No 1

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
// Function to calculate the volume of a sphere
double volumeOfSphere(double radius) {
return (4.0 / 3.0) * M_PI * pow(radius, 3);
}
// Function to calculate the volume of a cube
double volumeOfCube(double side) {
return pow(side, 3);
}
// Function to calculate the volume of a cylinder
double volumeOfCylinder(double radius, double height) {
return M_PI * pow(radius, 2) * height;
}
int main() {
double radius, side, height;
// Input for the sphere
cout << "Enter the radius of the sphere: ";
cin >> radius;
cout << "Volume of the sphere: " << volumeOfSphere(radius) << endl;
// Input for the cube
cout << "Enter the side length of the cube: ";
cin >> side;
cout << "Volume of the cube: " << volumeOfCube(side) << endl;
// Input for the cylinder
cout << "Enter the radius of the cylinder: ";
cin >> radius;
cout << "Enter the height of the cylinder: ";
cin >> height;
cout << "Volume of the cylinder: " << volumeOfCylinder(radius, height)
<< endl;
return 0;
}
This program includes:
 volumeOfSphere() calculates the volume of a sphere with a given rad
ius.
 volumeOfCube() calculates the volume of a cube with a given side le
ngth.
 volumeOfCylinder() calculates the volume of a cylinder with a given r
adius and height.

No 2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
double celsiusToFahrenheit(double celsius) {
return (celsius * 9.0 / 5.0) + 32.0;
}
// Function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
double fahrenheitToCelsius(double fahrenheit) {
return (fahrenheit - 32.0) * 5.0 / 9.0;
}
int main() {
double temperature;
char choice;
cout << "Enter 'C' to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit or 'F' to convert
Fahrenheit to Celsius: ";
cin >> choice;
if (choice == 'C' || choice == 'c') {
cout << "Enter temperature in Celsius: ";
cin >> temperature;
cout << "Temperature in Fahrenheit: " <<
celsiusToFahrenheit(temperature) << endl;
} else if (choice == 'F' || choice == 'f') {
cout << "Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: ";
cin >> temperature;
cout << "Temperature in Celsius: " <<
fahrenheitToCelsius(temperature) << endl;
} else {
cout << "Invalid choice. Please enter 'C' or 'F'." << endl;
}
 return 0;
}
This program includes:
 celsiusToFahrenheit(): Converts a given Celsius temperature to Fahr
enheit.
 fahrenheitToCelsius(): Converts a given Fahrenheit temperature to C
elsius.
The main() function allows the user to choose the type of conversion and t
hen enter the temperature to be converted. The appropriate function is th
en called based on the user's choice.

No3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function to evaluate and print the message based on income
void evaluateIncome(double income) {
if (income > 50000) {
cout << "Congratulations on making more than $50,000 annually!"
<< endl;
} else {
cout << "Keep going! You're on your way to achieving your financial
goals!" << endl;
}
}
int main() {
double income;
cout << "Enter your annual income: $";
cin >> income;
evaluateIncome(income);
return 0;
}
In this program:
 evaluateIncome() is the second function that takes the user's annual
income as an argument and prints a message based on whether the i
ncome is greater than $50,000.
 main() function asks the user for their annual income and then calls
the evaluateIncome() function with the income.

No4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function to fill the array with letters A through J
void fun1(char arr[]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
arr[i] = 'A' + i;
}
}
// Function to print the array backwards
void fun2(char arr[]) {
for (int i = 9; i >= 0; --i) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
int main() {
char arr[10]; // Declare a 10-element character array
fun1(arr); // Fill the array with letters A through J
fun2(arr); // Print the array backwards
return 0;
}
In this program:
 fun1() fills the array with letters A through J.
 fun2() prints the array backwards.
 main() function declares the 10-element character array and calls fu
n1() to fill it and fun2() to print it in reverse.

No5
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Function to reverse the sentence using recursion
void reverseSentence(const string &sentence, int index) {
if (index >= 0) {
cout << sentence[index];
 reverseSentence(sentence, index - 1);
}
}
int main() {
string sentence;
cout << "Enter a sentence: ";
getline(cin, sentence);
cout << "Reversed sentence: ";
reverseSentence(sentence, sentence.length() - 1);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
In this program:
 reverseSentence() is a recursive function that takes the sentence an
d the current index as parameters. It prints the character at the curr
ent index and then calls itself with the index decremented by 1.
 main() function reads the sentence from the keyboard using getline(
), then calls reverseSentence() to print the sentence in reverse.

No6
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype> // for isalpha, isdigit, and isspace functions
using namespace std;
void analyzeString(const char str[], int &vowels, int &consonants, int
&digits, int &whitespaces) {
vowels = consonants = digits = whitespaces = 0;
for (int i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; ++i) {
char ch = tolower(str[i]);
if (isalpha(ch)) {
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u') {
vowels++;
} else {
consonants++;
}
} else if (isdigit(ch)) {
digits++;
} else if (isspace(ch)) {
 whitespaces++;
}
}
}
int main() {
const int SIZE = 100;
char str[SIZE];
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin.getline(str, SIZE);
int vowels, consonants, digits, whitespaces;
analyzeString(str, vowels, consonants, digits, whitespaces);
cout << "Number of vowels: " << vowels << endl;
cout << "Number of consonants: " << consonants << endl;
cout << "Number of digits: " << digits << endl;
cout << "Number of white-spaces: " << whitespaces << endl;
return 0;
}
This program includes:
 analyzeString(): A function that takes a C-style string and reference
variables for counting vowels, consonants, digits, and white spaces.
It iterates through the string, updating the counts based on the char
acter type.
 main(): The function that prompts the user to enter a string, calls an
alyzeString() to analyze the string, and prints the results.

