GE 204

STATICS AND
DYNAMICS

Chapter A: Moments of Inertia

Moment Inertia and
Mohr's Circle
Dr. Ihab El-Sayed
Moments of Inertia
2
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Objectives

• To develop methods for determining the moment of inertia for an

area.

Moments of Inertia
• To understand the use of the parallel axis theorem.
• To introduce the product of inertia.
• Look at coordinate transformations and Mohr’s circle

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Moments of Inertia
4
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Called “second moment” of the area
or the moment of inertia

Moments of Inertia
2
x dA
or


2
y dA
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Moments of Inertia
6
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 I x   y dA
2

I y   x dA
2

Moments of Inertia
and
J o   r dA  I x  I y
2

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 Polar Moment of Inertia

J o   r dA  I x  I y
2

Moments of Inertia
r x y 2 2 2

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 J o , Ix , I y  0

Moments of Inertia
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 Units: (length)4

m 4

mm 4

Moments of Inertia
ft 4

in 4

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Moments of Inertia
11
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 Parallel Axis Theorem
I x   y dA 2

I x   y   d y  dA
2

Moments of Inertia

I x   y   2d y y   d dA
2 2
y 
I x   y  dA  2d y  y dA  d
2 2
y  dA

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 Parallel Axis Theorem

I x   y dA  2d y  ydA  d
2 2
y  dA

Moments of Inertia
 dA  0 centroid
y 
I x  Ix   A d 2
y

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Parallel Axis Theorem:
I x  Ix   2
A dy

Moments of Inertia
I y  Iy   2
A dx
JO  JC  A d 2
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 Parallel Axis Theorem:
The moment of inertia of an area
about an axis is equal to the moment

Moments of Inertia
of inertia of the area about a parallel
axis passing through the centroid plus
the product of the area and the
square of the perpendicular distance
between the axes.
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Radius of Gyration of an Area
Ix
kx 
A

Moments of Inertia
Iy
ky 
A
JO
kO 
A
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Procedure for Analysis

Case I
Specify a differential 
element dA with
length parallel to axis.
Apply appropriate 
integration formula.

I y   x dA
2

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 Procedure for Analysis

Case II
Specify a differential 
element dA with
length perpendicular
to axis.
Calculate I about 
centroidal axis and
apply parallel axis
theorem.

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Moments of Inertia
19
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Example 10-1:
y
dy

h/2
y

Moments of Inertia
C
x

h/2

xb
b/2 b/2
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 Through Centroidal Axis:
h / 2
Ix   y dA 
2
 y  b 2
dy 
A h / 2

Moments of Inertia
h / 2
1
Ix  b  y dy  bh
2 3

h / 2
12

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Through Axis Passing Thorough Base:

Ix b  Ix  A d 2
y

Moments of Inertia
2
1 h 1 3
Ix b  b h  b h   b h
3

12  2 3

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 y
Example 10-1: dx
x

h/2

Moments of Inertia
C
x

h/2

xb
b/2 b/2
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 b / 2
Iy   x dA  2
 x  h 2
dx 
A b / 2
b / 2
1
Iy  h  x dx  hb 3 2

Moments of Inertia
b / 2
12

J C  Ix   I y  
1
12
bh  hb
3 3
 
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Moments of Inertia
25
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 I x   y dA   y 100  x dy
2 2

A A

200  y  2
Ix   y  100 
2
dy
 400 

Moments of Inertia
0

200
200 1
I x  100 y dy 
2
 y 4
dx
0 400 0
I x  107  10 mm 6 4

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Moments of Inertia
27
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 1
Ix  b h 3
12
1
dIx  dx y 3
12
dI x  dIx  dA ~
y2

Moments of Inertia
1 ~
dI x  dx y  y dx y
3 2

12
2
1 y
dI x  dx y  y dx  
3

12  2
1 3
dI x  y dx
3
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 1 3
dI x  y dx
3
1 3
I x   dI x   y dx
3

Moments of Inertia
A A
3
100 2
Ix  
1
400x  dx
0
3
I x  107  10 mm 6 4

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Moments of Inertia
30
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 I x   y dA   y  2x  dy
2 2

A A

Moments of Inertia
  a
a 4
  a x dy 
2 2 2
y 2
a
4

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Moments of Inertia
32
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 1
dI x  dx  2y   y dx
3 3

12

Moments of Inertia
a
a 4
2 2
 
2

Ix   a  x 2 3
dx 
a
3 4

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Moments of Inertia
34
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Moments of Inertia
35
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Moments of Inertia
36
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 Composite Areas

Moments of Inertia
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 Composite Areas

Moments of Inertia
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 Composite Areas

