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 MO D U L A R S YS T E M

MICROSOFT EXCEL 2010

İbrahim MEŞECAN

http://book.zambak.com
Copyright © Sürat Basým Reklamcýlýk
ve Eðitim Araçlarý San. Tic. A.Þ.
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be
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http://book.zambak.com
1. Spreadsheet Basics Modifying Cell Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Cell, Row or Column Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Resizing and auto sizing rows columns: . . . . . 24
Screen Elements and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hiding and Unhiding Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Parts of Excel Screen That
Deleting – Inserting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
You Need to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cut, copy, paste operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Paste Special. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Contextual Tabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Worksheet Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Accessing the Ribbon using your keyboard . . . . 12
Deleting a worksheet: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Shortcut menus and the Mini Toolbar . . . . . 12
Renaming a worksheet: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Customizing your Quick Access Toolbar . . . . . . . 13 Moving or copying a worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Excel with the Numbers:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Inserting an empty worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Your First Excel Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Selecting Multiple Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Creating a New Workbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Changing the active worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Filling in the month names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Hiding or Unhiding a worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Applying table format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Creating a chart from your data . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Word Search Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Saving your document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3. Formatting Your Documents

2. Worksheet and Cell Operations
Formatting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Mouse Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Using The Format Cells Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Cell Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Selecting a Cell or an Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Entering data in a cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Using arrow keys instead of pressing Enter . . . 21 Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Moving Through a Selected Area . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Selecting multiple cells, rows or columns . . . . 22 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Entering data in an area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Document Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Entering numbers with fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Using Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

 Using Format Painter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Creating a link formula by pointing . . . . . . . . . . 67

Using Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Writing Your First Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

What is table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Operators in Excel Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Creating a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Absolute and Relative Reference . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Table AutoFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Simple Functions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Some facilities for tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Sum Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Conditional Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Average Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Max and Min Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Count Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
All in One: Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Word Search Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Using Functions and Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Date and Time Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Math and Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . 80
4. Page Setup and Printing Logical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Statistical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Page Layout Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Text Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Page Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Lookup & Reference Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Margins Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Database Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Header/Footer Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chart Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Sheet Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Print Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Normal view and Page Layout View . . . . . . . . . 58
6. Data Processing
Print Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Preparing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Print Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Using Fast Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Custom Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Word Search Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Custom Lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Quick Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

5. Functions and Formulas Advanced Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Consolidating Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Understanding Functions and Formulas . . . . . . . 66
Consolidating worksheets by using formulas . 110
Linking Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Using Consolidate Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
 Pivot Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Inserting Pivot Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 To Insert a Comment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 To Format a Comment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 To change Comment Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

7. Charts How to Use Change Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Sharing a Workbook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Inserting Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Display changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chart Tools: Design Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chart Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Options Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Chart Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 General Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Chart Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Formula options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Chart Tools: Layout Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Proofing Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Layout In Brief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Save Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Chart Tools: Format Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Customize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Trust Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Word Search Puzzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8. Extra Options
Data Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9. Macros
Data Validation Allow Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Freeze and Split Panes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Before Starting Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Splitting Panes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Displaying Developer Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Freezing Panes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Some Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Displaying a workbook in more than
Security first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
one window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Writing Your Macros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Synchronous Scrolling two workbooks . . . . . . 136
Recording Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Group and Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Writing Macros Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Using Watch window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Types of Macro Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
 Macro Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Excel Object Hierarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Object Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Assigning value to a cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Using Message Box and Input Box . . . . . . . . . 160
Concatenating Two Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Using Basic Programming Language
in your macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Object Browser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Ready for a bigger project? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Want More? (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Form Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Combo Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Check Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Option Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Using User Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

ANSWER KEY AND INDEX

Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
 SPREADSHEET BASICS
1.1 Overview
Microsoft Excel is a very effective spreadsheet program enabling the user to
make calculations, prepare charts and manage data easily. When you have
large amount of data, numbers and calculations (accountancy documents,
personal info, marks and other info in a school, etc), it’s very easy to process
and get outputs from your data with a spreadsheet program like Microsoft
Excel.

1.2 Screen Elements and Definitions

Quick Access Toolbar

Office Button Formula bar Ribbon-The new style toolbar Application and window buttons

Tab list

Columns
Name box

Active cell
indicator
Rows

Row Numbers

Sheet tabs
scroll buttons

Sheet tabs Status bar Page view buttons Page zoom

Figure 1.1: Screen Elements

8 Microsoft Excel
1.2.1 Parts of Excel Screen That You Need to Know
Name Description
Microsoft Excel is made up of small boxes that are called cells. Each cell can have different
Cell properties and store different data. All cells have different addresses or names like “E5”,
which means “the cell in column E and row 5”.
The dark outline around the selected cell indicates the currently active cell where you enter
Active cell indicator
new data or formula
Rows are listed on the left of an Excel worksheet. There are 1.048.576 rows and each row
Rows contains 16.384 horizontally adjacent cells. You can click on a row number to select the
entire row.
Columns are represented by letters ranging from A to XFD—one for each of the 16,384
Columns columns in the worksheet. And these values (16,384 columns, 1,048,576 rows) cannot be
changed.
A worksheet contains both rows and columns (214 x 220 = 234 or 17.179.869.184 cells).
Having more rows and columns doesn’t mean that you can actually use them all. If you
Worksheet
attempted to fill up all of the cells in a worksheet, you would soon run out of memory. The
advantage of having more rows and columns is the flexibility it provides.
Each Excel file is called a workbook. A workbook is made up of worksheets. Each worksheet
is like a paper in the file (Workbook) that contains all formulas, links, and data in a tabular
Workbook format. Theoretically, a workbook can have as many worksheets as you want, but it’s not
suggested that you store too much information in a workbook. It’s better to store it in different
but related files.
Application and window
These are standard window buttons that are used to minimize, maximize-restore and close.
buttons
Office button This button gives lots of options for working with your document or Excel in general.
Formula bar When you enter information or formulas into cells, they appear here.
Name box Displays the active cell address or the name of the selected cell, range, or object.
Page view buttons Change the way the worksheet is displayed: Page break preview, Page layout, Normal.
Quick Access Toolbar A toolbar that you customize to hold your own commonly-used commands.
Tab list Commands that display a different ribbon, similar to a menu.
The main location to find Excel commands. Clicking an item in the Tab list changes the
Ribbon
ribbon that’s displayed.
Each of these tabs represents a different page (sheet) in the workbook. A workbook can
Sheet tabs
have any number of sheets, and each sheet has its name displayed.
Sheet tab scroll buttons These buttons let you scroll the sheet tabs to display tabs that aren’t visible.
This bar displays various messages as well as the status of the Num Lock, Caps Lock, and
Status bar Scroll Lock keys on your keyboard. It also shows summary information about the selected
range of cells. Right-click the status bar to change the information that’s displayed.
Zoom control A scroller that lets you zoom your worksheet in and out.

Spreadsheet Basics 9
 The Usage Areas of Excel
 Numeric processing: Create budgets, analyze results, and perform just
about any type of financial analysis.
 Creating charts: Create a wide variety of highly customizable charts.
 Organizing lists: Easy to use the row-and-column layout to store lists
efficiently.
 Data Conversions: Import and export data from/to a wide variety of
sources.
 Automating complex tasks: While storing data, also performs complex
tasks with a single mouse click using Excel’s macro capabilities.

1.3 The Ribbon

The Ribbon is one of the significant changes since Office 2007. We don’t
have two different parts any more to access our commands; the Ribbon
combines the ease of toolbars together with functionality of menus.
Accessing the commands in the Ribbon is faster. The Ribbon is arranged into
groups of related commands. Here’s a quick overview of Excel tabs.
Home: You’ll probably spend most of your time with the Home tab selected.
This tab contains the basic Clipboard commands, formatting commands,
style commands, and commands to insert and delete rows or columns, plus
an assortment of worksheet editing commands
Insert: Select this tab when you need to insert something in a worksheet –a
table, a diagram, a chart, a symbol, and so on.
Page Layout: This tab contains commands that affect the overall appearance
of your worksheet, including settings that deal with printing.
Formulas: Use this tab to insert a formula, name a range, access the formula
auditing tools, or control how Excel performs calculations.
Data: Excel’s data-related commands are on this tab.
Review: This tab contains tools to check spelling, translate words, add
comments, or protect sheets.

Figure 1 2: Home tab in the Ribbon

10 Microsoft Excel
View: The View tab contains commands that control various aspects of how
a sheet is viewed. Some commands on this tab are also available in the
status bar.
Developer: This tab isn’t visible by default. It contains commands that are
useful for programmers. To display the Developer tab, open Excel options
from Office button and then select ‘Customize Ribbon’. Place a check mark
next to Developer Tab.
Add-Ins: This tab is visible only if you’ve loaded a workbook or add-in that
customizes the menu or toolbars. Because menus and toolbars are no longer
available in Excel, these customizations appear in the Add-Ins tab.

The appearance of the commands on the

ribbon varies, depending on the width of Excel
window. When the window is too narrow to
display everything, the commands adapt and
may seem to be missing. But the commands
are still available. Figure 1.2 shows the Home
Figure 1.3: The Ribbon when Excel’s window is made narrower
tab of the Ribbon with all controls fully visible.
Figure 1.3 shows the Ribbon when Excel’s
window is made narrower. Notice that some of
the descriptive text is gone, but the icons
remain.

If you don’t like to see this wide-spread toolbars all the time, you can (un)hide
them any time using Ctrl+F1 (or double click on any tab name). When the
commands are hidden, you can still access them, by just clicking on the tab
name.

Figure 1.4: The Ribbon when Ctrl+F1 is pressed

1.3.1 Contextual Tabs

Some other special tools appear
according to the selected items. These
are called Contextual tabs. For
example, when you select a picture the
“Picture tools” tab appear. Similarly, in Figure 1.5: Contextual tabs: Chart tools
the figure next, because a chart is
selected, the “Chart Tools” tabs are
shown.

Spreadsheet Basics 11
 1.4 Accessing the Ribbon using your keyboard
At first glance, you may think that the Ribbon is completely mouse-centric.
But in fact, the Ribbon is very keyboard friendly. The trick is to press the Alt
key to display the pop-up keytips. Each Ribbon control has a letter (or series
of letters) that you type to issue the command. After you press the associated
letters the commands are executed or related task window is opened.

Figure 1.6a: Accessing the Ribbon using your keyboard

 You don’t need to hold down Alt key to access key tips. Just click Alt key
once then you can see and select your shortcut key.
 Because new menus contain different shortcut keys, if you are used to
Figure 1.6b: Excel 2003 shortcut keys, you can still access them. When you press a
Excel 2003 shortcut keys shortcut key from Office 2003, it starts catching your shortcut key
sequence. And at the end, it executes the command. For example, in
Office 2003, Alt+O+C+H hides the selected columns. (Figure 1.6b)

1.5 The Shortcut menus and the Mini Toolbar

When you right click on any area, the shortcut menu is shown. The box above
the shortcut menu is known as the Mini toolbar and contains commonly used
tools from the Home tab. It doesn’t contain any relevant command, just those
that are most commonly used for whatever is selected.
The Mini toolbar was designed to reduce the distance your mouse has to
travel around the screen. It’s is especially useful when a tab other than Home
is selected.

Figure 1.7:
The Shortcut menus and Mini toolbar

If you don’t like to see Mini toolbar every time you right click,
you can turn it off from the Office button ➪Excel Options.
Uncheck the “Show Mini Toolbar on selection” option from
General tab.

Figure 1.8: Show/Hide Mini toolbar

12 Microsoft Excel
1.6 Customizing your Quick Access Toolbar
By default, the Ribbon doesn’t include all of the commands that are
available in Excel. You can add any command that you want to
have a quick access (that aren’t available by default in the Ribbon
or your most common commands) to QAT.
You could change all the toolbars and menu items in Office 2003.
But since Office 2007, you can customize only the Quick Access
Toolbar (QAT) and your custom tabs. Initially, QAT includes only:
Save, Undo and Redo commands.
Figure 1.9a: Customizing QAT
To add these commands to QAT, just right click on QAT and select
Customize from the menu. It will open the Excel Options window.
Here you can select the commands from the left pane and add them in QAT.

Figure 1.9b: Using Custom tabs in the Ribbon Figure 1.9c: Customizing QAT

1.7 Excel with the Numbers:

Excel 2003 Excel 2007 Excel 2010
Number of rows 65.536 1.048.576 1.048.576
Number of columns 256 16.384 16.384
Amount of memory used 1 Gbytes Maximum allowed Maximum allowed
Number of colors 56 4,3 billion 4,3 billion
Number of levels of sorting 3 64 64
Number of levels of undo 16 100 100
The total number of characters that can display in
1.000 32.767 32.767
a cell
Number of unique styles in a workbook 4.000 64.000 64.000
Maximum number of characters in a formula 1.000 8.192 8.192

Spreadsheet Basics 13
 1.8 Your First Excel Application
In this section, you will create a monthly growth project for a baby. Her mother
wants to see and analyze her growth. Every month, she kept height and
weight info in an Excel workbook.

1.8.1 Creating a New Workbook

Start Excel and make sure that you have an empty workbook displayed. To
create a new, blank workbook;

 press Office button and select New from the menu. It’ll show you another
window with some options. Select “Blank Workbook” Finally click Create
button on the right.

 Or simply press Ctrl+N to open a new blank workbook.