No7
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> // for strlen function
using namespace std;
int countCharacterFrequency(const char str[], char ch) {
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(str); ++i) {
if (str[i] == ch) {
count++;
}
}
return count;
}
int main() {
const int SIZE = 100;
char str[SIZE];
char ch;
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin.getline(str, SIZE);
cout << "Enter the character to count its frequency: ";
cin >> ch;
int frequency = countCharacterFrequency(str, ch);
cout << "The character '" << ch << "' appears " << frequency << "
times in the string." << endl;
return 0;
}
This program works as follows:
 countCharacterFrequency(): This function takes a C-style string and
a character, counting how many times the character appears in the s
tring.
 main(): It prompts the user to enter a string and a character, calls th
e countCharacterFrequency() function, and prints the result.

No8
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring> // for strlen function
using namespace std;
bool isPalindrome(const char str[]) {
int length = strlen(str);
for (int i = 0; i < length / 2; ++i) {
if (str[i] != str[length - i - 1]) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}

int main() {
const int SIZE = 100;
 char str[SIZE];
cout << "Enter a string/word: ";
cin.getline(str, SIZE);
if (isPalindrome(str)) {
cout << "The string/word is a palindrome." << endl;
} else {
cout << "The string/word is not a palindrome." << endl;
}
return 0;
}
This program includes:
 isPalindrome(): This function checks whether the given C-style string
is a palindrome by comparing characters from both ends moving tow
ards the center.
 main(): It prompts the user to enter a string, calls the isPalindrome()
function, and prints whether the string is a palindrome or not.

No9
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h> // for _getch()
using namespace std;
int main() {
char key;
cout << "Press any key: ";
key = _getch(); // Wait for a key press
cout << "\nYou pressed: " << key << endl;
cout << "ASCII code: " << static_cast<int>(key) << endl;
return 0;
}
In this program:
 _getch() waits for a key press and returns the character correspondi
ng to the pressed key without printing it to the console.
 The program then prints the pressed key and its ASCII code using st
atic_cast<int> to convert the character to its ASCII value.

No10
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// Define a structure to hold employee information
struct Employee {
int id;
string name;
string position;
double salary;
};
int main() {
// Create an array of 20 Employee structures
Employee employees[20];
// Input employee information
for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
cout << "Enter information for employee " << (i + 1) << ": " << endl;
cout << "ID: ";
cin >> employees[i].id;
cin.ignore(); // Ignore newline character left in buffer
cout << "Name: ";
getline(cin, employees[i].name);
cout << "Position: ";
getline(cin, employees[i].position);
cout << "Salary: ";
cin >> employees[i].salary;
cin.ignore(); // Ignore newline character left in buffer
cout << endl;
}
// Print employee information in list form
cout << "Employee Information List:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
cout << "Employee " << (i + 1) << ": " << endl;
cout << "ID: " << employees[i].id << endl;
cout << "Name: " << employees[i].name << endl;
cout << "Position: " << employees[i].position << endl;
cout << "Salary: " << employees[i].salary << endl;
cout << "-------------------------" << endl;
}
 return 0;
}
Explanation:
 Structure Definition: We define a structure Employee to hold employ
ee information like id, name, position, and salary.
 Array of Structures: We create an array of 20 Employee structures to
store the information of 20 employees.
 Input: We use a for loop to input details for each employee.
 Output: Another for loop is used to print out each employee's inform
ation.

Assignment two

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream> // for istringstream
#include <string>
using namespace std;
const string paragraph = "For a long time it puzzled me how something so
expensive, so leading edge, could be so useless. "
"And then it occurred to me that a computer is a stupid
machine with the ability to do incredibly smart things, "
"while computer programmers are smart people with the
ability to do incredibly stupid things. "
"They are, in short, a perfect match.";
int main() {
// Step 1: Create and open a file
ofstream outFile("paragraph.txt");
// Step 2: Write the paragraph to the file
if (outFile.is_open()) {
outFile << paragraph;
outFile.close();
} else {
cerr << "Unable to open file for writing." << endl;
return 1;
}
// Step 3: Read the file and print the contents
ifstream inFile("paragraph.txt");
 string line;
int lineCount = 0, wordCount = 0, charCount = 0;
if (inFile.is_open()) {
cout << "The paragraph content:" << endl;
while (getline(inFile, line)) {
cout << line << endl;
lineCount++;
// Count words and characters in each line
istringstream iss(line);
string word;
while (iss >> word) {
wordCount++;
}
charCount += line.length();
}
inFile.close();
} else {
cerr << "Unable to open file for reading." << endl;
return 1;
}
// Print the counts
cout << "\nNumber of lines: " << lineCount << endl;
cout << "Number of words: " << wordCount << endl;
cout << "Number of characters: " << charCount << endl;
return 0;
}

Explanation:
1. File Creation and Writing:
 The program creates and opens a file named paragraph.txt and
writes the paragraph to the file.
2. File Reading and Analysis:
 The program reads the file line by line. It counts the number of
lines, words, and characters.
 Each line's words are counted using an istringstream.
 The number of characters is summed from the length of each li
ne.