Dr.

TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

WEEK 2
Introduction to OOP: Building blocks: class, object, attributes, methods; Class and
objects in java; Variable: Types (local, instance, static); declaration, initialization;
comments; ‘Data types;

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PARADIGM:

Q. Give the definition of object oriented programming and how it is different from
procedure-oriented programming.
Q: Explain the organization of data and methods in an object oriented programming.

Object A Object B

Data Data

Functions Functions

Object C

Functions

Data

Fig: Organization of Data and Functions in OOP.

 Fundamental idea behind object-oriented languages is to combine data and method that
operate on the data into a single unit.
 The main purpose of object oriented approach is to eliminate the drawbacks of
procedure approach.
 OOP treats data as critical element in the development of program and does not allow it
to flow freely around the system.
 It ties data more closely to the functions that operate on it and projects it from accidental
modification from outside functions.
 OOP allows us to decompose a problem into a number of entities called objects and then
builds data and functions around these entities.
 The organization of data and functions in object oriented programs is shown in Figure.
 The data of an object can be accessed only by the functions associated with that object.
Functions of one object can access the functions of other objects.

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 Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Q:Difference between procedure and object –oriented programming language

procedure oriented programming object –oriented programming language

language
1. The procedural programming executes In object oriented programming approach
series of procedures sequentially there is a collection of objects
2. Follows top down programming Follows bottom up programming approach
approach
3. Major focus is on procedures or functions The main focus is on objects
4. Data re-usability is not possible Data re-usability is one of the important
feature of OOP
5. Data hiding is not possible Data hiding is done by making it private
6. It is simple to implement It is complex to implement
7. Example: C Example: java and c++

Q. List all the features or characteristics of object-oriented programming.

Some of the features of object-oriented programming are:

1. Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
2. Programs are divided into what are known as objects.
3. Data structures are designed such that, they characterizes the objects.
4. Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure.
5. Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
6. Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
7. New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
8. Follows bottom-up approach in program design.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING:

The basic concepts of object-oriented programming are:

1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Dynamic Binding
7. Message Passing
8. Exception Handling

1. OBJECTS:
 Objects are basic run time entities in an object oriented system.
 It is an instance of class.
 Object represents a person, a place, a bank account or any item that a program handles.
 Program objects should be chosen such that they match closely with the real-world
objects.
 For example if class is country then the objects can be India,China,Japan,USA etc.
 A single class can create any number of objects.
 Programming problem is analyzed in terms of objects and the nature of communication
between them.

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 Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

CLASSES:
 A class can be defined as an entity in which data(attributes) and functions(methods)
are put together.
 A class concept is similar to the structure concept of C.
 Classes are user defined data types and behave like the built-in types of a programming
language.
 The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user-defined data type with
the help of a class.
 Objects are the variables of type class.
 Once a class has been defined, we can create any number of objects belonging to that
class.
 A class is thus a collection of objects of similar type.
 For example, mango, apple and orange are members of the class fruit.

Q: Difference between class and object

Class Object
1.The Collection of objects Object is a variable of type class.
are called class
2.One class can have any Any number of objects can be
number of objects created for a class
3.Class scope is throughout Objects can be created and
the program destroyed as per the requirement.
4.A class has unique name Various objects having different
names can be created for the same
class
5.Objects have states and
A class can be defined as a
behaviors
template/blueprint that describes
the behavior/state that the object
of its type supports.

 Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods. It is in

methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the actions are executed.
 Attribute− are the characteristic of the class that help to distinguish it from other classes.
Example: A person’s attributes include their age, name and height etc.

2. DATA ENCAPSULATION
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit (called class) is known as
encapsulation. Data Encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not
accessible to the outside world and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can
access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program.
This insulation of data from direct access by the program is called Data Hiding.

3. DATA ABSTRACTION
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the
background details or explanations classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as
a list of abstract attributes such as size, weight and cost, and functions to operate on these
attributes. Since classes use the concept of data abstraction, they are known as Abstract
Data Types (ADT).