The Baby Growth project will consist of three columns of information. Column
Figure 1.10: Office button
A will contain the month names, column B will store the height info and finally
column C will store the weight. You start by entering some descriptive titles
into the worksheet. Here’s how to begin:

 Move the active cell pointer to A1 and write “Months” then press enter

 Write “Height” into B1 and “Weight” in C1

 Then go to A2 and write the birth month of the baby: “July”

Figure 1.11: Filling in series

1.8.2 Filling in the month names

 After you write the first month, Select A2 again and take your mouse
pointer to the bottom right corner of the active cell. You will see that your
Figure a mouse pointer changes into a black line plus sign.
 When you drag your mouse down, you’ll see that it’ll write all the series of
the months until the cell at which you drop your mouse.
 Next to months write the height and weight info into the cells as in the
figure on the next page.

Figure b

14 Microsoft Excel
1.8.3 Applying table format
 Select the entire table and click the “Format as Table” button from Styles
group in the Home tab. It will show you many different preformatted table
options.
 After you select one, it will ask you the location of Data for the table.
Because you selected the table before you start, just click OK.
 Now you have professionally designed a nice looking table.
Figure 1.12:
Format as Table dialog box

Figure 1.13: Applying table format

1.8.4 Creating a chart from your data

 Select the Months and Height columns.
 Click the Column button from the “Charts” group in the Insert menu. Then
select the “3-D Clustered Column” from the list.
 Now select the Months and Weight columns and click Clustered Cylinder
in the Charts group in the Insert menu.
 Your charts are ready now Figure 1.14: Chart Type and Subtype

Figure 1.15: Monthly Baby Growth Charts

Spreadsheet Basics 15
 1.8.5 Saving your document
Now you finished and you can save your document.
 You can click on the “Save” button from the QAT.
 Or, you can click the “Save” button from the Office button
 Or, use Ctrl + S shortcut keys
 It will show you the “Save As” dialog box. Write the File name (Baby
Growth) and click the Save button on the bottom right corner.

Figure 1.16: Saving the document

Excel’s new file formats are

 XLSX: A workbook file that does not contain macros
 XLSM: A workbook file that contains macros
 XLTX: A workbook template file that does not contain macros
 XLTM: A workbook template file that contains macros
 XLSA: An add-in file
 XLSB: A binary file similar to the old XLS format but able to accommodate
the new features
 XLSK: A backup file

16 Microsoft Excel
 Questions
1. What kind of program is Microsoft Excel? 5. Which is not the way of saving a workbook?
a. Word processing a. <Ctrl+F5>
b. Spreadsheet b. Click Save on the Home tab.
c. Database c. Click Save from the Office button.
d. Graphics d. <Ctrl+S>

2. You can reach all Excel commands from

the……. (Choose all that apply) 6. What file extension will normally be used
for a file created by Microsoft Excel?
a. Ribbon
a. ppt b. xlsb c. xlsx d. exe
b. Menu bar
c. Quick Access Toolbar
d. Status bar 4

1
3 2 5 6 7 8 9
3. Which of the following commands is not in Answer questions 7-10 according to this figure
the Home tab?
a. Print Preview 7. Which is used to change cell alignments?

b. Merge and center a. 1 b. 4 c. 5 d. 7

c. Copy
d. Increase font size
8. Which icon is used to print a worksheet or
chart?

4. Which of the following displays the cell a. 1 b. 8 c. 9 d. None

name?
a. Formula bar
b. Status bar 9. Which icon is used to copy the format of
c. Ribbon the cells?
d. Name box a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6

Spreadsheet Basics 17
10. Which icon is used to change border 14. Can you use all Excel 2003 shortcuts in
style? Excel 2007?
a. 5 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9 a. Some of them
b. Most of them
c. All of them
d. None of them
11. How many rows are there in an Excel 2007
document?
a. 65536
15. You can change the commands in the
b. 256 Ribbon.
c. 1048576 TRUE  FALSE 
d. 16384

12. How many columns are there in an Excel

2003 document?
a. 65536
b. 256
c. 1048576
d. 16384

13. What key is used to access Ribbon

commands?
a. Ctrl
b. Alt
c. Shift
d. Ctrl+Alt

18 Microsoft Excel
 WORKSHEET AND CELL OPERATIONS
2.1 Mouse Pointers
There are different mouse pointers when working with Excel.

The Select mouse pointer is used to select a cell or

a range.

Select Column/Row is used to select rows or

columns.

Unhide (show) a hidden row or column.

Copy/Fill series When you see this type of mouse

pointer, and drag your mouse while right button
pressed, a popup menu similar to Figure 2.1 will
appear next to the last cell:
1. Copy cells: Copies and applies the format of the
source cell to destination cells
2. Fill series: While applying the source format,
automatically defines incrementation in the source,
and fills series.
3. Fill formatting only: Just applies the formatting of
the source cell(s) to the destination
4. Fill without formatting: Fill series or copy without
formatting.
Figure 2.1: Fill series popup menu
Move mouse pointer is used to move a range. Select
the range that you want to move, then position your
mouse pointer over a cell corner. When you see this
type of mouse pointer drag it to the place that you
want to move to. If the destination cells have data in
To activate Smart Tags, choose them, Excel will prompt to overwrite.
the Office ➪Excel Options and
click the Advanced Tab. Set Resize is used to resize columns or rows
“Show Paste Options” in Cut
Copy Paste options.

20 Microsoft Excel
2.2 Cell Operations
2.2.1 Selecting a Cell or an Area
When you see the Select type of mouse pointer and click a cell, Microsoft
Excel makes it the Active cell. When you click a cell and drag the mouse to
another cell, all the cells between them will be selected as a range.
Press Ctrl+A on an empty area to select all the cells in a worksheet. If the
active cell indicator is in a list (table), Ctrl+A will only select the table.

2.2.2 Entering data in a cell

In order to enter data or formula in a cell, select it and type what you need
followed by Enter key. If you need to type multiple lines of text in the same
cell, press <Alt+Enter> at the end of each line. If you want to cancel your data
entry and return the cell to the
By default, when you press the Enter key, Excel automatically moves the cell
previous state, press Esc key.
pointer to the next cell down. To change this setting, choose Office ➪Excel
Options and click the Advanced tab. The check box that controls this
behavior is labeled: “After Pressing Enter, Move Selection”. You can also
specify the direction in which the cell pointer moves (down, left, up, or right).
Your choice is completely a matter of personal preference.

Figure 2.2: Moving selection, after entering data

2.2.3 Using arrow keys instead of pressing Enter

When you’re finished making a cell entry, you can also use any of the
direction keys to complete the entry. Not surprisingly, these direction keys
take you in the direction that you indicate. For example, if you’re entering data
in a row, press the right-arrow key rather than Enter. The other arrow keys
work as expected, and you can even use PgUp and PgDn.

Worksheet and Cell Operations 21

 2.2.4 Moving Through a Selected Area
In order to move throughout a selected area, after entering the data or
formula, without changing the selected range, four combinations can be
used;
1. <Enter> : Normally; the active cell moves to the next cell down.
2. <Shift+Enter>: the cell above becomes the active cell.
3. <Tab> : the right cell becomes the active cell.
4. <Shift+Tab> : the left cell becomes the active cell.
You can also use the F8 key to On all of these options, after you reach to the end of a column or row, if you
select a range. First, activate the
again press the same key, the active cell goes automatically to the beginning
first cell of the selection and
press F8. Then, using your of the next column or row.
keyboard or mouse, select the
last cell. Press F8 again to finish
selection. 2.2.5 Selecting multiple cells, rows or columns
Using the SHIFT key and mouse (or with arrow keys), you can select multiple
consecutive cells, rows, or columns. For this, first you select the initial cell,
Press [Ctrl + Spacebar] to select then hold down the SHIFT key, using arrow keys or mouse, select the final
the active column and [Shift + cell. Excel will automatically select all the cells between the first and last
Spacebar] to select the active locations.
row.
Using the CTRL key and left mouse click, you can select multiple cells from
different places. You can use the same method with rows or columns.

2.2.6 Entering data in an area

After you select your data range, using the four combinations that we
discussed in Section 2.2.4, you can move through and enter your data. In
place of ENTER, use <Ctrl+Enter> to fill all the selected range with the same
text.
When you enter information in the same column Excel provides an easy tool:
AutoComplete. When you enter an item in a list Excel checks the rows above
it. If there is another item starting with the same characters, it completes the
rest of the word for you. If you want to enter a different word just continue. But,
Figure 2.3: AutoComplete
if you want to enter the suggested word here, just press enter.

Example 2.1: Prepare your class list for informatics marks. Select the marks
as a range and enter marks for all students using Ctrl+Enter.

22 Microsoft Excel
2.2.7 Entering numbers with fractions

To enter a fractional value into a cell, leave a space between the whole

number and the fraction. For example, to enter (three and a half), enter

3 1/2 and then press Enter. When you select the cell, 3.5 appears in the

Formula bar, and the cell entry appears as a fraction.

If you have a fraction only (for example, 1⁄8), you must enter a zero first, like
Figure 2.4:
this: 0 1/8—otherwise, Excel will likely assume that you’re entering a date. Entering numbers with fractions

When you select the cell and look at the Formula bar, you see 0.125. In the

cell, you see 1⁄8.

2.2.8 Modifying Cell Contents

After you enter a value or text into a cell, you can modify it in several ways:

Erase the cell contents

Replace the cell contents with something else

Edit the cell contents

To erase the contents just select the range of cells and press the Del button
on the keyboard. Or for replacing, just select the cell and type your new data.
But for modifying the contents we have something more to talk about.

If the cell contains only a few characters, replacing its contents by typing new
data is usually easier. But if the cell contains lengthy text or a complex formula
and you need to make only a slight modification, you probably want to edit
the cell rather than re-enter information. When you want to edit the contents
of a cell, you can use one of the following ways to enter cell-edit mode:

Double-clicking the cell

Selecting the cell and pressing F2

Selecting the cell that you want to edit and then clicking inside the
Formula bar

enables you to edit the cell contents. You can use whichever method you
prefer. Some people find editing directly in the cell easier; others prefer to
use the Formula bar to edit a cell.

Worksheet and Cell Operations 23

 2.3 Cell, Row or Column Operations
2.3.1 Resizing and auto sizing rows columns:
Using the Resize mouse pointer, you can change the width of columns and
height of rows. First select the column(s), then, when you see the Resize
mouse pointer drag to the width that you want to.

Figure 2.5a If you select multiple rows (columns) with either the CTRL or SHIFT keys, and
then you change the height of one row, MS. Excel automatically applies the
same height to all other selected rows.
For auto sizing rows or columns, after you select your range, move your
mouse pointer to the right border of a row or column, when you see the
Resize mouse pointer, double click on it. You can also AutoFit the column
width for only the selected range: Home➪ Cells➪ Format ➪AutoFit Column
Width.
To set the row height precisely, select the rows first and then select Row
Height from Format group. It will show you an input box. Instead of trying an
approximate value, you can write a fix value in pixels for the height or width.

2.3.2 Hiding and Unhiding Cells

Figure 2.5b: When hiding rows or columns, they physically exist but their height or width is
Resizing columns
made zero, so that they are not visible. Using the Resize mouse pointer, you
can set the width of a column to zero and hide it. Or, from the popup menu,
you can select the Hide command to do the same operation. Later, they can
be shown, using Format ➪Hide & Unhide button in Cells group in Home Tab.

2.3.3 Deleting – Inserting

a. A cell or a group of cells
When you want to delete a cell itself (not the content of that cell, all the cell
itself and contents physically) right click on it and select Delete from the
popup menu. Because the cell will be deleted physically, like a wall of bricks,
the space cannot be empty, other cells will fill in the space.
In this case, after deleting the selected range, you will have four options, in
order to fill the space. It will,
Figure 2.6: Delete dialog box 1. Shift cells left: move the cells on the right to left
2. Shift cells up: move the bottom cells up
3. Entire row: delete the entire row(s) and move all of the bottom rows up.
4. Entire column: delete the entire column(s).

24 Microsoft Excel
When inserting cells, the process is similar to deletion. In order to add / open
new physical space, some cells need to be moved. You can move right, or
down, or you can insert an entire row or column. If you insert a row then all
the rows will be moved one down. If your last row contains data, it will ask you
to move this data into a different location or clear it and try again.

b. Rows or columns
There is another method to delete rows. After selecting the rows heading that Figure 2.7: Insert cells dialog box
you want to delete, right click the selected area and select Delete. It will
directly delete the selected rows or columns.

2.4 Cut, copy, paste operations

Cut, Copy, and Paste operations are similar to other Windows applications.
After you select a range, right click on the selected area. From the popup
menu, select Cut or Copy. The cells are copied into the office clipboard and
ready to be pasted. Just select the starting cell of the destination, and then
from the popup menu select Paste. This will paste all data and formats of the
source to the destination.

2.4.1 Paste Special

Paste special is one of the most efficient features of Excel. In many
conditions, you cannot copy all: formats, data, formulas, etc. to the destination.
Sometimes, you want to copy only the values or formulas or comments. For
this purpose, Paste Special offers many useful options for users. Most of
them are clear in the meaning and don’t need any further explanation.
1. All: Pastes all, which is the same as regular paste.
Figure 2.8:
2. Formulas: Pastes just the formula while adjusting the formula according Paste special dialog box
to the destination (See Absolute and Relative Reference in Section 5.3.2).
3. Values: Pastes only the resulting values of formulas.
4. Formats: Paste only the format.
5. Comments: Paste only the comments.
6. All using Source theme: Pastes all cell contents in the document theme
formatting that is applied to the copied data.

