PART B – UNIT 3 : Database Management System

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a stationary shop, detailed
records of the materials available in the shop is database. Similarly in a computerized system, we need
to maintain several files, we would used database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org
Base, and MySQL. These database programs are used to organize the data as per our needs in the
computer system.

Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a software package with
computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database. A DBMS allows
different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. Some of the DBMSs are
Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Advantages of Database

Reduces Data Redundancy : no chance of encountering duplicate data

Sharing of Data : the users of the database can share the data among themselves

Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate and consistent in the database

Data Security : Only authorised users are allowed to access the database and their identity is
authenticated using a username and password.

Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users can access a database
according to its privacy constraints

Backup and Recovery : Database Management System automatically takes care of backup and recovery.

Data Consistency : Data Consistency means there should be multiple mismatching copies of the same
data.

Data can be organized into two types:-

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.

Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field. Relational is
suitable for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run
only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the database servers are accessed through
command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to
as Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred to as Client-server model.

RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system that is
based on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of
tuples (rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is a

relational database.

Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing and managing information.

1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.

2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.

3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your database about one of the
items.

4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while adding information
to your database.

For example, Database : Employee

Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Address Emp_Designation Emp_ContactNo Emp_Salary

E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.50000

Item : Employee

Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation ,Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary

Record : E001 ABC Meerut Manager 987654321 Rs.50,000

Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000

5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique
to every employee.

Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?

Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.

TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical columns and
horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.
COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of
the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single,data items in a table. Each row in a table
epresents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.

DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to store in the database.

Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified into five categories:-

1. Numeric Types

2. Alphanumeric Types

3. Binary Types

4. Date Time

5. Other variable Types

NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like mobile number, age, etc.

The different types of numeric data types available are-

1. Boolean (Yes / No)

2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer)

3. SmallInt (Small Integer)

4. Integer

5. BigInt (Big Integer)

6. Numeric

7. Decimal

8. Real

9. Float

10. Double

ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-

The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types are

1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)

2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)

3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)

4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case sensitive)

BINARY TYPES:-

Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing photos, music files or
(in general file of any format) etc.

The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-

1. LongVarBinary (Image)

2. Binary (Binary (fix)

3. VarBinary (Binary)

DATE TIME:-

Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in the table of a
Database. It can be used for storing information such as date of birth, date of admission etc.

The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-

1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)

2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)

3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These keys are also
indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to search a record.

FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table that
refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK(Primary Key) Attributes to
be copied. The “many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the FK(Foreign Key) attributes are
copied.

Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child , FK(Foreign Key)

There are two types of languages:-

1. DDL (Data Definition Language)

2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that define the different
structures in a database. DDL statements create,modify and remove database objects such as tables,
indexes and users.

Common DDL Statements are:-

1. Create :- Used to create database objects.

2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.

3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that enables users to access and
manipulate data in a database.

Common DML Statements are:-

1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the database.

2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the database.

3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.

4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the database.

Types of DML:-

1.Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.

2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.

Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured Query Language.)

In this article on SQL Commands, I am going to consider the below database as an example, to show you
how to write commands.

EmployeeID EmployeeName Emergency PhoneNu Address City Coun

ContactName mber try

01 Shanaya Abhinay 9898765612 Oberoi Mumbai India

Street 23
02 Anaya Soumya 9432156783 Marathalli Delhi India
House No 23
03 Preeti Rohan 9764234519 Queens Road 45 Bangalore India

CREATE : To create Table

CREATE TABLE Employee_Info

DROP : To Delete

DROP DATABASE Employee (complete information present in the database will be lost)

DROP TABLE TableName (complete information present in the table will be lost)

TRUNCATE Table Employee_Info (your information will be lost, but not the table)

ALTER : This statement is used to add, delete, modify columns in an existing table

ALTER TABLE

Employee_Info ADD

BloodGroup

varchar(255);.

INSERT : This statement is used to insert new records into the table.

INSERT INTO Employee_Info

VALUES ('02', 'Anay','Soumya', '9432156783', ' Marathalli

House No 23', 'Delhi', 'India');

UPDATE : This statement is used to modify the records already present in the table

UPDATE Employee_Info

SET EmployeeName = 'Aahana', City= 'Ahmedabad' WHERE

EmployeeID = 1;

DELETE : This statement is used to delete the existing records in a table

DELETE FROM Employee_Info WHERE EmployeeName='Preeti';

SELECT : This statement is used to select data from a database and the data returned is stored in a result
table, called the result-set.

SELECT EmployeeID, EmployeeName FROM Employee_Info;

(*) is used to select all from the table SELECT * FROM Employee_Info;