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 Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Q: Difference between DATA ENCAPSULATION and DATA ABSTRACTION

DATA ENCAPSULATION DATA ABSTRACTION

1. It is a process of binding data member It is the process of eliminating important details
of a class to the member functions of of a class. In this process only important
that class properties are highlighted.
2. Depends upon object data types Is independent upon object data type
3. Used in software implementation Used in software design phase
4. Can be achieved by inheritance Represented by using abstract classes

5.INHERITANCE
 Inheritance is a property by which the new classes are created using the old classes.
 Old classes are called base class and new class is called derived class.
 Inheritance support hierarchical structure.
 In OOP, the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability. This means that we
can add additional features to an existing class without modifying it.
 The inheritance mechanism is that it allows the programmer to reuse a class that is
almost, but not exactly, what he wants, and to tailor the class in such a way that it does
not introduce any undesirable side effects into the rest of the classes.
 Example: flying birds and non-flying birds classes are derived from birds class.

6. POLYMORPHISM
 Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.
 For example, an operation may exhibit different behaviour in different instances. The
behaviour depends upon the types of data used in the operation.
 Polymorphism plays an important role in allowing objects having different internal
structures to share the same external interface.
 The process of making an operator, to exhibit different behaviours in different instances
is known as “Operator Overloading” and using a single function name to different types
of tasks is known as “Function Overloading”.
 Polymorphism is extensively used in implementing inheritance.

Q: Difference between POLYMORPHISM and INHERITANCE

INHERITANCE POLYMORPHISM
1. Is a property in which some of the Is ability for an object to take different forms.
properties and methods of base Name of the method remains the same but it can
class can be derived by the derived perform different task.
class
2. Types of inheritances are single, Types of polymorphism are compile and run time
multi-level, multiple ,hybrid etc. polymorphism. Compile time polymorphism are
function and operator overloading .Run time
polymorphism is virtual function.
7.DYNAMIC BINDING:
 Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to
the call.
 Dynamic Binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not
known until the time of the call at run-time.
 Dynamic Binding is associated with polymorphism and inheritance. A function call
associated with a polymorphic reference depends on the dynamic type of that reference.

Aparna Nayak L/CS

Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

8. MESSAGE PASSING:
An OOP consists of a set of objects that communicate with each other. The process of
programming in an object-oriented language therefore involves the following basic steps.
a. Creating classes that define objects and their behaviour.
b. Creating objects from class definitions.
c. Establishing communication among objects.

A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure, and therefore will invoke
a function (procedure) in the receiving object that generates the desired result. Message
passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function (message) and
the information to be sent.

9. EXCEPTION HANDLING: Supports error handling during run time.

BENEFITS OF OOP:
Q: What are the benefits of object-oriented programming?
Q: List any five advantages of OOP.
Q: List the advantages of OOPS.

The major benefits of OOP are listed below:

1. Through inheritance, redundant code can be eliminated and the existing class can be
used.
2. We can build programs from the standard working modules that leads to saving of
development time and higher productivity.
3. Due to data hiding property , important data can be kept away from unauthorized
access. data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs
4. It is possible to map object in the problem domain to those object in the program.
5. Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
6. Possible to create multiple objects for a class.

Q: Drawback of OOP
 The object oriented programming is complex to implement.
 In object oriented programming , everything must be arranged in the form of
classes and modules.

Q: What are the applications of object-oriented programming?

Q: Discuss OOPs areas of application.
Q:List any five areas of application of OOPS technology.

APPLICATIONS OF OOP:
1. Real time systems.
2. Simulation and modelling.
3. Neural network and parallel programming.
4. Object oriented databases.
5. Hypertext, hypermedia and expertext.
6. Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems.
7. Neural Networks and Parallel Programming.
8. Decision support and office automation systems.
9. CIM/CAD/CAM systems.
10. Pattern recognition
11. Image processing

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

12. Web based applications

13. Mobile computing
14. Data security and management
15. Distributed computing and applications
16. Component based Applications
17. Enterprise resource Planning

Variable: Types (local, instance, static) declaration, initialization;

Q:Define variable. Specify the rules and guidelines for naming variable.
Q:How to declare a variable . Give an example.
Variables
A variable is an identifier that denotes the storage location. Variable is fundamental unit of
storage in java. They are used in combination with identifier, data types, operators.
Variables must be declared before its use. It refers the “value” that will change during the
execution of program.