Operation
When having numerical values, you can use Paste special to make arithmetic
operations. For example, you can copy a range over another range and
select the Multiply operation. Excel multiplies the values in the source and the
destination ranges and replaces the destination with the new values.
Figure 2.9:
Paste special button options

Worksheet and Cell Operations 25

 1. None: No operation
2. Add: the source value is arithmetically added to the destination.
3. Subtract: The source value is subtracted from the destination.
4. Multiply: Multiplies the source and destination values.
5. Divide: Divides the destination by the source value.

Skip blanks: It doesn’t paste anything over the destination if the source cell
is empty.
Transpose: Shifts the vertical and horizontal orientation of the cell range. If
your cells are horizontally adjacent, it will rotate them to a vertical list.
Paste Link: Pastes the cell link formula to the destination so that when you
change the source, the destination is also changed.

2.5 Worksheet Operations

2.5.1 Deleting a worksheet:
If you are sure to delete the Entire worksheet, right click on the worksheet
name then select Delete from the popup menu. There is no undo after you
delete a worksheet and you cannot get your data back, Excel will ask whether
you are sure to delete or not.

2.5.2 Renaming a worksheet:

In order to rename a worksheet, right click on the worksheet name and then
select Rename from the menu. Or you can also double click on the worksheet
name and make your change.
When renaming worksheets you should know these details:
Figure 2.10: Deleting a worksheet

Sheet names can be up to 31 chars (characters)

Spaces are allowed and each is counted as one char

Following chars are not allowed in sheet names: (?) Question mark, (*)
Asterisk, (:) Column, (/) Slash, (\) Backslash

1 2.5.3 Moving or copying a worksheet

This option lets you Move or Copy the selected worksheet to a different
2 location in the same file or in another file. To Move or Copy a worksheet, right
click on its name, then select Move or Copy… The Move or Copy dialog box
will open. From To Book: combo box 1 , you can select to which workbook
3 to copy. If you check Create a copy 3 , the source worksheet will be copied
to the new location. Otherwise, it will be moved to.

Figure 2.11: Move or copy The list box in the middle 2 shows the worksheets of the selected
worksheet dialog box workbook. The source worksheet will be inserted before the selected sheet.

26 Microsoft Excel
2.5.4 Inserting an empty worksheet
Sometimes, you may need a new worksheet. Right-click on a
worksheet name, and from the popup menu select Insert.
Excel will open the Insert window.
There are two tabs in this window. The general tab shows
general options: Dialog, Chart, Macro or Worksheet. If you
select the Worksheet option, it will insert an empty worksheet.
If you select the Chart option, it will show necessary tools to
prepare a chart and so on. The chart, macro and dialog box
options will be studied later.
The Spreadsheet solutions are ready to use, predesigned
Excel workbook templates. Like: Personal monthly budget,
etc. They are from MS. Office and you can find many more on
Office Online. Figure 2.12: Insert dialog box

2.5.5 Selecting Multiple Worksheets

Similar to selecting multiple cells, using the CTRL and SHIFT keys you can
select multiple worksheets. When selecting an adjacent group of worksheets,
first select the starting worksheet. Then while holding down the SHIFT key,
select the last sheet of the adjacent list. All of the worksheets between these
two will be selected.
When selecting nonadjacent worksheets, select the first worksheet and then
hold down CTRL and click the other worksheets one by one.
After selecting multiple worksheets, your formatting and cell entries or
When you work on multiple
column row operations are applied to all selected sheets.
workbooks you can switch
between workbooks using
Ctrl+Tab or Ctrl+F6.
2.5.6 Changing the active worksheet
Using the <Ctrl+PgUp> or <Ctrl+PgDn> keys, you can activate different
sheets. Or, using the navigation buttons, you can move through the
worksheets and use the mouse to activate the worksheet that you want.
If you want to select multiple worksheets, hold down the CTRL or SHIFT keys
and use the Page Up or Page Down and Space bar keys.

2.5.7 Hiding or Unhiding a worksheet

Hiding sheets in some situations can be useful. When you design a workbook
and you don’t want users to see your program details, you can hide it. You
can (un)hide worksheets from Home ➪ Cells ➪Format➪ Hide&Unhide. When
you select Hide, selected sheet(s) are hidden. Later, they can be shown from
the same place using the Unhide command. (Or, right click on the Sheet Tabs
and select Hide or Unhide.)
Figure 2.13: Hiding sheets

Worksheet and Cell Operations 27

 In order to not permit others to see and make changes on your hidden
sheets, you need to protect your workbook from: Review ➪Changes
➪Protect workbook, and click the Structure option in the dialog box.
We have another hide option since Excel 2007.

Display the Properties window from the Developer ➪Controls tab.

Select the sheet that you want to fully hide from the combobox above.

Then Select Veryhidden option from the options.

Be careful that the sheets cannot be shown using these normal ways.
Because they are made very hidden and will not appear any more in the
Properties window. But, you can unhide those using macros that we’ll discuss
in Chapter 9, using following statement:
Figure 2.14: Sheet properties
ActiveWorkBook.WorkSheets(“Sheet1”).Visible = True

If the Developer tab’s not visible,

you can show it from Excel
Options ➪ Customize Ribbon.

28 Microsoft Excel
 Questions
1. Without using the mouse or the arrow 5. Which key combination is used to change
keys, what is the fastest way of getting to the active worksheet?
cell A1 in a spreadsheet?
a. <Ctrl+Page Up>
a. <Home> b. <Shift+Home>
b. <Shift+Page Up>
c. <Ctrl+Home> d. <Alt+Home>
c. <Ctrl+Spacebar>
d. <Alt+Page Down>
2. How do you select an entire row?
a. View>Select>Row from the menu.
6. To select multiple cells, which keys are
b. Click the Row heading. held down while clicking the mouse?
c. Hold down the CTRL key as you click a. ALT or SHIFT
anywhere in the row.
b. ALT or CTRL
d. Hold down the SHIFT key as you click
anywhere in the row. c. SHIFT or CTRL
d. ALT and SHIFT or CTRL

3. What is <Shift+Tab> used for?

a. Moves the active cell indicator one cell down. 7. Which key is used to modify data in a
selected cell?
b. Moves the active cell indicator one cell up.
a. F1 b. F2 c. F3 d. F4
c. Moves the active cell indicator one cell right.
d. Moves the active cell indicator one cell left.
8. To select all cells in a worksheet press,
a. <Ctrl+X> b. <Alt+V>
4. To delete a column,
c. <Ctrl+B> d. <Ctrl+A>
a. Right click on the column heading then
select Delete from the menu.
b. Click on a column name and then press the 9. Which of the following is not a way to
DELETE key. complete a cell entry?
c. Select the cells which you want to delete, a. Click the Enter button on the formula bar
and then press the delete key on the
b. Press any arrow key on the keyboard
keyboard.
c. Press ENTER
d. Select the cells which you want to delete,
and then press <Ctrl+Spacebar> d. Press INSERT

Worksheet and Cell Operations 29

10. Which of the following is different from the 14. Which of the following are true for
others? inserting a row?
a. Cell b. Row I. Right-click the row heading where you
want to insert the new row and select
c. Column d. Gridline
Insert from the popup menu.
II. Select the row heading where you want to
insert the new row then select Rows from
11. Which keystrokes must be used to copy the Insert tab.
selected cells? III. Right click on the cell where you want to
a. <Ctrl+X> and <Ctrl+V> insert the new row, select Insert then
select the Entire row.
b. <Ctrl+C> and <Ctrl+V>
IV. Select the cell where you want to insert
c. <Shift+V> and <Ctrl+C> the new row and select Home ➪Cells ➪
d. <Ctrl+Z> and <Ctrl+V> Insert Sheet Rows.
a. I, III, IV b. II, III
c. II, III, IV d. I, II, III, IV
12. What key combination is used when
entering a text in all the selected cells?
a. <Ctrl+Insert>
b. <Shift+Insert>
c. <Ctrl+Enter>
d. <Alt+Enter>

15. Which of the followings is not a way of

13. Which of the following is not a method for deleting a column?
adjusting the width of a column? a. Right-click the column heading you want to
a. Double-click the column header’s name. delete and select Delete from the popup
menu.
b. Drag the column header’s right border to
the left or right. b. Select the column heading you want to
delete and click Delete from Home ➪Cells.
c. Select the column header and click the
Column Width button on Home➪ Cells➪ c. Select the column heading you want to
Format. delete and select the Delete Row button on
the Developer tab.
d. Right click on the column header, select
Column Width from the popup menu, and d. Select a cell in the column which you want
enter its new width. to delete, right click on it and select Delete
then select Entire column.

30 Microsoft Excel
16. If you extend the following series two cells 17. To copy format of one cell and apply it to
down while the first two cells are selected, another cell you would use:
what are the new dates in the 3rd and 4th
a. The Copy Format and the Paste Format
rows?
commands from Home ➪Styles.
A b. The Format Painter button in the Home tab.
1 Friday, October 01, 2004 c. There is no way to copy and apply
2 Tuesday, October 05, 2004 formatting in Excel—you would have to do
it manually.
a. Friday, October 01, 2005 - Tuesday, d. The Copy and Apply Formatting dialog box,
October 05, 2006 which is located under the Home ➪Format
b. Wednesday, October 06, 2004 - Thursday, tab.
October 07, 2004
c. Friday, October 09, 2004 - Tuesday, 18. If you want to subtract the values in a range
October 13, 2004 from another range, what do you have to
d. Saturday, October 09, 2004 - Wednesday, use?
October 13, 2004 a. Shift+Enter
b. Paste Special
c. Entering numbers with fraction
d. F2

Worksheet and Cell Operations 31

 Word Search Puzzle
S P A R A B E C A P S S D
P Y H A I J N C H J C E G
R O K B J Y W F E C R D K
E C O L U M N N R L O H U
A L O O V Y T Z X F L K C
D T B O P E R F X X L S X
S S K T R D R D N E I G P
H O R I Z O N T A L N Z V
E F O R M A T T I N G Q S
E Y W F M X W P W C H C J
T P B M V B D C I L A T I
B J O E N O B B I R L L C
G C W N V C B Q P V K O J

Words Clues
Move on-screen text or images horizontally or vertically so new information appears
SCROLLING
on one side of the screen as older information disappears from the other side.
The longest key on the keyboard.
The new style toolbar since Office 2007
A font style.
The basic unit of a worksheet into in which you enter data.
It’s named with numbers and contains 16,384 cells.
Instruction.
Changing the color or style of text.
Something arranged across.
A font style.
It is named with letters and contains 1,048,576 cells.
A program which allows you to enter formulas in table format and then perform
calculations or create graphs.
Perpendicular to the horizon. Up and down.
Made up of sheets.
Default extension of an Excel document.

32 Microsoft Excel
 Practice
Use the next Figure for the questions 1 through 4.

1. Height of the rows in the table is 12.75. Change them to 15.

2. As shown in the figure, range B2:E2 is the title of the table. Move this
range to the bottom of the table.

3. Delete the 4th and 7th rows at the same time.

4. Add 3 columns between columns D and E.

5. Write numbers using the Fill Series command.

6. Change the active worksheet without using the mouse.

7. Type your name to all cells in the range A1: P20 using the fastest way.

8. As shown in the Figure below, can you turn yellow colored cells to blue at the same time?

9. Can you select all cells using the keyboard?

10. On the Figure right, Copy the cell C4 to C10 and Move the cell C6 to C11.

Worksheet and Cell Operations 33

11. How can you add the records from Table-2 to Table-1 to produce Table-3.

12. Sometimes you need to change the direction of your lists from vertical to horizontal or vice versa. Show
how you can change the list in Table 1 as in Table 2.

13. For the figure below, change the column widths of A, C, and E simultaneously. Then, Auto fit all the
columns at the same time.

34 Microsoft Excel
 FORMATTING YOUR DOCUMENTS
3.1 Formatting Tools
The old formatting toolbar has been integrated with the new Home tab. The
Formatting Tools here provide quick access to commonly used formatting
actions. When you put your mouse pointer over an icon, it is highlighted and
a descriptive tool tip appears.
The following are brief explanations for some common Home Tab Group
icons.

Selects font name size from drop down lists.

Increase or decrease font size

Font Styles: Bold, Italic or Underlined

Borders: Used to add / modify selected cell borders.

Fill Color: Used to change / apply fill color.

Figure 3.1: Font Group icons
Font Color: Used to change / apply font color.
Dialog Box Launcher: Opens the Format cell Dialog
box from which you can change all the properties of
the selected cells.

Applies vertical cell alignment to the selected range.

Change text direction in the selected range

Wrap text: Without changing the column width,
wraps the text from the end of the column to the next
row. See Example 3.1 below.
Applies horizontal cell alignment to the selected
range.
Decrease and Increase Indent: Changes the start
Figure 3.2: Alignment Group icons position of the text without changing the left margin.
Merge cells: Merges selected cell as if they are one
cell. Or, unmerges them back.

Example 3.1:
a. Before wrap text b. After wrap text

36 Microsoft Excel
 Number Format: Choose how the values in a cell are
displayed: as a percentage, as a currency, as a date
or time, etc.
Quick access to the currency, percentage or comma
style formats.
Increase or decrease the number of floating point Figure 3.3: Number group icons
digits.

