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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
Multiple Choice

1. How successful is the technique of cloning adult mammals by implanting DNA into donor eggs?
a. Few embryos survive until birth, and of those that do, many have serious health problems.
b. About half of the embryos survive until birth, but many of these die before adulthood.
c. Of the embryos that survive until birth, health outcomes are predictable.
d. Most embryos survive, but are not able to reproduce as adults.
e. Most embryos survive and lead healthy adult lives.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.1 A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.10 - Examine the potential advantages and disadvantages of cloning
organisms.

2. One current goal of cloning is to ____.

a. duplicate certain humans
b. create new species
c. promote evolution
d. experiment with alien DNA
e. increase the numbers of endangered animals
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.10 - Examine the potential advantages and disadvantages of cloning
organisms.

3. Which structures have the same length, shape, and centromere location?
a. karyotypes
b. histones
c. bacteriophages
d. nucleosomes
e. autosome pairs
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8. 5 - Determine the structure of DNA.

4. How many pairs of autosomes are in a typical human karyotype?

a. 8
b. 22
c. 23
d. 46
e. 92
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

REFERENCES: 8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.6 - Examine the role played by DNA sequence in the diversity of
organisms.

5. Friedrich Miescher is credited with _____.

a. proposing DNA as the hereditary material
b. finding that proteins are the physical basis of inheritance
c. defining the laws of inheritance
d. being the first person to describe and extract DNA
e. determining that proteins are composed of unlimited combinations of twenty amino acids
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

6. Fred Griffith's experiment, in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrated that _____.
a. pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms
b. harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by a bacteria transformation factor
c. pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains
d. dead cells lose their genetic information
e. DNA is a protein rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

Figure 8.3
Answer the following questions about Griffith’s experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
7. If an injection to the mouse contains live S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.
a. the mouse will die
b. live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

c. the mouse will live

d. no live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
e. the live S strain bacteria will lose their pathogenicity
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

8. If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain Streptococcus pneumonia, _____.

a. the mouse will die
b. live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
c. the mouse will live
d. no live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood
e. the live R strain bacteria will develop pathogenicity
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

9. If an injection to the mouse contains live R strain and heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumonia, ____.
a. the mouse will live
b. the mouse will became fatally ill and live S strain bacteria will be detected in its blood
c. the mouse's blood will contain live pathogenic R strain bacteria
d. the dead S strain bacteria will transform to live R strain bacteria
e. DNA from the live R strain bacteria will revive the dead S strain bacteria
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

10. Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless ____ enzymes are added to
the extract.
a. protein transfer
b. mRNA-degrading
c. tRNA-degrading
d. DNA-degrading
e. nucleic transfer
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

11. Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing harmless (R) bacteria to lethal (S)
bacteria?
a. Avery and McCarty
b. Griffith
c. Chargaff
d. Hershey and Chase
e. Pauling
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

Figure 8.4
12. The accompanying figure represents the research of which scientist(s)?
a. Delbrück
b. Avery and McCarty
c. Chagraff
d. Luria
e. Hershey and Chase
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

13. What is the concept illustrated by the experiment in the accompanying figure?
a. Protein is not the encoding material.
b. Protein cannot enter the host cell.
c. Protein renatures due to radiation.
d. Protein is composed of subunits with phosphate.
e. Protein is composed of subunits with sulfur.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

14. The Hershey and Chase experiments, in which radioactive phosphorus (32P) and radioactive sulfur (35S) were used,
demonstrated that ____.
a. DNA labeled with 35S and proteins labeled with 32P can be traced over the course of an experiment
b. DNA labeled with 32P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus
c. proteins labeled with 35S become deactivated and unable to be transferred
d. bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their coat proteins, into their hosts
e. DNA may be the hereditary material, although bacteriophages transfer both DNA and proteins into their hosts
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply | Evaluate
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

15. If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is
placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will eventually contain ____.
a. primarily radioactive sulfur
b. primarily radioactive phosphorus
c. both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus
d. neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive phosphorus
e. complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

information.