Rules
1. It must start with a letter or underscore (-)
2. They must not begin with digit.
3. Space or any special characters are not allowed.
4. Uppercase & lowercase letters are distinct.
5. It can be of any length.

All Java components require names. Names used for classes, variables, and methods are
called identifiers. In Java, there are several points to remember about identifiers. They are
as follows −
 All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character ($) or
an underscore (_).
 After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters.
 A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
 Most importantly, identifiers are case sensitive.
 Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value.
 Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary.

Following are the types of variables in Java −

 Local Variables
 Class Variables (Static Variables)
 Instance Variables (Non-static Variables)
Example
public class Dog {
String breed;
int age;
String color;
void barking() {
…..
}
void hungry() {
…….
}

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

void sleeping() {
….
}
}
A class can contain any of the following variable types.
 Local variables − Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are
called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the
method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.
 Instance variables − Instance variables are variables within a class but outside
any method. These variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance
variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that
particular class.
 Class variables (static variables)− Class variables are variables declared within a
class, outside any method, with the static keyword.
 A class can have any number of methods to access the value of various kinds of
methods. In the above example, barking(), hungry() and sleeping() are methods.
Following are some of the important topics that need to be discussed when looking into
classes of the Java Language.

Declaration and Initialization of variable

A variable provides us with named storage that our programs can manipulate. Each variable
in Java has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory;
the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can
be applied to the variable.
Variable has a scope which defines its visibility and lifetime.
You must declare all variables before they can be used. Following is the basic form of a
variable declaration −
data type variable [ = value][, variable [ = value] ...] ;
Here data type is one of Java's datatypes and variable is the name of the variable. To
declare more than one variable of the specified type, you can use a comma-separated list.
Following are valid examples of variable declaration and initialization in Java −

Example
int a, b, c; // Declares three integers a, b, and c.
int a = 10, b = 10; // Example of initialization
byte B = 22; // initializes a byte type variable B.
double pi = 3.14159; // declares and assigns a value of PI.
char a = 'a'; // the char variable a iis initialized with value 'a'
This chapter will explain various variable types available in Java Language. There are three
kinds of variables in Java −

1. Local variables
2. Instance variables
3. Class/Static variables.

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Local Variables
 Local variables are declared in methods, constructors, or blocks.
 Local variables are created when the method, constructor or block is entered and the
destroyed once it exits the method, constructor, or block.
 Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables.
 Local variables are visible only within the declared method, constructor, or block.
 There is no default value for local variables, so local variables should be declared and
an initial value should be assigned before the first use.
Example
Here, age is a local variable. This is defined inside pupAge() method and its scope is
limited to only this method.
public class Test {
public void pupAge()
{
int age = 0;
age = age + 7;
System.out.println("Puppy age is : " + age);
}

public static void main(String arg[])

{
Test test = new Test();
test.pupAge();
}
}
This will produce the following result −
Output:Puppy age is: 7

Example: Following example uses age without initializing it, so it would give an error at
the time of compilation.
public class Test {
public void pupAge() {
int age;
age = age + 7;
System.out.println("Puppy age is : " + age);
}

public static void main(String arg[]) {

Test test = new Test();
test.pupAge();
}
}
This will produce the following error while compiling it –

Output:Test.java:4:variable number might not have been initialized

age = age + 7;
^
1 error

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Instance Variables
 Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method, constructor or any
block.
 Instance variables are created when an object is created with the use of the keyword
'new' and destroyed when the object is destroyed.
 Access modifiers can be given for instance variables.
 The instance variables are visible for all methods, constructors and block in the class.
Normally, it is recommended to make these variables private (access level). However,
visibility for sub-classes can be given for these variables with the use of access
modifiers.
 Instance variables have default values. For numbers, the default value is 0, for Boolean
it is false, and for object references it is null. Values can be assigned during the
declaration or within the constructor.
 Instance variables can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the
class. However, within static methods (when instance variables are given accessibility),
they should be called using the fully qualified name. ObjectReference.VariableName.