Quick access to the Insert cells button

Quick access to the Delete cells button

Some quick format options like: Row height, Organize

sheets or Sheet protection Figure 3.4: Cells group icons

3.2 Using The Format Cells Dialog Box

This section explains changing formats such as number formatting,
alignment, font, border, patterns and protection of a range of cells. In most
cases, the number formats that are accessible from the Number group on the
Home tab are just fine.
Sometimes, however, you want more control over how your values appear.
Excel offers great control over number formats through the use of the Format
Cells dialog box. For formatting numbers, you need to use the Number tab.
You can bring up the Format Cells dialog box in several ways. Start by
selecting the cell or cells that you want to format and then do the following:
 Choose Home ➪ Number and click the small dialog box launcher icon.
Figure 3.5: Dialog box launcher
 Choose Home ➪ Number, click the Number Format drop-down list, and
select More Number Formats from the drop-down list.
 Right-click on the selected range and choose Format Cells from the
popup menu.
 Press the Ctrl+1 shortcut key.

3.2.1 Number
Number formatting refers to the process of changing the appearance of
values contained in cells. For faster and easier processing purposes, Excel
Remember that number formatting
keeps some other types as numbers in the cells.
effects only the appearance, not
For example dates are kept in the cells as numbers. Time info is kept as a the value. Also remember that
fractional number. But, with this formatting option, when showing this number, the formatting is applied to the
Excel shows us a date or time info. This is called Number Formatting. In the selected cells. So, you should
following sections, you see how to use many of Excel’s formatting options to select the destination cells,
quickly improve the appearance of your worksheets. before making any formatting
change.

Formatting Documents 37
 Category: Select the desired format from the Category box. Each item forms
a special formatting on the selected cells.
Sample: The next figure shows how the selected number format looks.
Figure 3.6: Formatting date

Preview the selected The following are the number-format categories, along
number formatting with some general comments:
 General: The default format; it displays numbers
as integers, as decimals, or in scientific notation if
the value is too wide to fit in the cell.
Selected Category
 Number: Enables you to specify the number of
decimal places, whether to use a comma to
Details of the separate thousands, and how to display negative
selected format numbers (with a minus sign, in red, in
parentheses, or in red and in parentheses). E.g.
Instead of 3.141593 you can define 2 decimal
places and it only shows 3.14.
More Information
 Currency: Enables you to specify the number of
decimal places, whether to use a currency
symbol, and how to display negative numbers
(with a minus sign, in red, in parentheses, or in red
Figure 3.7: Number Formatting options
and in parentheses). This format always uses a
comma to separate thousands. E.g. $2,500.00

 Accounting: Differs from the Currency format in that the currency

symbols always line up vertically.

 Date: Enables you to choose from several different date formats: July 28,
2007, 7/28/07, etc.

 Time: Enables you to choose from several different time formats: 10:30,
10:30:00 AM, 14:30, etc.

 Percentage: Enables you to choose the number of decimal places and

always displays a percent sign: 25%

 Fraction: Enables you to choose from among nine fraction formats: 6 7/8
which is 6.875

 Scientific: Displays numbers in exponential notation (with an E):

2.00E+05 = 200,000; 2.05E+05 = 205,000. You can choose the number
of decimal places to display to the left of E.

 Text: When applied to a value, causes Excel to treat the value as text
(even if it looks like a number).

38 Microsoft Excel
 Special: Contains four additional number formats (Zip Code, Zip Code
+4, Phone Number, and Social Security Number).
 Custom: Enables you to define custom number formats that aren’t
included in any other category.

Key Combination Formatting Applied

Ctrl+Shift+~ : General number format (that is AutoFormat)
Ctrl+Shift+$ : Currency format with two decimal places
Ctrl+Shift+% : Percentage format, with no decimal places
Ctrl+Shift+^ : Scientific notation number format, with two decimal places
Ctrl+Shift+# : Date format with the day, month, and year
Ctrl+Shift+@ : Time format with the hour, minute, and AM or PM
Ctrl+Shift+! : Two decimal places, thousands separator, and a hyphen for
negative values

Example 3.2: Do you wonder what day of the week you were born?
Solution: Excel will help you;
1. Type your birthday into B2, for example 12/6/1993. Note: Check your
system date format when entering the date. If this is not your date format, If you see in a
Excel may treat it as text or something else.
cell, it usually means that your
2. Open the Format Cells Dialog box, and then click the Number tab. column width is not enough to
3. Select Date then select “Monday, December 06, 1993” from the type box. show the formatted text.
4. Click OK.

3.2.2 Alignment
Alignment changes the horizontal or vertical alignment of cell contents,
based on options you choose.

Horizontal: Select an option in the horizontal list box 1 to change the 1

horizontal alignment of cell contents. Changing the alignment of data does 3
not change the data or the type. 2
5
Vertical: Select an option in the vertical list box 2 to change the vertical
alignment of cell contents. 4

Indent: 3 Puts distance between the left edge of cell and your text. Each
increment in the indent box is equivalent to the width of one character.

Figure 3.8: Alignment Tab

Formatting Documents 39
 Text Control: 4 You can adjust how you want the text to appear in the cell.
Wrap Text into multiple lines: The number of wrapped lines depends on the
width of the column and the length of the cell content. Shrink to fit: If you
check this option Excel will automatically reduce the font size so that all data
in the selected cell fits within the column. If you change the column width the
character size is adjusted automatically, but the applied font size is not
changed. Merge cells: Joins two or more selected cells into a single cell, or
unmerges the merged cells. This is often used to create labels that span
multiple columns.

Orientation: 5 You can change the text orientation in selected cells.

Degree: You can enter a number to change text orientation. Use a positive
number in the degree box to rotate the selected text from bottom left corner
to upper right. Use a negative number in the degree box to rotate the selected
text from the upper left to the bottom right corner in the cell.

3.2.3 Font
Font: select a font name to change the font of the selected cell text.
Font style: select a font style of the selected cell text.
Size: select a font size for the selected cell text. You can type any number
between 1 and 409 to change the size.
Underline: select an underline type format to apply to the selected cell text.
Color: select a color from the list to apply to the selected cell text.
Effects: select effects to apply from the Effects group box.
Strikethrough: draws a line through the selected text.
Superscript: changes the format of the selected text to superscript Eg. x2
Subscript: changes the format of the selected text to subscript Eg. H2O
Figure 3.9: Font Tab
Preview: shows how the selected text will appear.

3.2.4 Borders
3 Presets: Apply a border style using the Presets options 1 or remove an old
1
border style.
2
Line Style: Choose a border Line Style 3 , then click the border to which you
4 want to apply the new line style.

Line Color: 4 Select a color from the list to change the line color.

Border: You can add/remove any Border lines 2 by clicking on them. The
new lines will have the color and style you selected.
Figure 3.10: Border Tab

40 Microsoft Excel
3.2.5 Fill
In Excel 2007, we have some improvements in the Fill Tab. In Excel 2003, we
could use simple colors. But now, you are also able to use two color gradient
fill effects and patterns. Like in the other Office objects, each cell background
can be filled with patterns and effects. Secondly, you are not limited like in
Excel 2003. You can use theme colors or one of the more than 16 million
unique colors.

Figure 3.11: Fill Tab

3.2.6 Protection
Before protecting the sheet, first, you should Lock/Unlock necessary cells
from the Format cells dialog box. In the Protection tab, we have two
properties.
Locked: Prevents the selected cells from being changed, moved, resized, or
deleted. Locking cells has no effect unless the sheet is protected.
Hidden: If you check this option you will hide a formula in a cell, so that it
doesn’t appear in the formula bar when the cell is selected. Hiding cells has
no effect unless the sheet is protected.
After that, you can protect a sheet from the Home Tab ➪Cells ➪Format
➪Protect Sheet. When you click protect sheet, it will open a dialog box for
you. In this dialog box, mainly, it asks you two questions:
Figure 3.12: Format Cells ➪
1. Password
Protection
2. What to allow and protect.
By checking any of these options, you can allow users to use that property.
The people who know the password can unprotect and use all the properties
of the sheet. The people who don’t know the password can use only what you
allowed.

Example 3.3:
Select the range of the cells that you want to unlock. Then uncheck the
Locked check box from the Protection tab in the Format cells dialog box.
When you select Protect sheet from the Home tab, all cells are protected
Figure 3.13: Protect Sheet dialog
except for the ones you unlocked. box

Formatting Documents 41
 3.3 Document Themes
As all you know, professional designers first start their documents by color,
font and general designs. They spend their hours or days in design, after that,
they start booklet preparation. Not all people have that professional sense of
color and design; but they can be helped though.
In an effort to help users create more professional-looking documents, the
Office designers incorporated a concept known as document themes. Using
themes is an easy (and almost foolproof) way to specify the colors, fonts, and
a variety of graphic effects in a document. And best of all, changing the entire
look of your document is a breeze. A few mouse clicks is all it takes to apply
a different theme and change the look of your workbook.
Importantly, the concept of themes is incorporated into other Office apps.
Therefore, a company can easily create a standard look and feel for all its
Figure 3.14: Themes: Colors. Fonts, documents. For all of that, you just prepare your document with Styles.
Effects

A theme applies to the

workbook. So, you cannot use
different themes for different
worksheets.

3.4 Using Styles

A Style is a collection of formats such as font size,
color, patterns, and alignment that you can predefine
and save as a group. Once you have defined and
saved a style, you can apply all of the formatting
elements at once. Note that this is a live preview- as
you move your mouse over a style, the selected cell
range temporarily displays the change. The real power
of styles is apparent when you change a component of
a style. All cells that use that named style automatically
incorporate the change.
A Style can contain any (or all) of the following
formatting attributes:
 Number
 Font (type, size, and color)
 Borders
Figure 3.15 Using Styles
 Alignment
 Pattern
 Protection (locked and hidden)

42 Microsoft Excel
In order to apply a cell style, after you select your destination range, you click:
Home Tab ➪ Styles group ➪Cell Styles. It will show you the options as in
Figure 3.16. You select the style that you want to apply.
Using the New Cell Style… button you can open the Style dialog box and
create new styles from the selected cell formats. If you want to make further
changes in your format use the Format button under the Style Name box.
Because these subjects (Themes and Styles) much involved in design, you
can have a detailed reading from our MS. Word book.

3.5 Using Format Painter

Here is another very efficient tool in MS. Excel: Format Painter. After you Figure 3.16: Using Styles
design one of your cells to fit your needs, you can use the Format Painter to
apply the same format to others.
1. Select a source range
2. Click the Format Painter button on the Home Tab ➪ Clipboard Group
3. Click on the destination Another method to copy format is
With this, you can apply the source format to destination range only once. to use Paste Special.
After you select the range, if you double click on Format Painter icon, you can
apply the format more than once until you press the ESC key.

3.6 Using Tables

One of the most significant new features or changes came with the Excel
2007 was the tables logic. Excel, of course, has always been able to deal with
tables, but they accepted tables as columns and rows of data. But since
Excel 2007, it accepts tables as a special object and has special tools to
manipulate them.

3.6.1 What is table?

A table is just a rectangular range of cells that (usually) contains columns,
rows and headers. Each row in the table corresponds to a single entity. For
example, a row can contain information about a customer, a student, an
employee, or a product. Rows are also called Records.
Tables typically have a header row, at the top that describes the information
contained in each column. The items in this header row which are also called
Fields contain a specific piece of information which is the same for all the
records. For example, if each row contains information about an employee,
the columns can contain data such as name, employee number, hire date,
salary, department, etc. All of these are columns or fields of the table.

Formatting Documents 43
 3.6.2 Creating a table
To create a table, we use the Table command 1 in Insert Tab ➪ Tables
group. When you place active cell indicator 5 in a table range 6 and click
1 this button, Excel will automatically determine the table range and open the
Figure 3.17a: Inserting a Table ‘Create Table’ dialog box.

6
2
5 3 7

4
If you want to change the table
name, you can change it from Figure 3.17b: Create table dialog box
the Name Manager in the
Formulas tab. The table address will appear in the edit box 2 . If this is not the correct table
range, just erase it and using your mouse indicate the new address. If your
table already has headers, you check the ‘My table has headers’ check box
3 . And click OK 4 . Excel defines this range as a Table and gives a name
to it.

3.6.3 Table AutoFormat

AutoFormat is a built-in collection of formats: font sizes, patterns, and
alignments which you can quickly apply to a table. AutoFormat lets you select
from hundreds of different preset formats.
In Excel 2003, we had very few options for Table AutoFormat; there were 16
predefined Table AutoFormat options there. Now, working with tables is easier
than ever. All you need is to decide the best table color and design for your
document. The designers of Excel, probably, realized that such tables are
widely used in Excel, and they’ve taken the concept to a new professional
level. They placed hundreds of professional table color and design options.

3.6.4 Some facilities for tables

Figure 3.18: Table AutoFormat List
Once you designate a particular range to be a table (using the Insert ➪ Tables
➪ Table command), Excel provides you with some very efficient tools that
work with the table.
For example:
 You can apply attractive formatting with a single click.
 You can easily insert/change summary formulas in the table’s total row.
 If each cell in a column contains the same formula, you can edit one of
the formulas, and the others change automatically.

44 Microsoft Excel
 You can easily toggle the display of the table’s header row and totals row.
 Removing duplicate entries is easy.
 Autofiltering and sorting options have been expanded.
 If you create a chart from a table, the chart will always reflect the data in
the table—even if you add new rows.
 If you scroll a table downwards so that the header row is no longer visible,
the table headers now are displayed where the worksheet column letters
would be.

Figure 3.19: Table headers in the column headings place

Example 3.4:
Prepare the following table for a Real Estate Agency, and format it.

