to classify wireless grid applications.

Class 1: Applications aggregating information from the range of input/output interfaces found in nomadic devices.

Class 2: Applications leveraging the locations and contexts in which the devices exist.

Class 3: Applications leveraging the mesh network capabilities of groups of nomadic devices

The three classes of wireless grid applications conceptualized here are not mutually exclusive. Understanding more about the
shareable resources, the places of use, and ownership and control patterns within which wireless grids will operate might assist

23 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com
 CP5201 Network Design and Technolgies UNIT IV

us in visualizing these future patterns of wireless grid use. The Grid, is a promising emerging technology that enables the simple
―connect and share‖ approach analogously to the internet search engines that apply the ―connect and acquire information‖
concept

Key Concepts of 5GSuggested in research papers discussing 5G and beyond 4G wireless communications are: (a) Real wireless
world with no more limitation with access and zone issues. (b) Wearable devices with AI capabilities. (c) Internet protocol
version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned according to location and connected network. (d) One
unified global standard. (e) Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing:
The user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them (See
Media independent handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases). These
access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access technology. In 5G,
the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths
The radio interface of 5G communication systems is suggested in a Korean research and development program to be based on
beam division multiple access (BDMA) and group cooperative relay techniques

Features of 5G Networks TechnologyMain features of 5G Network technology are as follows : (a) 5G technology offer high
resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping. (b) The advanced billing interfaces of 5G
technology makes it more attractive and effective. (c) 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
(d) The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error. (e) 5G technology is providing large broadcasting
of data in Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections. (f) 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with
unparalleled consistency. (g) The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate. (h) Through remote management
offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast solution. (j) The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
(k) The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed. (l) The 5G technology also support virtual private
network. (m) The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business prospect (n) The uploading and downloading
speed of 5G technology touching the peak. (o) The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just
about the world
A new revolution of 5G technology is about to begin because 5G technology going to give tough completion to normal
computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be effected. There are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G
in the world of telecommunications. The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak
future and much reliability than its preceding
There are some other projects, which are undertaken ay 5G technologies. Here we want to mention that 3G mobiles are working
these days, and 4G technologies are coming, but in future we are ready to face 5G technologies and some of its features we have
presented in this paper

24 UthayaKumar csenotescorner.blogspot.com