Moments of Inertia
= -

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 10 in

2 in
Locate centroid
and moments of

Moments of Inertia
4 in
inertia about
centroidal axes

6 in

2 in
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 10 in
2 in 1 1 20 5 11 100 220
2 40 5 8 200 320
4 in 2 3 12 5 3 60 36
72 360 576

Moments of Inertia
3 6 in 360
x 5
72
2 in
576
y 8
72

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 I x  I x1  I x 2  I x 3

I x1  102  10211  8   186

1 3 2 2
12 3
I x 2  104   104 8  8   53
1 3 2 1

Moments of Inertia
12 3
I x 3  26   628  3  336
1 3 2

12
2 1
I x  186  53  336  576
3 3
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Find Ix and Iy

6 in 3 in

Moments of Inertia
6 in

x
6 in

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 Region Area Ix Iy dx dy
1 36 108 108 3 3
2 9 18 45 7 2

Moments of Inertia
3 27 54 121.5 6 2

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 1  b 
2
 1 1  1 1 
I y   ( b)(h)  ( b)(h)     ( b)(h) 3  ( b)(h)(d ) 2    ( b)(h) 3  ( b)(h)(d) 2 
3

 12  2    36 2   36 2 

b
A = 1/2 bh

h h
h/3

Moments of Inertia
b

1 
I y   ( 6)(6) 3  ( 6)(6)( 3) 2 
 12 
1 1 2 1 1 2
  ( 6)( 3)  ( 6)( 3)(7 )    ( 6)(9)  ( 6)(9)(9)  
3 3

 36 2   36 2 
1971 in4
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 1 2
I y   ( 6)(6)  ( 6)(6)( 3) 
3

 12 
1 1 2 1 1 
  ( 6)( 3)  ( 6)( 3)(7 )    ( 6)(9)  ( 6)(9)(9) 2  
3 3

 36 2   36 2 
1971 in4

Moments of Inertia
1 
I x   (6)(6) 3  (6)(6)(3) 2 
 12 
1 1 2 1 1 2
  (3)(6)  (6)(3)(2)    (9)(6)  (6)(9)(2)  
3 3

 36 2   36 2 
630 in4

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 25 mm 25 mm

100 mm C

Moments of Inertia
yc
25 mm

75 mm 75 mm 50 mm
50 mm

Determine Ix and Iy about the centroidal axes.

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Region Area x y xA yA
1 7500 0 12.5 0 93750
2 2500 -87.5 75 -218750 187500
3 2500 87.5 75 218750 187500
12500 0 468750

Moments of Inertia
468750
yc   37.5
12500

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 1 2
I x   30025  3002537.5  12.5  
3

 12 
1 2
  25100  1002537.5  75 

Moments of Inertia
3

 12 
1 2
  25100  1002537.5  75 
3

 12 
I x  16.3  10 mm
6 4

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 1 2
I x   25300  300250  
3

 12 
1 2
  10025  100250  87.5  
3

Moments of Inertia
 12 
1 2
  10025  1002587.5  0  
3

 12 
I x  94.8  10 mm
6 4

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Moments of Inertia
51
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Moments of Inertia
52
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 Product of Inertia

I x y   xy dA

Moments of Inertia
A

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 Product of Inertia

I xy  0

Moments of Inertia
If either x or y is a
line of symmetry.
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Moments of Inertia
55
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Moments of Inertia
56
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Moments of Inertia
57
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Moments of Inertia
58
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 Parallel Axis Theorem for
Product of Inertia

I x y  Ix y  A d x d y

Moments of Inertia
Algebraic signs of dx and dy are important!

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Moments of Inertia
60
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Moments of Inertia
61
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 dI x y  dIx y  dA x y

dI x y  0  y dx  x
y
2
h  h
dI x y  0   x dx  x x
b  2b

Moments of Inertia
b
h2 3
I x y   2 x dx
0
2b
2 2
bh
Ix y 
8

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Moments of Inertia
63
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Moments of Inertia
64
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 100 mm

400 mm
100 mm
C

Moments of Inertia
400 mm

600 mm

100 mm

Find the product of inertia about the centroidal axes.

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 100 mm

300 mm
400 mm
50 mm 100 mm
C

Moments of Inertia
400 mm

600 mm

100 mm

Centroid due to symmetry.