Figure 3.20: Real Estate Agency

3.7 Conditional Formatting

Conditional Formatting formats cells only if a condition is satisfied. For
example, you could use conditional formatting to display a student's mark
that is
 5(Excellent) in Light red fill with dark red text, and
 light yellow fill with dark yellow text if the student’s grade is 2(bad).
If the value of the cell changes and no longer meets the specified condition,
the cell returns to its original formatting.

Figure 3.21: Conditional Formatting

Formatting Documents 45
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The impulse given by religious truth to the latent liberties of the
people was felt for the first time in the parliament of 1529. The
representatives shared the lively feelings of their constituents, and
took their seats with the firm resolve to introduce the necessary
reforms in the affairs of both Church and State. Indeed, on the very
first day several members pointed out the abuses of the clerical
domination, and proposed to lay the desires of the people before the
king.
The Commons might of their own accord have applied to the task,
and, by proposing rash changes, have given the Reform a character
of violence that might have worked confusion in the State; but they
preferred petitioning the king to take the necessary measures to
carry out the wishes of the nation; and accordingly a petition,
respectfully worded, but in clear and strong language, was agreed
to. The Reformation began in England, as in Switzerland and
Germany, with personal conversions. The individual was reformed
first; but it was necessary for the people to reform afterwards, and
the measures requisite to success could not be taken, in the
sixteenth century, without the participation of the governing powers.
Freely, therefore, and nobly, a whole nation was about to express to
their ruler their grievances and wishes.
Petition Of The On one of the first days of the session the
Commons. speaker and certain members, who had
been ordered to accompany him, proceeded to the palace. “Your
highness,” they began, “of late much discord, variance, and debate
hath arisen, and more and more daily is likely to increase and ensue
amongst your subjects, to the great inquietation, vexation, and
breach of your peace, of which the chief causes followingly do
ensue.”[14]
This opening could not fail to excite the king’s attention and the
Speaker of the House of Commons began boldly to unroll the long
list of the grievances of England. “First, the prelates of your most
excellent realm, and the clergy of the same, have in their
convocations made many and divers laws without your most royal
assent, and without the assent of any of your lay subjects.
“And also many of your said subjects, and specially those that be of
the poorest sort, be daily called before the said spiritual ordinaries or
their commissaries, on the accusement of light and indiscreet
persons, and be excommunicated and put to excessive and
impostable charges.
“The prelates suffer the priests to exact divers sums of money for
the sacraments, and sometimes deny the same without the money
be first paid.
“Also the said spiritual ordinaries do daily confer and give sundry
benefices unto certain young folks, calling them their nephews or
kinsfolk, being in their minority and within age, not apt nor able to
serve the cure of any such benefice ... whereby the said ordinaries
accumulate to themselves large sums of money, and the poor silly
souls of your people perish without doctrine or any good teaching.
“Also a great number of holydays be kept throughout this your
realm, upon the which many great, abominable, and execrable vices,
idle and wanton sports be used, which holydays might by your
majesty be made fewer in number.
“And also the said spiritual ordinaries commit divers of your subjects
to ward, before they know either the cause of their imprisonment, or
the name of their accuser.”[15]
Thus far the Commons had confined themselves to questions that
had been discussed more than once; they feared to touch upon the
subject of heresy before the Defender of the Roman Faith. But there
were evangelical men among their number who had been eye-
witnesses of the sufferings of the reformed. At the peril, therefore,
of offending the king, the Speaker boldly took up the defence of the
pretended heretics.
“If heresy be ordinarily laid unto the charge of the person accused,
the said ordinaries put to them such subtle interrogatories
concerning the high mysteries of our faith, as are able quickly to trap
a simple unlearned layman. And if any heresy be so confessed in
word, yet never committed in thought or deed, they put the said
person to make his purgation. And if the party so accused deny the
accusation, witnesses of little truth or credence are brought forth for
the same, and deliver the party so accused to secular hands.”
The Speaker was not satisfied with merely pointing out the disease:
“We most humbly beseech your Grace, in whom the only remedy
resteth, of your goodness to consent, so that besides the fervent
love your Highness shall thereby engender in the hearts of all your
Commons towards your Grace, ye shall do the most princely feat,
and show the most charitable precedent that ever did sovereign lord
upon his subjects.”
The king listened to the petition with his characteristic dignity, and
also with a certain kindliness. He recognized the just demands in the
petition of the Commons, and saw how far they would support the
religious independence to which he aspired. Still, unwilling to take
the part of heresy, he selected only the most crying abuses, and
desired his faithful Commons to take their correction upon
themselves. He then sent the petition to the bishops, requiring them
to answer the charges brought against them, and added that
henceforward his consent would be necessary to give the force of
law to the acts of Convocation.
Reply Of The This royal communication was a thunderbolt
Bishops. to the prelates. What! the bishops, the
successors of the apostles, accused by the representatives of the
nation, and requested by the king to justify themselves like
criminals!... Had the Commons of England forgotten what a priest
was? These proud ecclesiastics thought only of the indelible virtues
which, in their view, ordination had conferred upon them, and shut
their eyes to the vices of their fallible human nature. We can
understand their emotion, their embarrassment, and their anger. The
Reformation which had made the tour of the continent was at the
gates of England; the king was knocking at their doors. What was to
be done? they could not tell. They assembled, and read the petition
again and again. The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of
London, Lincoln, St. Asaph, and Rochester carped at it and replied to
it. They would willingly have thrown it into the fire,—the best of
answers in their opinion; but the king was waiting, and the
Archbishop of Canterbury was commissioned to enlighten him.
Warham did not belong to the most fanatical party; he was a
prudent man, and the wish for reform had hardly taken shape in
England when, being uneasy and timid, he had hastened to give a
certain satisfaction to his flock by reforming abuses which he had
sanctioned for thirty years.[16] But he was a priest, a Romish priest;
he represented an inflexible hierarchy. Strengthened by the clamors
of his colleagues, he resolved to utter the famous non possumus,
less powerful, however, in England than in Rome.
“Sire,” he said, “your Majesty’s Commons reproach us with
uncharitable behavior.... On the contrary, we love them with hearty
affection, and have only exercised the spiritual jurisdiction of the
Church upon persons infected with the pestilent poison of heresy. To
have peace with such had been against the gospel of our Saviour
Christ, wherein he saith, I came not to send peace, but a sword.
“Your Grace’s Commons complain that the clergy daily do make laws
repugnant to the statutes of your realm. We take our authority from
the Scriptures of God, and shall always diligently apply to conform
our statutes thereto; and we pray that your Highness will, with the
assent of your people, temper your Grace’s laws accordingly;
whereby shall ensue a most sure and hearty conjunction and
agreement.
“They accuse us of committing to prison before conviction such as
be suspected of heresy.... Truth it is that certain apostates, friars,
monks, lewd priests, bankrupt merchants, vagabonds, and idle
fellows of corrupt intent have embraced the abominable opinions
lately sprung up in Germany; and by them some have been seduced
in simplicity and ignorance. Against these, if judgment has been
exercised according to the laws of the Church, we be without blame.
“They complain that two witnesses be admitted, be they never so
defamed, to vex and trouble your subjects to the peril of their lives,
shames, costs, and expenses.... To this we reply, the judge must
esteem the quality of the witness; but in heresy no exception is
necessary to be considered, if their tale be likely. This is the
universal law of Christendom, and hath universally done good.
“They say that we give benefices to our nephews and kinsfolk, being
in young age or infants, and that we take the profit of such
benefices for the time of the minority of our said kinsfolk. If it be
done to our own use and profit, it is not well; but if it be bestowed
to the bringing up and use of the same parties, or applied to the
maintenance of God’s service, we do not see but that it may be
allowed.”
As for the irregular lives of the priests, the prelates remarked that
they were condemned by the laws of the Church, and consequently
there was nothing to be said on that point.
Lastly, the bishops seized the opportunity of taking the offensive:
—“We entreat of your Grace to repress heresy. This we beg of you,
lowly upon our knees, so entirely as we can.”[17]
Such was the brief of Roman Catholicism in England. Its defence
would have sufficed to condemn it.
 CHAPTER III.
REFORMS.
(End of 1529.)

Indignation At The The answer of the bishops was criticised in

Reply. the royal residence, in the House of
Commons, at the meetings of the burgesses, in the streets of the
capital, and in the provinces, everywhere exciting a lively
indignation. “What!” said they, “the bishops accuse the most pious
and active Christians of England,—men like Bilney, Fryth, Tyndale,
and Latimer,—of that idleness and irregularity of which their monks
and priests are continually showing us examples. To no purpose
have the Commons indisputably proved their grievances, if the
bishops reply to notorious facts by putting forward their scholastic
system. We condemn their practice, and they take shelter behind
their theories; as if the reproach laid against them was not precisely
that their lives are in opposition to their laws. ‘The fault is not in the
Church,’ they say. But it is its ministers that we accuse.”
The indignant parliament boldly took up the axe, attacked the tree,
and cut off the withered and rotten branches. One bill followed
another, irritating the clergy, but filling the people with joy. When the
legacy dues were under discussion, one of the members drew a
touching picture of the avarice and cruelty of the priests. “They have
no compassion,” he said. “The children of the dead should all die of
hunger and go begging, rather than they would of charity give to
them the silly cow which the dead man owed, if he had only one.”
There was a movement of indignation in the house, and they
forbade the clergy to take any mortuary fees when the effects were
small.
“And that is not all,” said another. “The clergy monopolize large
tracts of land, and the poor are compelled to pay an extravagant
price for whatever they buy. They are everything in the world but
preachers of God’s Word and shepherds of souls. They buy and sell
wool, cloth, and other merchandise; they keep tanneries and
breweries.... How can they attend to their spiritual duties in the
midst of such occupations?”[18] The clergy were consequently
prohibited from holding large estates or carrying on the business of
merchant, tanner, brewer, etc. At the same time plurality of
benefices (some ignorant priests holding as many as ten or twelve)
was forbidden, and residence was enforced. The Commons further
enacted that any one seeking a dispensation for non-residence (even
were the application made to the pope himself) should be liable to a
heavy fine.
The clergy saw at last that they must reform. They forbade priests
from keeping shops and taverns, playing at dice or other games of
chance, passing through towns and villages with hawks and hounds,
being present at unbecoming entertainments, and spending the
night in suspected houses.[19] Convocation proceeded to enact
severe penalties against these disorders, doubling them for adultery,
and tripling them for incest. The laity asked how it was that the
Church had waited so long before coming to this resolution, and
whether these scandals had become criminal only because the
Commons condemned them?
Bishops Accuse The But the bishops who reformed the lower
Commons. clergy did not intend to resign their own
privileges. One day, when a bill relating to wills was laid before the
upper house, the Archbishop of Canterbury and all the other prelates
frowned, murmured, and looked uneasily around them.[20] They
exclaimed that the Commons were heretics and schismatics, and
almost called them infidels and atheists. In all places good men
required that morality should again be united with religion, and that
piety should not be made to consist merely in certain ceremonies,
but in the awakening of the conscience, a lively faith, and holy
conduct. The bishops, not discerning that God’s work was then being
accomplished in the world, determined to maintain the ancient order
of things at all risks.
Their efforts had some chance of success, for the House of Lords
was essentially conservative. The Bishop of Rochester, a sincere but
narrow-minded man, presuming on the respect inspired by his age
and character, boldly came forward as the defender of the Church.
“My lords,” he said, “these bills have no other object than the
destruction of the Church; and, if the Church goes down, all the
glory of the kingdom will fall with it. Remember what happened to
the Bohemians. Like them our Commons cry out,—‘Down with the
Church!’ Whence cometh that cry? Simply from lack of faith.... My
lords, save the country, save the Church.”
This speech made the Commons very indignant. Some members
thought the bishop denied that they were Christians. They sent
thirty of their leading men to the king. “Sire,” said the Speaker, “it is
an attaint upon the honor of your Majesty to calumniate before the
upper house those whom your subjects have elected. They are
accused of lack of faith, that is to say, they are no better than Turks,
Saracens, and heathens. Be pleased to call before you the bishop
who has insulted your Commons.”
The king made a gracious reply, and immediately sent one of his
officers to invite the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of
Rochester, and six other prelates to appear before him. They came,
quite uneasy as to what the prince might have to say to them. They
knew that, like all the Plantagenets, Henry VIII. would not suffer his
clergy to resist him. Immediately the king informed them of the
complaint made by the Commons, their hearts sank, and they lost
courage. They thought only how to escape the prince’s anger, and
the most venerated among them, Fisher, having recourse to
falsehood, asserted that, when speaking about “lack of faith,” he had
not thought of the Commons of England, but of the Bohemians only.
The other prelates confirmed this inadmissible interpretation. This
was a graver fault than the fault itself, and the unbecoming evasion
was a defeat to the clerical party from which they never recovered.
The king allowed the excuse; but he afterwards made the bishops
feel the little esteem he entertained for them. As for the House of
Commons, it loudly expressed the disdain aroused in them by the
bishops’ subterfuge.
One chance of safety still remained to them. Mixed committees of
the two houses examined the resolutions of the Commons. The
peers, especially the ecclesiastical peers, opposed the reform by
appealing to usage. “Usage!” ironically observed a Gray’s-inn lawyer;
“the usage hath ever been of thieves to rob on Shooter’s hill, ergo it
is lawful, and ought to be kept up!” This remark sorely irritated the
prelates: “What! our acts are compared to robberies!” But the
lawyer, addressing the Archbishop of Canterbury, seriously
endeavored to prove to him that the exactions of the clergy, in the
matter of probates and mortuaries, were open robbery. The
temporal lords gradually adopted the opinions of the Commons.
In the midst of these debates, the king did not lose sight of his own
interests. Six years before, he had raised a loan among his subjects;
he thought parliament ought to relieve him of this debt. This
demand was opposed by the members most devoted to the principle
of the Reformation; John Petit, in particular, the friend of Bilney and
Tyndale, said, in parliament,—“I give the king all I lent him; but I
cannot give him what others have lent him.” Henry was not,
however, discouraged, and finally obtained the act required.
Pluralism Abolished. The king soon showed that he was pleased
with the Commons. Two bills met with a
stern opposition from the Lords; they were those abolishing
pluralism and non-residence. These two customs were so convenient
and advantageous that the clergy determined not to give them up.
Henry, seeing that the two houses would never agree, resolved to
cut the difficulty. At his desire eight members from each met one
afternoon in the Star Chamber. There was an animated discussion;
but the lay lords, who were in the conference, taking part with the
commons, the bishops were forced to yield. The two bills passed the
Lords the next day, and received the king’s assent. After this triumph
the king adjourned parliament in the middle of December.
The different reforms that had been carried through were important,
but they were not the Reformation. Many abuses were corrected,
but the doctrines remained unaltered; the power of the clergy was
restricted, but the authority of Christ was not increased; the dry
branches of the tree had been lopped off, but a scion calculated to
bear good fruit had not been grafted on the wild stock. Had matters
stopped here, we might perhaps have obtained a Church with morals
less repulsive, but not with a holy doctrine and a new life. But the
Reformation was not contented with more decorous forms, it
required a second creation.
At the same time parliament had taken a great stride towards the
revolution that was to transform the Church. A new power had taken
its place in the world: the laity had triumphed over the clergy. No
doubt there were upright catholics who gave their assent to the laws
passed in 1529; but these laws were nevertheless a product of the
Reformation. This it was that had inspired the laity with that new
energy, parliament with that bold action, and given the liberties of
the nation that impulse which they had wanted hitherto. The joy was
great throughout the kingdom; and, while the king removed to
Greenwich to keep Christmas there “with great plenty of viands, and
disguisings, and interludes,” the members of the Commons were
welcomed in the towns and villages with public rejoicings.[21] In the
people’s eyes their representatives were like soldiers who had just
gained a brilliant victory. The clergy alone, in all England, were
downcast and exasperated. On returning to their residences the
bishops could not conceal their anguish at the danger of the Church.
[22]
The priests, who had been the first victims offered up on the
altar of reform, bent their heads. But if the clergy foresaw days of
mourning, the laity hailed with joy the glorious era of the liberties of
the people, and of the greatness of England. The friends of the
Reformation went farther still; they believed that the Gospel would
work a complete change in the world, and talked, as Tyndale informs
us, “as though the golden age would come again.”[23]
 CHAPTER IV.
ANNE BOLEYN’S FATHER BEFORE THE EMPEROR
AND THE POPE.
(Winter of 1530.)