Example
import java.io.*;
public class Employee {

// this instance variable is visible for any child class.

public String name;

// salary variable is visible in Employee class only.

private double salary;

// The name variable is assigned in the constructor.

public Employee (String empName) {
name = empName;
}

// The salary variable is assigned a value.

public void setSalary(double empSal) {
salary = empSal;
}

// This method prints the employee details.

public void printEmp() {
System.out.println("name : " + name );
System.out.println("salary :" + salary);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Employee empOne = new Employee("Raj");
empOne.setSalary(10000);
empOne.printEmp();
}
}
This will produce the following result −

Aparna Nayak L/CS

Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Output:
name : Raj
salary :10000.0

Class/Static Variables
 Class variables also known as static variables are declared with the static keyword in a
class, but outside a method, constructor or a block.
 There would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how
many objects are created from it.
 Static variables are rarely used other than being declared as constants. Constants
are variables that are declared as public/private, final, and static. Constant variables
never change from their initial value.
 Static variables are stored in the static memory. It is rare to use static variables other
than declared final and used as either public or private constants.
 Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the
program stops.
 Visibility is similar to instance variables. However, most static variables are declared
public since they must be available for users of the class.
 Static variables have default values. For numbers, the default value is 0; for Boolean,
it is false; and for object references, it is null. Values can be assigned during the
declaration or within the constructor. Additionally, values can be assigned in special
static initializer blocks.
 Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class
name ClassName.VariableName.
 When declaring class variables as public static final, then variable names (constants) are
all in upper case. If the static variables are not public and final, the naming syntax is the
same as instance and local variables.

Example
import java.io.*;
public class Employee {

// salary variable is a private static variable

private static double salary;

// DEPARTMENT is a constant
public static final String DEPARTMENT = "Development ";

public static void main(String args[]) {

salary = 1000;
System.out.println(DEPARTMENT + "average salary:" + salary);
}
}
This will produce the following result −

Output : Development average salary:1000

Aparna Nayak L/CS

Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Comments
Java Comments
1
/* text */
The compiler ignores everything from /* to */.

2
//text
The compiler ignores everything from // to the end of the line.

3 /** documentation */
This is a documentation comment and in general its called doc comment. The JDK
javadoc tool uses doc comments when preparing automatically generated documentation.

Comments are used to add notes and documentation to source code . The compiler ignores
everything marked as comment. Comments can appear anywhere in a java source file
except within character and string literals.
Java comments are of 3 types
1)Line comment: It is a C++ style single line comment. A line comment starts with two
forward slashes(//) and ends at the end of the line the slashes appears on.
Example: //C++ style single comment
2)Block comment: It is a C style comment. A block comment starts with a forward slash
and asterisk(/*) and ends with an asterisk and forward slash(*/). It is also called multiline
comment.
/* C-style block
Comments */
3)Documentation comment: These comments are processed by the javadoc program to
generate documentation from source code. javadoc is a program that takes the comments in
java source code and creates the html documentation pages. Documentation comment is
used specifically to document non-private classes, attribute and methods. It starts with a
forward slash and two asterisk(/**).It ends with one asterisk and a forward slash(*/).Every
thong between the delimiters is a comment.
/** This is a documentation */
Data Types
Q: Explain the data types of Java.
Data types specify the size & type of values that can be stored. Various data types used in
java are byte, short, int ,long, char, float ,double and Boolean.