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 Moments of Inertia
67
3
2
1

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I xy  0  300100 250200
 0  60010000
 0  300100250 200

Moments of Inertia
I xy  3.00  10 mm
9 4

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 y 3 in

33inin
Find Ix, Iy, and Ixy 3 in
about x-y axes and

Moments of Inertia
about centroidal
axes 3 in
2 in

4 in

x
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 y 3 in

1 33inin
Identify sub-areas 3 in

Moments of Inertia
3 in
2 in
3
2 4 in

x
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 Find Centroid Location

Area # Area x y xA yA

1 9 1.5 8.5 13.5 76.5

Moments of Inertia
2 42 3 3.5 126 147
3 -12.566 3 4 -37.699 -50.265

38.434 101.8 173.23

x= 2.649
y= 4.507

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Find Moment of Inertia about x-y Axes

1 2  1 2
I x   33  338.5     67   6 7 3.5  
3 3

 12   12 
1 2
  2   2 4    1129.372

Moments of Inertia
4 2

4 

1 2  1 2
I y   33  331.5     76   6 7 3 
3 3

 12   12 
1 2
  2   2 3   405.3363
4 2

4 
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Find Moment of Inertia about x-y Axes

I xy   0   3  3  8.5 1.5  
  0   6  7  3.5  3  

Moments of Inertia

 0     2   4  3 
2

 404.9536
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 Find Moment of Inertia about Centroidal Axes

1 2  1 2
I x   33  338.5  4.507    67   6 7 3.5  4.507 
3 3

 12   12 
1 2
  2   2 4  4.507   348.54

Moments of Inertia
4 2

4 

1 2  1 2
          
I y   3 3  3 3 1.5  2.649    7 6  6 7 3  2.649 
3 3

 12   12 
1 2
  2   2 3  2.649   135.6917
4 2

4 
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Find Moment of Inertia about x-y Axes

I xy  0  338.5  4.5071.5  2.649

 0  67 3.5  4.5073  2.649

Moments of Inertia
 
 0   2 4  4.5073  2.649  -49.4865
2

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 y
v
u dA

v
x
u

Moments of Inertia
y


u  x cos   y sin
v  y cos   x sin
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 I u   v dA
2

Moments of Inertia
A

I v   u dA
2

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 I u   v dA   y cos   x sin dA
2
2

Moments of Inertia
A A

I v   u dA   x cos   y sin dA
2
2

A A

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  
I u   y 2 cos2   2yx cos  sin  x 2 sin2  dA
A

I u   y cos dA   2yx cos  sin dA   x sin dA

2 2 2 2

A A A

Moments of Inertia
I u  cos2  y 2dA  2 cos  sin yx dA  sin2  x 2dA
A A A

I u  I x cos   2I x y cos  sin  I y sin 

2 2

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I u  I x cos2   2I x y cos  sin  I y sin2 
I v  I x sin2   2I x y cos  sin  I y cos2 

Moments of Inertia
 
I uv  I x cos  sin  I x y cos2   sin2   I y cos  sin

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 Double angle formulas :
sin 2  2 cos  sin 
cos 2  cos   sin 
2 2

cos   sin   1
2 2

Moments of Inertia
cos 2  1  cos   sin   cos   sin 
2 2 2 2

cos 2  1  2 cos2 
cos 2  1  cos2   sin2   cos2   sin2 
cos 2  1  2 sin2 
1  cos 2  2 sin2 
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 Ix  I y Ix  I y
Iu   cos 2  I x y sin 2
2 2
Ix  I y Ix  I y
Iv   cos 2  I x y sin 2

Moments of Inertia
2 2
Ix  I y
I uv  sin 2  I x y cos 2
2

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Mohr’s Circle

Ix  I y Ix  I y
Iu   cos 2  I x y sin 2

Moments of Inertia
2 2
Ix  I y Ix  I y
Iv   cos 2  I x y sin 2
2 2
Ix  I y
I uv  sin 2  I x y cos 2
2

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Square 1st and 3rd Equations and Add

Ix  I y Ix  I y
Iu   cos 2  I xy sin 2
2 2

Moments of Inertia
2 2
 Ix  I y   Ix  I y 
 I u     cos 2  I xy sin 2 
 2   2 
2
 Ix  I y 
2
  Ix  I y  2  Ix  I y  
 I u   
   cos 2  2 cos 2  I xy sin 2  I xy  sin 2 
2 2 2

 2   2   2  
 

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Square 1st and 3rd Equations and Add

Ix  I y
I uv  sin 2  I xy cos 2
2

Moments of Inertia
2
 Ix  I y 
I uv 2   sin 2  I xy cos 2 
 2 
2
  Ix  I y  2  Ix  I y  
I uv 2 
   sin 2  2 sin 2  I xy cos 2  I xy  cos 2 
2 2
 2   2  
 

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 2
 Ix  I y 
2
  Ix  I y  2    
cos 2  I xy sin 2  I xy  sin 2 
I I
 I u       cos 2  2
2 x y 2 2

 2   2   2  
 
2
  Ix  I y  2    
sin 2  I xy cos 2  I xy  cos 2 
I I
Iuv 2   

Moments of Inertia
 sin 2  2 x y 2 2
 2   2  
 

2 2
 Ix  I y   Ix  I y 
 I u    I uv      I xy 
2 2

 2   2 

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 Iu  a 2
 I uv   R
2 2

2
 Ix  I y 
R     I xy
2

Moments of Inertia
 2 

Transformation of moments of inertia plot out as a circle.