16. The experiments that clearly distinguished DNA and not protein as the hereditary material were conducted by _____.
a. Pauling
b. Hershey and Chase
c. Griffith
d. Watson and Crick
e. Avery
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

17. James Watson and Francis Crick ____.

a. were both English researchers working at Cambridge University
b. performed elegant experiments in DNA chemistry
c. constructed an accurate model of DNA’s double helix structure
d. performed experiments that convinced scientists that DNA is a double-stranded molecule
e. used x-ray diffraction in all of their experiments
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

18. DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT ____.
a. adenine
b. uracil
c. guanine
d. adenine
e. thymine
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

19. Hydrogen bonding is strongest between ____.

a. adenine and guanine
b. uracil and thymine
c. guanine and uracil
d. adenine and thymine
e. cytosine and guanine
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

20. ____ discovered the basis for the ____ rule, which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine are identical, as are
the amounts of cytosine and guanine.
a. Avery; base-pair
b. Griffith, double helix
c. Chargaff; base-pair
d. Chase; double helix
e. Pauling; base-pair
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

21. Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to determine many aspects of DNA’s structure?
a. transformation
b. transmission electron microscopy
c. density-gradient centrifugation
d. x-ray crystallography
e. chromatography
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

22. Rosalind Franklin created the first ____.

a. clear x-ray diffraction image of DNA is it occurs in cells
b. model of DNA’s nucleotide bases
c. experiment to test whether base-pairs differ among species
d. hypothesis surrounding the nature of a hereditary molecule
e. results proving that bases exist on the outside of a helix
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

23. Which discovery was determined about DNA from x-ray diffraction data?
a. DNA is uniform in length.
b. DNA is short and narrow.
c. DNA has a repeating pattern.
d. DNA molecules are flat.
e. DNA molecules are round.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

24. Each DNA double helix has a backbone that consists of alternating ____.
a. covalent and ionic bonds
b. nitrogen-containing bases
c. hydrogen bonds
d. sugar and phosphate molecules
e. covalent and hydrogen bonds
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

25. Which statement is true of DNA’s structure?

a. The hydrogen bonding of cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing.
b. In DNA, adenine always base pairs with guanine and cytosine always base pairs with thymine.
c. Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base.
d. When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds.
e. All four bases in DNA can be found in equal quantities.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

26. In a 3-D double helix model of DNA, the center consists of ____.
a. deoxyribose sugars
b. hydrogen bonds
c. nucleotide base pairs
d. phosphate groups
e. sugar–phosphate backbones
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

27. DNA replication is ____.

a. redundant
b. semiconservative
c. progressive
d. conservative
e. repetitive
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication

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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

28. DNA polymerase assembles new strands in a ____.

a. 5' to 3' direction only
b. 5' to 3' direction building one strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the other stand
c. 5' to 3' direction building the first half of a strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the second half of a strand
d. 3' to 5' direction building the first half of a strand and a 5' to 3' direction building the second half of a strand
e. 3' to 5' direction on the "old" 3' to 5' strand
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

29. The function of helicase enzymes is to ____.

a. break hydrogen bonds and unwind the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to replication
b. rewind the two DNA molecules after replication
c. remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly
d. seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand
e. fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

Figure 8.11.
30. The accompanying figure best illustrates ____.
a. DNA repair
b. semiconservative replication
c. the action of the ligases
d. the binding of initiator proteins
e. DNA hybridization
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
PREFACE NAME: Figure 8.11
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

31. Which base-pairing system is correct?

a. A to G; T to C
b. A to T; G to C
c. A to C; G to T
d. A to T or C; G to C or A
e. A to T or G; G to C or A
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA’s Structure

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

32. What characteristic of a species refers to having two of each type of chromosome?
a. autosomal
b. karyotype
c. diploid
d. base-paired
e. helical
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Apply
REFERENCES: 8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.6 - Examine the role played by DNA sequence in the diversity of
organisms.

33. DNA polymerases ____.

a. unwind DNA
b. add new nucleotides to a strand
c. catalyze carbon bonding
d. assemble new strands in both direction
e. repairs DNA
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

34. Franklin's assignment at Cambridge was to investigate the structure of ____.

a. proteins
b. ultraviolet radiation
c. DNA
d. embryonic fluid
e. lipids
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

35. Rosalind Franklin is credited with ____.

a. discovering DNA’s double helical structure
b. discovering DNA
c. first isolating DNA
d. building the first DNA model
e. cloning DNA
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

36. Which statement is true of embryonic splitting?

a. It never occurs in nature.
b. It involves the genetic contribution of only one parent.
c. It produces immediate differentiation.
d. It is applied in animal husbandry to produce genetically diverse offspring.
e. It produces identical twins.
ANSWER: e
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

37. Which statement is false with regard to mutations?

a. They are always dangerous.
b. They can occur as DNA replication errors.
c. They cannot be repaired after replication.
d. They may become cancerous.
e. They can be passed on to the next generation.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.6 Mutations: Cause and Effect
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.8 - Examine the causes and consequences of mutations in DNA.