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when
you create a variable you reserve some space in the memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides
what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to
variables, you can store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.
There are two data types available in Java −
 Primitive Data Types
 Reference/Object Data Types

Aparna Nayak L/CS

Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Primitive Data Types

There are eight primitive datatypes supported by Java. Primitive datat ypes are predefined
by the language and named by a keyword. Let us now look into the eight primitive data
types in detail.
Byte
 Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer
 Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)
 Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1)
 Default value is 0
 Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers,
since a byte is four times smaller than an integer.
 Example: byte a = 100, byte b = -50

Short
 Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer
 Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15)
 Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1)
 Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type. A short is 2
times smaller than an integer
 Default value is 0.
 Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000

int
 Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.
 Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648 (-2^31)
 Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive) (2^31 -1)
 Integer is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is
a concern about memory.
 The default value is 0
 Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000

long
 Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer
 Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808(-2^63)

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

 Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive)(2^63 -1)

 This type is used when a wider range than int is needed
 Default value is 0L
 Example: long a = 100000L, long b = -200000L

float
 Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point
 Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers
 Default value is 0.0f.
 Float data type is never used for precise values such as currency
 Example: float f1 = 234.5f.

double
 double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point
 This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values,
generally the default choice
 Double data type should never be used for precise values such as currency
 Default value is 0.0d, Example: double d1 = 123.4

boolean
 Boolean data type represents one bit of information
 There are only two possible values: true and false
 This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions
 Default value is false
 Example: boolean one = true

char
char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character
 Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0)
 Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive)
 Char data type is used to store any character
 Example: char letterA = 'A'

Array: array is a defined data type to store homogeneous data.

Class: user defined datatype.
Interface: is like a class used to implement concept of multiple inheritance .

Reference Datatypes
 Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes. They are
used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific type that
cannot be changed. For example, Employee, Puppy, etc.
 Class objects and various type of array variables come under reference datatype.
 Default value of any reference variable is null.
 A reference variable can be used to refer any object of the declared type or any
compatible type.
 Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Scope of Variable
 Java variables are classified into 3 types Instance Variable ,Class
Variable ,Local variable
 instance and class variables are declared inside a class. Instance variable are
created when the object are instantiated & therefore these are associated with the
object.
 Class variables are global to a class & belong to the entire set of objects that class
creates.
 Local variables can also be declared inside program blocks that are defined
between an opening brace “{“ and close “}”.
 The area in which the variables are accessible is called scope.
 The program blocks can be nesting. One block can be defined within another
block.
Java Literals
A literal is a source code representation of a fixed value. They are represented directly in
the code without any computation.
Literals can be assigned to any primitive type variable. For example −
byte a = 68; char a = 'A';
byte, int, long, and short can be expressed in decimal(base 10), hexadecimal(base 16) or
octal(base 8) number systems as well.
Prefix 0 is used to indicate octal, and prefix 0x indicates hexadecimal when using these
number systems for literals. For example −
int decimal = 100; int octal = 0144; int hexa = 0x64;
String literals in Java are specified like they are in most other languages by enclosing a
sequence of characters between a pair of double quotes. Examples of string literals are −
Example
"Hello World"
"two\nlines"
"\"This is in quotes\""
String and char types of literals can contain any Unicode characters. For example −
char a = '\u0001'; String a = "\u0001";
Java language supports few special escape sequences for String and char literals as well.
They are −
Notation Character represented

\n Newline (0x0a)

\r Carriage return (0x0d)

\f Form feed (0x0c)

\b Backspace (0x08)

\s Space (0x20)

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

\t tab

\" Double quote

\' Single quote

\\ backslash

\ddd Octal character (ddd)

\uxxxx Hexadecimal UNICODE character (xxxx)

Type casting

Changing type of the data from one type to another type is called type casting.
Syntax: Datatype variable1=(type) variable2;

Example: Conversion from double type to int.

double d=50.345;
int n=(double)d; // double to integer conversion
System.out.println(n);
Output: 50

Note: Automatic type casting is done from lower to higher type.(eg: byte to int)

Creating objects in a class

In java new operator can be used to create objects.
Syntax: className obj-name=new className();
Example: Student s1=new Student();

Calling method/function
Syntax: obj-name.methodName();
Example: s1.Display();

class className{
{
Variables;

Method1()
{
}
}

public class mainclass{

public static void main(String arg[])
{
className obj-name=new className();
obj-name.methodName()
}
}

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Dr. TMA Pai Polytechnic Manipal Object Oriented Programming design with java 20CS43P

Ceating Java program with more than one class

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