Before such glorious hopes could be realized, it was necessary to

emancipate Great Britain from the yoke of Romish supremacy. This
was the end to which all generous monks aspired; but would the
king assist them?
Henry’s Motives. Henry VIII. united strength of body with
strength of will; both were marked on his
manly form. Lively, active, eager, vehement, impatient, and
voluptuous,—whatever he was, he was with his whole soul. He was
at first all heart for the Church of Rome; he went barefoot on
pilgrimages, wrote against Luther, and flattered the pope. But before
long he grew tired of Rome, without desiring the Reformation.
Profoundly selfish, he cared for himself alone. If the papal
domination offended him, evangelical liberty annoyed him. He meant
to remain master in his own house,—the only master, and master of
all. Even without the divorce, Henry would possibly have separated
from Rome. Rather than endure any contradiction, this singular man
put to death friends and enemies, bishops and missionaries,
ministers of state, and favorites—even his wives. Such was the
prince whom the Reformation found King of England.
History would be unjust, however, were it to maintain that passion
alone urged him to action. The question of the succession to the
throne had for a century filled the country with confusion and blood.
This Henry could not forget. Would the struggles of the two Roses
be renewed after his death, occasioning, perhaps, the destruction of
an ancient monarchy? If Mary, a princess of delicate health, should
die, Scotland, France, the party of the White Rose, the Duke of
Suffolk, whose wife was Henry’s sister, might drag the kingdom into
endless wars. And even if Mary’s days were prolonged, her title to
the crown might be disputed, no female sovereign having as yet sat
upon the throne. Another train of ideas also occupied the king’s
mind. He inquired sincerely whether his marriage with the widow of
his brother was lawful. Even before its consummation, he had felt
doubts about it. But even his defenders, if there are any, must
acknowledge that one circumstance contributed at this time to give
unusual force to these scruples. Passion impelled the king to break a
holy bond; he loved another woman.
Catholic writers imagine that this guilty motive was the only one. It
is a mistake, for the two former indisputably occupied Henry’s mind.
As for parliament and people, the king’s love for Anne Boleyn
affected them very little. It was the reason of state which made
them regard the divorce as just and necessary.[24]
A congress was at that time sitting at Bologna with great pomp.[25]
On the 5th of November, Charles V. having arrived from Spain, had
entered the city, attended by a magnificent suite, and followed by
20,000 soldiers. He was covered with gold, and shone with grace
and majesty. The pope waited for him in front of the church of San
Petronio, seated on a throne, and wearing the triple crown. The
emperor, master of Italy, which his soldiers had reduced to the last
desolation,[26] fell prostrate before the pontiff, but lately his prisoner.
The union of these two monarchs, both enemies of Henry VIII.,
seemed destined to ruin the King of England and thwart his great
affair.
Henry’s Embassy To And yet, not long before, an ambassador
Rome. from Charles V. had been received at
Whitehall: it was Master Eustace Chappuis, who had already
discharged a mission to Geneva.[27] He came to solicit aid against the
Turks. Henry caught at the chance: he imagined the moment to be
favorable, and that he ought to despatch an embassy to the head of
the empire and the head of the Church. He sent for the Earl of
Wiltshire, Anne Boleyn’s father; Edward Lee, afterwards Archbishop
of York; Stokesley, afterwards Bishop of London, and some others.
He told them that the emperor desired his alliance, and
commissioned them to proceed to Italy, and explain to Charles V. the
serious motives that induced him to separate from Catherine. “If he
persists in his opposition to the divorce,” continued Henry, “threaten
him, but in covert terms. If the threats prove useless, tell him plainly
that, in accord with my friends, I will do all I can to restore peace to
my troubled conscience.” He added with more calmness,—“I am
resolved to fear God rather than man, and to place full reliance on
comfort from the Saviour.”[28] Was Henry sincere when he spoke
thus? No one can doubt of his sensuality, his scholastic catholicism,
and his cruel violence:—must we also believe in his hypocrisy? He
was no doubt under a delusion, and deceived himself on the state of
his soul.
An important member was added to the deputation. One day when
the king was occupied with this affair, Thomas Cranmer appeared at
the door of his closet with a manuscript in his hand. Cranmer had a
fine understanding, a warm heart, a character perhaps too weak,
but extensive learning. Captivated by the Holy Scriptures, he desired
to seek for truth nowhere else. He had suggested a new point of
view to Henry VIII. “The essential thing,” he said, “is to know what
the Word of God teaches on the matter in question.” “Show me
that,” exclaimed the king. Cranmer brought him his treatise, in which
he proved that the Word of God is above all human jurisdiction, and
that it forbids marriage with a brother’s widow. Henry took the work
in his hand, read it again and again, and praised its excellence. A
bright idea occurred to him. “Are you strong enough to maintain
before the Bishop of Rome the propositions laid down in this
treatise?” said the king. Cranmer was timid, but convinced and
devoted. “Yes,” he made answer, “with God’s grace, and if your
Majesty commands it.” “Marry, then,” exclaimed Henry with delight,
“I will send you.”[29] Cranmer departed with the others in January,
1530.
Clement’s Alarm. While Henry’s ambassadors were
journeying slowly, Charles V., more
exasperated than ever against the divorce, endeavored to gain the
pope. Clement VII., who was a clever man, and possessed a certain
kindly humor, but was at heart cunning, false, and cowardly, amused
the puissant emperor with words. When he learned that the King of
England was sending an embassy to him, he gave way to the
keenest sorrow. What was he to do? which way could he turn? To
irritate the emperor was dangerous; to separate England from Rome
would be to endure a great loss. Caught between Charles V. and
Henry VIII., he groaned aloud; he paced up and down his chamber
gesticulating; then suddenly stopping, sank into a chair and burst
into tears. Nothing succeeded with him: it was, he thought, as if he
had been bewitched. What need was there for the King of England
to send him an embassy? Had not Clement told Henry through the
Bishop of Tarbes: “I am content the marriage should take place,
provided it be without my authorization.”[30] It was of no use: the
pope asked him to do without the papacy, and the king would only
act with it. He was more popish than the pope.
To add to his misfortunes, Charles began to press the pontiff more
seriously, and yielding to his importunities, Clement drew up a brief
on the 7th of March, in which he commanded Henry “to receive
Catherine with love, and to treat her in all things with the affection
of a husband.”[31] But the brief was scarcely written when the arrival
of the English embassy was announced. The pope in alarm
immediately put the document back into his portfolio, promising
himself that it would be long before he published it.
As soon as the English envoys had taken up their quarters at
Bologna, the ambassadors of France called to pay their respects. De
Gramont, Bishop of Tarbes, was overflowing with politeness,
especially to the Earl of Wiltshire. “I have shown much honor to M.
de Rochford,” he wrote to his master on the 28th of March. “I went
out to meet him. I have visited him often at his lodging. I have fêted
him, and offered him my solicitations and services, telling him that
such were your orders.”[32] Not thus did Clement VII. act: the arrival
of the Earl of Wiltshire and his colleagues was a cause of alarm to
him. Yet he must make up his mind to receive them: he appointed
the day and the hour for the audience.
Henry VIII. desired that his representatives should appear with great
pomp, and accordingly the ambassador and his colleagues went to
great expense with that intent.[33] Wiltshire entered first into the
audience-hall; being father of Anne Boleyn, he had been appointed
by the king as the man in all England most interested in the success
of his plans. But Henry had calculated badly: the personal interest
which the earl felt in the divorce made him odious both to Charles
and Clement. The pope, wearing his pontifical robes, was seated on
the throne surrounded by his cardinals. The ambassadors
approached, made the customary salutations, and stood before him.
The pontiff, wishing to show his kindly feelings towards the envoys
of the “Defender of the Faith,” put out his slipper according to
custom, presenting it graciously to the kisses of those proud
Englishmen. The revolt was about to begin. The earl, remaining
motionless, refused to kiss his holiness’s slipper. But that was not all;
a fine spaniel, with long silky hair, which Wiltshire had brought from
England, had followed him to the episcopal palace. When the bishop
of Rome put out his foot, the dog did what other dogs would have
done under similar circumstances: he flew at the foot, and caught
the pope by the great toe.[34] Clement hastily drew it back. The
sublime borders on the ridiculous: the ambassadors, bursting with
laughter, raised their arms and hid their faces behind their long rich
sleeves. “That dog was a protestant,” said a reverend father.
“Whatever he was,” said an Englishman, “he taught us that a pope’s
foot was more meet to be bitten by dogs than kissed by Christian
men.” The pope, recovering from his emotion, prepared to listen,
and the count, regaining his seriousness, explained to the pontiff
that as Holy Scripture forbade a man to marry his brother’s wife,
Henry VIII. required him to annul as unlawful his union with
Catherine of Aragon. As Clement did not seem convinced, the
ambassador skilfully insinuated that the king might possibly declare
himself independent of Rome, and place the British church under the
direction of a patriarch. “The example,” added the ambassador, “will
not fail to be imitated by other kingdoms of Christendom.”[35]
The agitated pope promised not to remove the suit to Rome,
provided the king would give up the idea of reforming England.
Then, putting on a most gracious air, he proposed to introduce the
ambassador to Charles V. This was giving Wiltshire the chance of
receiving a harsh rebuff. The earl saw it; but his duty obliging him to
confer with the emperor, he accepted the offer.
The father of Anne Boleyn proceeded to an audience with the
nephew of Catherine of Aragon. Representatives of two women
whose rival causes agitated Europe, these two men could not meet
without a collision. True, the earl flattered himself that as it was
Charles’s interest to detach Henry from Francis I., that phlegmatic
and politic prince would certainly not sacrifice the gravest interests
of his reign for a matter of sentiment; but he was deceived. The
emperor received him with a calm and reserved air, but
unaccompanied by any kindly demonstration. The ambassador
skilfully began with speaking of the Turkish war; then ingeniously
passing to the condition of the kingdom of England, he pointed out
the reasons of state which rendered the divorce necessary. Here
Charles stopped him short: “Sir Count, you are not to be trusted in
this matter; you are a party to it; let your colleagues speak.” The
earl replied with respectful coldness: “Sire, I do not speak here as a
father, but as my master’s servant, and I am commissioned to inform
you that his conscience condemns a union contrary to the law of
God.”[36] He then offered Charles the immediate restitution of
Catherine’s dowry. The emperor coldly replied that he would support
his aunt in her rights, and then abruptly turning his back on the
ambassador, refused to hear him any longer.[37]
Thus did Charles, who had been all his life a crafty politician, place in
this matter the cause of justice above the interests of his ambition.
Perhaps he might lose an important ally; it mattered not; before
everything he would protect a woman unworthily treated. On this
occasion we feel more sympathy for Charles than for Henry. The
indignant emperor hastily quitted Bologna, on the 22d or 24th of
February.
The earl hastened to his friend M. de Gramont, and, relating how he
had been treated, proposed that the kings of France and England
should unite in the closest bonds. He added, that Henry could not
accept Clement as his judge, since he had himself declared that he
was ignorant of the law of God.[38] “England,” he said, “will be quiet
for three or four months. Sitting in the ballroom, she will watch the
dancers, and will form her resolution according as they dance well or
ill.”[39] A rule of policy that has often been followed.
Gramont’s Policy. Gramont was prepared to make common
cause with Henry against the emperor; but,
like his master, he could not make his mind to do without the pope.
He strove to induce Clement to join the two kings and abandon
Charles; or else—he insinuated in his turn—England would separate
from the Romish Church. This was to incur the risk of losing Western
Europe, and accordingly the pope answered with much concern: “I
will do what you ask.” There was, however, a reserve; namely, that
the steps taken overtly by the pope would absolutely decide nothing.
Clement once more received the ambassador of Henry VIII. The earl
carried with him the book wherein Cranmer proved that the pope
cannot dispense any one from obeying the law of God, and
presented it to the pope. The latter took it and glanced over it, his
looks showing that a prison could not have been more disagreeable
to him than this impertinent volume.[40] The Earl of Wiltshire soon
discovered that there was nothing for him to do in Italy. Charles V.,
usually so reserved, had made the bitterest remarks before his
departure. His chancellor, with an air of triumph, enumerated to the
English ambassador all the divines of Italy and France who were
opposed to the king’s wishes. The pope seemed to be a puppet
which the emperor moved as he liked, and the cardinals had but one
idea,—that of exalting the Romish power. Wearied and disgusted,
the earl departed for France and England with the greater portion of
his colleagues.
Cranmer was left behind. Having been sent to show Clement that
Holy Scripture is above all Roman pontiffs, and speaks in a language
quite opposed to that of the popes, he had asked more than once
for an audience at which to discharge his mission. The wily pontiff
had replied that he would hear him at Rome, believing he was thus
putting him off until the Greek calends. But Clement was deceived;
the English doctor, determining to do his duty, refused to depart for
London with the rest of the embassy, and repaired to the metropolis
of Catholicism.
 CHAPTER V.
DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE DIVORCE AT
OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE.
(Winter of 1530.)

