TOP 100 LINUX

COMMANDS
WITH EXAMPLE

HTTPS://EEEBUNTU.ORG

> _A MASTER KEY FOR BEGINNERS

1 https://eeebuntu.org
 Top 100+ Linux
Commands
Linux is one of the most popular open-source operating
systems, widely used for its flexibility, stability, and security.
It provides a robust command-line interface (CLI) that
allows users to interact with the system directly, offering
powerful features for file manipulation, system
administration, networking, and automation.
This guide is designed to help users harness the full
potential of Linux through a comprehensive list of
commands. Whether you are a novice or an experienced
Linux user, mastering these commands will significantly
enhance your productivity and ability to work efficiently
within the Linux environment.

Throughout this document, you will find examples of

commonly used Linux commands, complete with
explanations, options, and practical use cases.

2 https://eeebuntu.org
 Top 100+ Linux
Commands With Example
From simple file management tasks to complex system
administration, each command has been carefully selected
to provide a thorough overview of what Linux has to offer.

By the end of this guide, you will have gained the

knowledge to:

Navigate and manipulate the Linux file system with

ease.
Monitor system resources and processes.
Manage users and permissions securely.
Perform networking tasks and manage data efficiently.

The goal of this document is not just to list commands, but

to help you understand how they work, how to combine
them, and how to use them effectively in real-world
scenarios.

3 https://eeebuntu.org
 Abstract
This document provides an extensive list of 100+ Linux
commands, including essential commands for managing
files, monitoring system performance, handling user
accounts, networking, and more. Each command is
explained in simple terms, accompanied by practical
examples, to help users, from beginners to advanced,
make the most out of their Linux environment.

Linux commands are powerful tools for administrators,

developers, and everyday users to perform a wide range of
tasks. Whether you're navigating the file system, editing
text files, managing processes, or automating tasks, this
guide covers it all. With this collection, users will not only
learn the syntax and options of each command but also
gain a deeper understanding of how they interact within the
Linux ecosystem.

4 https://eeebuntu.org
 Table of Contents

1. Basic Linux Commands

2. File Manipulation Commands
3. Search and Text Processing
4. System Information and
Monitoring
5. User Management
6. Networking Commands
7. Permissions and Ownership
8. Archiving and Compression
9. Advanced Commands
10. Conclusion
11. References
5 https://eeebuntu.org
 Basic Linux Commands
ls – Lists directory contents.
cd – Changes the current directory.
pwd – Prints the current working directory.
mkdir – Creates a new directory.
rm – Removes files or directories.
cp – Copies files or directories.
mv – Moves or renames files or
directories.
touch – Creates a new empty file or
updates the timestamp of an existing file.
cat – Displays the contents of a file.
more – Views the contents of a file one
screen at a time.
less – Allows backward and forward
navigation through a file.
head – Displays the first few lines of a file.
tail – Displays the last few lines of a file.
6 https://eeebuntu.org
File Manipulation Commands
ln – Creates hard and symbolic links.
chmod – Changes file permissions.
chown – Changes file ownership.
chgrp – Changes group ownership.
stat – Displays detailed information about
a file or directory.
cp -r – Copies directories recursively.
rm -r – Removes directories and their
contents recursively.
mv -u – Moves or renames files only
when the source is newer than the
destination.
rename – Renames multiple files at once
based on a pattern.
split – Splits a file into multiple smaller.
join – Joins two files based on a common
field.
7 https://eeebuntu.org
File Manipulation Commands
tar – Archives files into a tarball.
gzip – Compresses files using the gzip
algorithm.
gunzip – Decompresses files that were
compressed using gzip.
zip – Compresses files into a zip archive.
unzip – Extracts files from a zip archive.
bzip2 – Compresses files using the bzip2
algorithm.
bunzip2 – Decompresses files that were
compressed using bzip2.
xz – Compresses files using the xz
algorithm.
unxz – Decompresses files that were
compressed using xz.
wc – Counts the number of lines, words,
and bytes in a file.
8 https://eeebuntu.org
Search and Text Processing
grep: Search for patterns in files.
find: Search for files and directories.
awk: Process and manipulate text.
sed: Edit text in streams.
cut: Extract parts of lines.
sort: Sort lines of text.
uniq: Remove or identify duplicate lines.
wc: Count words, lines, or characters.
head: Show the first few lines of a file.
tail: Show the last few lines of a file.
tr: Translate or delete characters.
diff: Compare two files line by line.
comm: Compare sorted files line by line.
xargs: Build and execute command lines
from input.
tee: Read from stdin and write to stdout
and files.
9 https://eeebuntu.org
 System Information and
Monitoring
grep: Search for patterns in files.
find: Search for files and directories.
awk: Process and manipulate text.
sed: Edit text in streams.
cut: Extract parts of lines.
sort: Sort lines of text.
uniq: Remove or identify duplicate lines.
wc: Count words, lines, or characters.
head: Show the first few lines of a file.
tail: Show the last few lines of a file.
tr: Translate or delete characters.
diff: Compare two files line by line.
comm: Compare sorted files line by line.
xargs: Build and execute command lines
from input.
tee: Read from stdin and write to stdout
10 and files. https://eeebuntu.org
 System Information and
Monitoring
top: Displays real-time system resource
usage.
htop: Interactive version of top.
uptime: Shows system uptime and load
averages.
free: Displays memory usage.
df: Shows disk space usage.
du: Displays disk usage for files and
directories.
ps: Lists running processes.
vmstat: Shows system performance
statistics.
lscpu: Displays CPU information.
lsblk: Lists block devices (disks,
partitions).