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 2
Mohr’s Circle  Ix  I y 
R     I xy
2

Ixy  2 
Ix

Moments of Inertia
R
Ixy
O 2p1
I
Imin Ix  I y
2

Iy
Ix  I y
2
9/25/2022 88
Ima
Procedure for Analysis
Step 1: Determine Ix , Iy , and Ixy

Determine Point of interest P •

Moments of Inertia
Set origin at P and draw x and y axes•
Remember parallel axis theorem •

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Procedure for Analysis
Step 2: Construct the Circle
Construct a rectangular coordinate system such that the abscissa (x- •
axis) represents the moment of inertia I and the ordinate (y-axis)
represents the product of inertia Ixy
Locate the center of the circle, O, at a distance (Ix+Iy)/2 from the origin. •

Moments of Inertia
Plot the point A having coordinates (Ix,Ixy). Ix is always positive and Ixy •
may be positive or negative.
Connect A with O. Line OA is the radius of the circle •
Draw the circle •

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Procedure for Analysis
Step 3: Principal Values
The points where the circle intersects the abscissa give the values of •
the principal moments of inertia Imax and Imin (note :the product of
inertia Ixy is zero at these points.)

Moments of Inertia
The principal angle 2p1 is measured from OA to the positive axis I. The •
angle on the circle and in the real case have the same sense.

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 100 mm

300 mm
400 mm
50 mm 100 mm
C

Moments of Inertia
400 mm

600 mm

100 mm

Centroid due to symmetry.

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Step 1: Determine Ix , Iy , and Ixy

From previous work

(Ex.10 - 6 and Ex. 10 - 8) :

Moments of Inertia
I x  2.90  10 mm 9 4

I y  5.60  10 mm 9 4

I xy  3.00  10 mm 9 4
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Step 2: Construct the Circle

Ixy(109 mm)

Moments of Inertia
I (109 mm)

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Step 2: Construct the Circle

Ixy(109 mm)

Moments of Inertia
O

I (109 mm)

LOCATE CENTER :
I x  I y 2.90  5.60
  4.25
2 2
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Step 2: Construct the Circle
Plot Point A :
Ixy(109 mm) Ix , Ixy   2.90,3.00

Moments of Inertia
O

I (109 mm)
3.00

2.90

A
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 Step 2: Construct the Circle

Ixy(109 mm)

Moments of Inertia
O

Draw the Circle I (109 mm)

3.00

2.90

A
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 Step 3: Principal Values

Ixy(109 mm)

Moments of Inertia
O Imax
Read the Graph :
Imin I (109 mm)
I max  7.5
I min  0.95 3.00
2 p
2  p  115 o
2.90

A
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Can use Mohr’s Circle as a graphical tool to
quickly estimate principal values and angles or
values for any given transformation angle.
Approximate values may be useful by themselves

Moments of Inertia
or as a quick check of calculated results. With
some simple trigonometry and geometry the
Mohr’s circle can help you to remember the
transformation formulas and the principal value
formulas.

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Mass Moment of Inertia

I   r dm 2

Moments of Inertia
m

r is the  distance from the axis

2

of interest to the element of mass dm

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Mass Moment of Inertia

Units :

Moments of Inertia
kg  m 2

slug  ft 2

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Mass Moment of Inertia
Variable Density
   x, y, z 

Moments of Inertia
I    x, y, z r dV
2

V
Uniform or Constant Density
  cons tan t
I    r dV2

V
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Parallel Axis Theorem

 
I   r 2dm   d  x  y2 dm
2

m m

 

Moments of Inertia
I   x2  y2 dm  2d  xdm  d 2  dm
m m m

 x 
 y2 dm  IG
2

2d  xdm  0
m

d 2  dm  md 2
m
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 y'

dm

Moments of Inertia
y'
A G
x'
x'

z'
z
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Parallel Axis Theorem

I  IG  md 2

Moments of Inertia
IG  moment of inertia about axis passing
through the mass center
m  mass of body
d   distance from axis to mass center

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 Homework # 6

Prob. Page Topic

A-2 P. 450 Moment of Inertia
A-6 P. 450 Moment of Inertia
Remember 3 credit hours
subject needs 6 hours
study at home.