Wiltshire’s At the same time that Henry sent

Departure. ambassadors to Italy to obtain the pope’s
consent, he invited all the universities of Christendom to declare that
the question of divorce was of divine right, and that the pope had
nothing to say about it. It was his opinion that the universal voice of
the Church ought to decide, and not the voice of one man.
First, he attempted to canvass Cambridge, and, as he wanted a
skilful man for that purpose, he applied to Wolsey’s old servant,
Stephen Gardiner, an intelligent, active, wily churchman and a good
catholic. One thing alone was superior to his catholicism,—his desire
to win the king’s favor. He aspired to rise like the cardinal to the
summit of greatness. Henry named the chief almoner, Edward Fox,
as his colleague.
Arriving at Cambridge one Saturday about noon, in the latter half of
February, the royal commissioners held a conference in the evening
with the vice-chancellor (Dr. Buckmaster), Dr. Edmunds, and other
influential men who had resolved to go with the court. But these
doctors, members of the political party, soon found themselves
checked by an embarrassing support on which they had not
calculated; it was that of the friends of the Gospel. They had been
convinced by the writing which Cranmer had published on the
divorce. Gardiner and the members of the conference, hearing of the
assistance which the evangelicals desired to give them, were
annoyed at first. On the other hand, the champions of the court of
Rome, alarmed at the alliance of the two parties who were opposed
to them, began that very night to visit college after college, leaving
no stone unturned that the peril might be averted. Gardiner, uneasy
at their zeal, wrote to Henry VIII:—‘As we assembled, they
assembled; as we made friends, they made friends.’[41] Dr. Watson,
Dr. Tomson, and other fanatical individuals at one time shouted very
loudly, at another spoke in whispers.[42] They said that Anne Boleyn
was a heretic, that her marriage with Henry would hand England
over to Luther; and they related to those whom they desired to gain
—wrote Gardiner to the king—‘many fables too tedious to repeat to
your Grace.’ These ‘fables’ would not only have bored Henry, but
greatly irritated him.
A Noisy Meeting. The vice-chancellor, flattering himself that
he had a majority, notwithstanding these
clamors, called a meeting of the doctors, bachelors of divinity, and
masters of arts, for Sunday afternoon. About two hundred persons
assembled, and the three parties were distinctly marked out. The
most numerous and the most excited were those who held for the
pope against the king. The evangelicals were in a minority, but were
quite as decided as their adversaries, and much calmer. The
politicians, uneasy at seeing the friends of Latimer and Cranmer
disposed to vote with them, would have, however, to accept of their
support, if they wished to gain the victory. They resolved to seize the
opportunity offered them. ‘Most learned senators,’ said the vice-
chancellor, ‘I have called you together because the great love which
the king bears you engages me to consult your wisdom.’ Thereupon
Gardiner and Fox handed in the letter which Henry had given them,
and the vice-chancellor read it to the meeting. In it the king set forth
his hopes of seeing the doctors unanimous to do what was
agreeable to him. The deliberations commenced, and the question of
a rupture with Rome soon began to appear distinctly beneath the
question of the divorce. Edmunds spoke for the king, Tomson for the
pope. There was an interchange of antagonistic opinions and a
disorder of ideas among many; the speakers grew warm; one voice
drowned another, and the confusion became extreme.[43]
The vice-chancellor, desirous of putting an end to the clamor,
proposed referring the matter to a committee, whose decision
should be regarded as that of the whole university, which was
agreed to. Then, seeing more clearly that the royal cause could not
succeed without the help of the evangelical party, he proposed some
of its leaders—Doctors Salcot, Reps, Crome, Shaxton, and Latimer—
as members of the committee. On hearing these names, there was
an explosion of murmurs in the meeting. Salcot, Abbot of St.
Benet’s, was particularly offensive to the doctors of the Romish
party. ‘We protest,’ they said, ‘against the presence in the committee
of those who have approved of Cranmer’s book, and thus declared
their opinion already.’ ‘When any matter is talked of all over the
kingdom,’ answered Gardiner, ‘there is not a sensible man who does
not tell his friends what he thinks about it.’ The whole afternoon was
spent in lively altercation. The vice-chancellor, wishing to bring it to
an end, said: ‘Gentlemen, it is getting late, and I invite every one to
take his seat, and declare his mind by a secret vote.’[44] It was
useless; no one took his seat; the confusion, reproaches, and
declamations continued. At dark, the vice-chancellor adjourned the
meeting until the next day. The doctors separated in great
excitement, but with different feelings. While the politicians saw
nothing else to discuss but the question of the king’s marriage, the
evangelicals and the papists considered that the real question was
this: Which shall rule in England—the Reformation or Popery?
The next day, the names of the members of the committee having
been put to the vote, the meeting was found to be divided into two
equal parties. In order to obtain a majority Gardiner undertook to
get some of his adversaries out of the way. Going up and down the
Senate-house, he began to whisper in the ears of some of the less
decided; and, inspiring them either with hope or fear, he prevailed
upon several to leave the meeting.[45]
The grace was then put to the vote a third time and passed.
Gardiner triumphed. Returning to his room, he sent the list to the
king. Sixteen of the committee, indicated by the letter A, were
favorable to his majesty. ‘As for the twelve others,’ he wrote, ‘we
hope to win most of them by good means.’ The committee met, and
took up the royal demand. They carefully examined the passages of
Holy Scripture, the explanations of translators, and gave their
opinion.[46] Then followed the public discussion. Gardiner was not
without fear; as there might be skilful assailants and awkward
defenders, he looked out for men qualified to defend the royal cause
worthily. It was a remarkable circumstance that, passing over the
traditional doctors, he added to the defence—of which he and Fox
were the leaders—two evangelical doctors, Salcot, Abbot of St.
Benet’s, and Reps. He reserved to his colleague and himself the
political part of the question; but notwithstanding all his catholicism,
he desired that the scriptural reasons should be placed foremost.
The discussion was conducted with great thoroughness,[47] and the
victory remained with the king’s champions.
Majority For The On the 9th of March, the doctors,
King. professors, and masters having met after
vespers in the priory hall, the vice-chancellor said: ‘It has appeared
to us as most certain, most in accord with Holy Scripture, and most
conformable to the opinions of commentators, that it is contrary to
divine and natural law for a man to marry the widow of his brother
dying childless.’[48] Thus the Scriptures were really, if not explicitly,
declared by the university of Cambridge to be the supreme and only
rule of Christians, and the contrary decisions of Rome were held to
be not binding. The Word of God was avenged of the long contempt
it had endured, and, after having been put below the pope’s word,
was now restored to its lawful place. In this matter Cambridge was
right.
The King’s Letter To It was necessary to try Oxford next. Here
Oxford. the opposition was stronger, and the popish
party looked forward to a victory. Longland, Bishop of Lincoln and
chancellor of the university, was commissioned by Henry to
undertake the matter; Doctor Bell, and afterwards Edward Fox, the
chief almoner, being joined with him. The king, uneasy at the results
of the negotiation, and wishing for a favorable decision at any cost,
gave Longland a letter for the university, through every word of
which an undisguised despotism was visible. ‘We will and command
you,’ he said, ‘that ye, not leaning to wilful and sinister opinions of
your own several minds, considering that we be your sovereign liege
lord, and totally giving your affections to the true overtures of divine
learning in this behalf, do show and declare your true and just
learning in the said cause.... And we, for your so doing, shall be to
you and to our university there so good and gracious a lord for the
same, as ye shall perceive it well done in your well fortune to come.
And in case you do not uprightly handle yourselves herein, we shall
so quickly and sharply look to your unnatural misdemeanor herein,
that it shall not be to your quietness and ease hereafter....
Accommodate yourselves to the mere truth; assuring you that those
who do shall be esteemed and set forth, and the contrary neglected
and little set by.... We doubt not that your resolution shall be our
high contentation and pleasure.’
This royal missive caused a great commotion in the university. Some
slavishly bent their heads, for the king spoke rod in hand. Others
declared themselves convinced by the political reasons, and said that
Henry must have an heir whose right to the throne could not be
disputed. And, lastly, some were convinced that Holy Scripture was
favorable to the royal cause. All men of age and learning, as well as
all who had either capacity or ambition, declared in favor of the
divorce. Nevertheless a formidable opposition soon showed itself.
The younger members of the Senate were enthusiastic for
Catherine, the Church, and the pope. Their theological education
was imperfect; they could not go to the bottom of the question, but
they judged by the heart. To see a Catholic lady oppressed, to see
Rome despised, inflamed their anger; and, if the elder members
maintained that their view was the more reasonable, the younger
ones believed theirs to be the more noble. Unhappily, when the
choice lies between the useful and the generous, the useful
commonly triumphs. Still, the young doctors were not prepared to
yield. They said—and they were not wrong—that religion and
morality ought not to be sacrificed to reasons of state, or to the
passions of princes. And, seeing the spectre of Reform hidden
behind that of the divorce, they regarded themselves as called upon
to save the Church. ‘Alas!’ said the royal delegates, the Bishop of
Lincoln and Dr. Bell, ‘alas! we are in continual perplexity, and we
cannot foresee with any certainty what will be the issue of this
business.’[49]
They agreed with the heads of houses that, in order to prepare the
university, three public disputations should be solemnly held in the
divinity schools. By this means they hoped to gain time. ‘Such
disputations,’ they said, ‘are a very honorable means of amusing the
multitude until we are sure of the consent of the majority.’[50] The
discussions took place, and the younger masters, arranging each day
what was to be done or said, gave utterance to all the warmth of
their feelings.
When the news of these animated discussions reached Henry, his
displeasure broke out, and those immediately around him fanned his
indignation. ‘A great part of the youth of our university,’ said the
king, ‘with contentious and factious manners, daily combine
together.’... The courtiers, instead of moderating, excited his anger.
Every day, they told him, these young men, regardless of their duty
towards their sovereign, and not conforming to the opinions of the
most virtuous and learned men of the university, meet together to
deliberate and oppose his majesty’s views. ‘Hath it ever been seen,’
exclaimed the king, ‘that such a number of right small learning
should stay their seniors in so weighty a cause?’[51] Henry, in
exasperation, wrote to the heads of the houses: ‘Non est bonum
irritare crabrones.’ It is not good to stir a hornet’s nest. This threat
excited the younger party still more: if the term ‘hornet’ amused
some, it irritated others. In hot weather, the hornet (the king)
chases the weaker insects; but the noise he makes in flying
forewarns them, and the little ones escape him. Henry could not
hide his vexation; he feared lest the little flies should prove stronger
than the big hornet. He was uneasy in his castle of Windsor; and the
insolent opposition of Oxford pursued him wherever he turned his
steps—on the terrace, in the wide park, and even in the royal
chapel. ‘What!’ he exclaimed, ‘shall this university dare show itself
more unkind and wilful than all other universities, abroad or at
home?’[52] Cambridge had recognized the king’s right, and Oxford
refused.
Wishing to end the matter, Henry summoned the High-Almoner Fox
to Windsor, and ordered him to repeat at Oxford the victory he had
gained at Cambridge. He then dictated to his secretary a letter to
the recalcitrants: ‘We cannot a little marvel that you, neither having
respect to our estate,—being your prince and sovereign lord,—nor
yet remembering such benefits as we have always showed unto you,
have hitherto refused the accomplishment of our desire. Permit no
longer the private suffrages of light and wilful heads to prevail over
the learned. By your diligence redeem the errors and delays past.
‘Given under our signet, at our castle of Windsor.’[53]
Fox was entrusted with this letter.
The Lord High-Almoner and the Bishop of Lincoln immediately called
together the younger masters of the university, and declared that a
longer resistance might lead to their ruin. But the youth of Oxford
were not to be overawed by threats of violence. Lincoln had hardly
finished when several masters of arts protested loudly. Some even
spoke ‘very wickedly.’ Not permitting himself to be checked by such
rebellion, the bishop ordered the poll to be taken. Twenty-seven
voted for the king, and twenty-two against. The royal commissioners
were not yet satisfied; they assembled all the faculties, and invited
the members to give their opinion in turn. This intimidated many,
and only eight or ten had courage enough to declare their opposition
frankly. The bishop, encouraged by such a result, ordered that the
final vote should be taken by ballot. Secrecy emboldened many of
those who had not dared to speak; and, while thirty-one voted in
favor of the divorce, twenty-five opposed it. That was of little
consequence, as the two prelates had the majority. They
immediately drew up the statute in the name of the university, and
sent it to the king. After which the bishop, proud of his success,
celebrated a solemn mass of the Holy Ghost.[54] The Holy Ghost had
not, however, been much attended to in the business. Some had
obeyed the prince, others the pope; and, if we desire to find those
who obeyed Christ, we must look for them elsewhere.
Latimer’s The university of Cambridge was the first to
Evangelical send in its submission to Henry. The
Courage. Sunday before Easter (1530), Vice-
Chancellor Buckmaster arrived at Windsor in the forenoon. The court
was at chapel, where Latimer, recently appointed one of the king’s
chaplains, was preaching. The vice-chancellor came in during the
service, and heard part of the sermon. Latimer was a very different
man from Henry’s servile courtiers. He did not fear even to attack
such of his colleagues as did not do their duty: ‘That is no godly
preacher that will hold his peace, and not strike you with his sword
that you smoke again.... Chaplains will not do their duties, but rather
flatter. But what shall follow? Marry, they shall have God’s curse
upon their heads for their labor. The minister must reprove without
fearing any man, even if he be threatened with death.’[55] Latimer
was particularly bold in all that concerned the errors of Rome which
Henry VIII. desired to maintain in the English Church. ‘Wicked
persons (he said),—men who despise God,—call out, “We are
christened, therefore are we saved.” Marry, to be christened and not
obey God’s commandments is to be worse than the Turks!
Regeneration cometh from the Word of God. It is by believing this
Word that we are born again.’[56]
Thus spoke one of the fathers of the British Reformation: such is the
real doctrine of the Church of England; the contrary doctrine is a
mere relic of popery.
As the congregation were leaving the chapel, the vice-chancellor
spoke to the secretary (Cromwell) and the provost, and told them
the occasion of his visit. The king sent a message that he would
receive the deputation after evening service. Desirous of giving a
certain distinction to the decision of the universities, Henry ordered
all the court to assemble in the audience-chamber. The vice-
chancellor presented the letter to the king, who was much pleased
with it. ‘Thanks, Mr. Vice-Chancellor,’ he said; ‘I very much approve
the way in which you have managed this matter. I shall give your
university tokens of my satisfaction.... You heard Mr. Latimer’s
sermon,’ he added, which he greatly praised, and then withdrew.
The Duke of Norfolk, going up to the vice-chancellor, told him that
the king desired to see him the following day.
The next day Dr. Buckmaster, faithful to the appointment, waited all
the morning; but the king had changed his mind, and sent orders to
the deputy from Cambridge that he might depart as soon as he
pleased. The message had scarcely been delivered before the king
entered the gallery. An idea which quite engrossed his mind urged
him on; he wanted to speak with the doctor about the principle put
forward by Cranmer. Henry detained Buckmaster from one o’clock
until six, repeating, in every possible form, ‘Can the pope grant a
dispensation when the law of God hath spoken?’[57] He even
displayed much ill-humor before the vice-chancellor, because this
point had not been decided at Cambridge. At last he quitted the
gallery; and, to counterbalance the sharpness of his reproaches, he
spoke very graciously to the doctor, who hurried away as fast as he
could.
 CHAPTER VI.
HENRY VIII. SUPPORTED IN FRANCE AND ITALY BY
THE CATHOLICS, AND BLAMED IN GERMANY BY THE
PROTESTANTS.
(January to September 1530.)