11 https://eeebuntu.org
 System Information and
Monitoring
lsblk: Lists block devices (disks,
partitions).
dmesg: Displays kernel messages.
iostat: Shows CPU and I/O statistics.
netstat: Displays network connections
and stats.
ss: Socket statistics (modern netstat).
who: Lists logged-in users.
w: Displays user info and activities.

12 https://eeebuntu.org
 User Management
useradd: Adds a new user to the system.
usermod: Modifies an existing user
account.
userdel: Deletes a user account.
groupadd: Adds a new user group.
groupdel: Deletes a user group.
passwd: Changes a user's password.
chage: Changes user password
expiration information.
id: Displays user and group IDs.
whoami: Displays the current logged-in
user.
groups: Shows the user groups.
last: Shows the last login details for users.
finger: Displays information about a user.
sudo: Executes a command as another
user, typically root.
13 https://eeebuntu.org
 User Management
useradd: Adds a new user to the system.
usermod: Modifies an existing user
account.
userdel: Deletes a user account.
groupadd: Adds a new user group.
groupdel: Deletes a user group.
passwd: Changes a user's password.
chage: Changes user password
expiration information.
id: Displays user and group IDs.
whoami: Displays the current logged-in
user.
groups: Shows the user groups.
last: Shows the last login details for users.
finger: Displays information about a user.
sudo: Executes a command as another
user, typically root.
14 https://eeebuntu.org
 Networking Commands
ifconfig: Displays or configures network
interfaces (deprecated).
ip: Configures network settings (IP
addresses, routes).
ping: Tests network connectivity.
traceroute: Traces the path to a remote
host.
netstat: Displays network connections
and stats.
ss: Shows socket statistics (modern
netstat).
route: Views or modifies the routing table.
nslookup: Queries DNS records.
dig: Advanced DNS query tool.
curl: Transfers data to/from a server.
wget: Downloads files from the web.

15 https://eeebuntu.org
 Networking Commands
nmap: Scans networks for hosts and
services.
hostname: Displays or sets the system's
hostname.
scp: Securely copies files between hosts.
ssh: Connects to a remote machine
securely.
ftp: Transfers files via FTP.

16 https://eeebuntu.org
 Permissions and Ownership
chmod: Changes file permissions.
chown: Changes file ownership (user and
group).
chgrp: Changes the group ownership of a
file.
umask: Sets default file creation
permissions.
ls -l: Displays detailed file information,
including permissions.
getfacl: Displays file access control list
(ACL) information.
setfacl: Sets file access control lists
(ACLs) for more granular permissions.

17 https://eeebuntu.org
 Permissions and Ownership
tmux: Terminal multiplexer for managing
multiple sessions.
screen: Another terminal multiplexer for
running multiple sessions.
find: Search for files based on criteria.
xargs: Builds and executes command
lines from input.
strace: Traces system calls of a process.
lsof: Lists open files and their associated
processes.
nc (netcat): Utility for network
connections.
awk: Text processing and pattern
matching tool.
sed: Stream editor for text manipulation.
dd: Low-level file copying and conversion.

18 https://eeebuntu.org
 Advanced Commands
tmux: Terminal multiplexer for managing
multiple sessions.
screen: Another terminal multiplexer for
running multiple sessions.
find: Search for files based on criteria.
xargs: Builds and executes command
lines from input.
strace: Traces system calls of a process.
lsof: Lists open files and their associated
processes.
nc (netcat): Utility for network
connections.
awk: Text processing and pattern
matching tool.
sed: Stream editor for text manipulation.
dd: Low-level file copying and conversion.

19 https://eeebuntu.org
 Conclusion
Mastering Linux commands is essential for
efficient system administration, automation,
and troubleshooting. The commands covered
in this guide provide a solid foundation for
managing files, users, networks, system
resources, and more. By becoming familiar
with both basic and advanced commands, you
can significantly improve your productivity and
ability to handle a wide range of tasks in a
Linux environment.
Whether you're just starting out or looking to
deepen your knowledge, practicing these
commands will help you gain confidence and
become more proficient in using Linux for both
personal and professional purposes.

20 https://eeebuntu.org
 Conclusion
Feel free to explore and experiment with these
commands to unlock the full potential of your
Linux system!
Let me know if you need further clarifications
or examples for any command!

21 https://eeebuntu.org
 Conclusion
https://eeebuntu.org/linux-commands/
A comprehensive list of common Linux
commands with examples and explanations.

Ubuntu Manual
https://ubuntu-manual.org/
An official manual for Ubuntu users, covering
installation, commands, and system
administration.

Linux.org Wiki
https://www.linux.org/
A community-driven site with articles and
tutorials on various Linux topics, including
commands and usage.

22 https://eeebuntu.org