38. The accompanying figure represents ____.

a. cloning with a stem cell
b. somatic cell nuclear transfer
c. genetic manipulation of a single gene
d. microsurgical manipulation of a chromosome
e. embryonic cloning
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
PREFACE NAME: Cell
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

39. Which statement is false with regard to adult cell cloning?

a. It involves differentiated cells.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12
Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

b. It occurs with some frequency in nature.

c. It involves rewinding the developmental clock.
d. It involves an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
e. It may involve nuclear transfer.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

40. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create human embryos for research purposes in ____.
a. embryo cloning
b. embryo splitting
c. therapeutic cloning
d. artificial twinning
e. stem cell cloning
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

Matching

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.

a. discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from
another strain of bacteria
b. first to describe DNA and extract it from cell nuclei
c. discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d. the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e. the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f. provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g. worked at King’s College at the same time as Franklin
h. obtained excellent x-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly
repeating units
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

41. Avery and McCarty

ANSWER: c

42. Chargaff
ANSWER: f

43. Franklin
ANSWER: h

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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function
44. Griffith
ANSWER: a

45. Hershey and Chase

ANSWER: e

46. Wilkins
ANSWER: g

47. Miescher
ANSWER: b

48. Watson and Crick

ANSWER: d

Classification. Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a. guanine
b. cytosine
c. pyrimidine
d. thymine
e. uracil
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

49. Erwin Chargaff's data indicates that within a species, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of this
nucleotide.
ANSWER: d

50. This nucleotide is not incorporated into the structure of the DNA helix.
ANSWER: e

51. This nucleotide is a double-ring molecule.

ANSWER: a

52. If one chain of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position, this nucleotide complements it on the other chain.
ANSWER: c

53. Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to __________ in the DNA molecule.
ANSWER: b

Completion

54. Experiments with bacteria and ____________________ offered solid evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not
protein, is the hereditary material.
ANSWER: bacteriophages
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
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Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

55. A free nucleotide has a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), ____________________ phosphate group(s), and one of four
nitrogen-containing bases.
ANSWER: one; 1
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

56. DNA is replicated by a process called ____________________.

ANSWER: semiconservative replication
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.3 The Discovery of DNA's Structure
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.5 - Determine the structure of DNA

57. In ____________________, one somatic cell is fused with an enucleated egg.

ANSWER: somatic cell nuclear transfer
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

Essay

58. Consider the Hershey-Chase experiment. Is their choice of a bacteriophage unusual?

ANSWER: At first glance, it is very unusual. Viruses are not considered to be alive, so using a non-living
entity to establish that nucleic acids are the genetic material of life is unusual. On the other
hand, it was established that viruses used the host cell genetic machinery to replicate
themselves, and thus it could be safely assumed their genetic material must resemble the
hosts.
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.2 The Discovery of DNA's Function
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.4 - Examine the experiments that proved that DNA carries hereditary
information.

59. A bacterium undergoes four rounds of replication. How many cells would result, and how many of those cells would
still have part of an original DNA strand from the starting bacterium?
ANSWER: After four rounds of replication there would be 16 cells. Of those 16 cells, only two would
have an original DNA strand.
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: 8.5 DNA Replication
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.7 - Examine the process of DNA replication using a diagram.

60. Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?
ANSWER: No, there are various reproductive interventions available that produce genetically identical
individuals. One example is embryo splitting which occurs naturally in the case of identical
twins, but can also be done by technicians teasing the embryo apart from an early,
multicellular stage. However, to clone an adult animal, SCNT would be necessary.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15
Chapter 08 - DNA Structure and Function

DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand

REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

61. Is it possible to prevent mutations entirely?

ANSWER: No, it is not. DNA polymerase is not perfect and as a result it can introduce mistakes
(mutations) during DNA replication. However, you can reduce the number of mutations
experienced by avoiding undue exposure to ionizing radiation, UV radiation and chemical
carcinogens.
DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: 8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.8.9 - Outline the different methods of reproductive cloning.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16

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