Henry Appeals To The king did not limit himself to asking the
Foreign Opinion. opinions of England; he appealed to the
universal teaching of the Church, represented according to his views
by the universities and not by the pope. The element of individual
conviction, so strongly marked in Tyndale, Fryth, and Latimer, was
wanting in the official reformation that proceeded from the prince.
To know what Scripture said, Henry was about sending delegates to
Paris, Bologna, Padua, and Wittemburg; he would have sent even to
the East, if such a journey had been easy. That false catholicism
which looked for the interpretation of the Bible to churches and
declining schools where traditionalism, ritualism, and hierarchism
were magnified, was a counterfeit popery. Happily the supreme
voice of the Word of God surmounted this fatal tendency in England.
Henry VIII., full of confidence in the friendship of the King of France,
applied first to the university of Paris; but Dr. Pedro Garry, a Spanish
priest, as ignorant as he was fanatical (according to the English
agents),[58] eagerly took up the cause of Catherine of Aragon. Aided
by the impetuous Beda, he obtained an opinion adverse to Henry’s
wishes.
When he heard of it, the alarmed prince summoned Du Bellay, the
French ambassador, to the palace, gave him for Francis I. a famous
diamond fleur-de-lis valued at 10,000l. sterling, also the
acknowledgments for 100,000 livres which Francis owed Henry for
war expenses, and added a gift of 400,000 crowns for the ransom of
the king’s sons. Unable to resist such strong arguments, Francis
charged Du Bellay to represent to the faculty of Paris ‘the great
scruples of Henry’s conscience;’[59] whereupon the Sarbonne
deliberated, and several doctors exclaimed that it would be an
attaint upon the pope’s honor to suppose him capable of refusing
consolation to the wounded conscience of a Christian. During these
debates, the secretary took the names, received the votes, and
entered them on the minutes. A fiery papist observing that the
majority would be against the Roman opinion, jumped up, sprang
upon the secretary, snatched the list from his hands, and tore it up.
All started from their seats, and ‘there was great disorder and
tumult.’ They all spoke together, each trying to assert his own
opinion; but as no one could make himself heard amid the general
clamor, the doctors hurried out of the room in a great rage. ‘Beda
acted like one possessed,’ wrote Du Bellay.
Meanwhile the ambassadors of the King of England were walking up
and down an adjoining gallery, waiting for the division. Attracted by
the shouts, they ran forward, and seeing the strange spectacle
presented by the theologians, and ‘hearing the language they used
to one another,’ they retired in great irritation. Du Bellay, who had at
heart the alliance of the two countries, conjured Francis I. to put an
end to such ‘impertinences.’ The president of the parliament of Paris
consequently ordered Beda to appear before him, and told him that
it was not for a person of his sort to meddle with the affairs of
princes, and that if he did not cease his opposition, he would be
punished in a way he would not soon forget. The Sorbonne profited
by the lesson given to the most influential of its members, and on
the 2nd of July declared in favor of the divorce by a large majority.
The universities of Orleans, Angers, and Bourges had already done
so, and that of Toulouse did the same shortly after.[60] Henry VIII.
had France and England with him.
This was not enough: he must have Italy also. He filled that
peninsula with his agents, who had orders to obtain from the
bishops and universities the declaration refused by the pope. A rich
and powerful despot is never in want of devoted men to carry out
his designs.
The university of Bologna, in the states of the Church, was, after
Paris, the most important in the Catholic world. A monk was in great
repute there at this time. Noble by birth and an eloquent preacher,
Battista Pallavicini was one of those independent thinkers often met
with in Italy. The English agents applied to him; he declared that he
and his colleagues were ready to prove the unlawfulness of Henry’s
marriage, and when Stokesley spoke of remuneration, they replied,
‘No, no! what we have received freely, we give freely.’ Henry’s agents
could not contain themselves for joy; the university of the pope
declares against the pope! Those among them who had an inkling
for the Reformation were especially delighted. On the 10th June the
eloquent monk appeared before the ambassadors with the judgment
of the faculty, which surpassed all they had imagined. Henry’s
marriage was declared ‘horrible, execrable, detestable, abominable
for a Christian and even for an infidel, forbidden by divine and
human law under pain of the severest punishment.[61]... The holy
father, who can do almost everything,’ innocently continued the
university, ‘has not the right to permit such a union.’ The universities
of Padua and Ferrara hastened to add their votes to those of
Bologna, and declared the marriage with a brother’s widow to be
‘null, detestable, profane, and abominable.’[62] Henry was conqueror
all along the line. He had with him that universal consent which,
according to certain illustrious doctors, is the very essence of
Catholicism. Crooke, one of Henry’s agents, and a distinguished
Greek scholar, who discharged his mission with indefatigable ardor,
exclaimed that ‘the just cause of the king was approved by all the
doctors of Italy.’[63]
Protestants In the midst of this harmony of catholicity,
Condemn The there was one exception, of which no one
Divorce. had dreamt. That divorce which, according
to the frivolous language of a certain party, was the cause of the
Reformation in England, found opponents among the fathers and the
children of the Reformation. Henry’s envoys were staggered. ‘My
fidelity bindeth me to advertise your Highness,’ wrote Crooke to the
king, ‘that all Lutherans be utterly against your Highness in this
cause, and have letted [hindered] as much with their wretched poor
malice, without reason or authority, as they could and might, as well
here as in Padua and Ferrara, where be no small companies of
them.’[64] The Swiss and German reformers having been summoned
to give an opinion on this point, Luther, Œcolampadius, Zwingle,
Bucer, Grynæus, and even Calvin,[65] all expressed the same opinion.
‘Certainly,’ said Luther, ‘the king has sinned by marrying his brother’s
wife; that sin belongs to the past; let repentance, therefore, blot it
out, as it must blot out all our past sins. But the marriage must not
be dissolved; such a great sin, which is future, must not be
permitted.[66] There are thousands of marriages in the world in which
sin has a part, and yet we may not dissolve them. A man shall
cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh. This law is superior
to the other, and overrules the lesser one.’ The collective opinion of
the Lutheran doctors was in conformity with the just and Christian
sentiments of Luther.[67] Thus (we repeat) the event which,
according to Catholic writers, was the cause of the religious
transformation of England, was approved by the Romanists and
condemned by the evangelicals. Besides, the latter knew very well
that a Reformation must proceed, not from a divorce or a marriage,
not from diplomatic negotiations or university statutes, but from the
power of the Word of God and the free conviction of Christians.
English Address To While these matters were going on,
The Pope. Cranmer was at Rome, asking the pope for
that discussion which the pontiff had promised him at their
conference in Bologna. Clement VII. had never intended to grant it:
he had thought that, once at Rome, it would be easy to elude his
promise; it was that which occupied his attention just now. Among
the means which popes have sometimes employed in their
difficulties with kings, one of the most common was to gain the
agents of those princes. It was the first employed by Clement; he
nominated Cranmer grand almoner for all the states of the King of
England, some even say for all the Catholic world. It was little more
than a title, and ‘was only to stay his stomach for that time, in hope
of a more plentiful feast hereafter, if he had been pleased to take his
repast on any popish preferment.’[68] But Cranmer was influenced by
purer motives; and without refusing the title the pope gave him,—
since having the task of winning him to the king’s side, he would
thus have compromised his mission,—he made no account of it, and
showed all the more zeal for the accomplishment of his charge.
The embassy had not succeeded, and they were getting uneasy
about it in England. Some of the pope’s best friends could not
understand his blindness. The two archbishops, the dukes of Norfolk
and Suffolk, the marquises of Dorset and Exeter, thirteen earls, four
bishops, twenty-five barons, twenty-two abbots, and eleven
members of the Lower House determined to send an address to
Clement VII. ‘Most blessed father,’ they began, ‘the king, who is our
head and the life of us all, has ever stood by the see of Rome amidst
the attacks of your many and powerful enemies, and yet he alone is
to reap no benefit from his labors.... Meanwhile we perceive a flood
of miseries impending over the commonwealth.[69] If your Holiness,
who ought to be our father, have determined to leave us as orphans,
we shall seek our remedy elsewhere.... He that is sick will by any
means be rid of his distemper; and there is hope in the exchange of
miseries, when, if we cannot obtain what is good, we may obtain a
lesser evil.... We beseech your Holiness to consider with yourself;
you profess that on earth you are Christ’s vicar. Endeavor then to
show yourself so to be by pronouncing your sentence to the glory
and praise of God.’ Clement gained time: he remained two months
and a half without answering, thinking about the matter, turning it
over and over in his mind. The great difficulty was to harmonize the
will of Henry VIII., who desired another wife, and that of Charles V.,
who insisted that he ought to keep the old one.... There was only
one mode of satisfying both these princes at once, and that was by
the king’s having the two wives together. Wolsey had already
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