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Fig. 34—Showing how to force glass blowpipe (A) into
vitreous (B). (Page 80.)
 Fig. 35—Showing bulging out of vitreous
caused by blowing air through glass blowpipe.
(Page 80.)
 Fig. 36—Showing the vitreous (A) removed.

Holding the eye suspended by its optic nerve, force the glass
blowpipe through the vitreous until it all but touches the posterior
part of the retina (Fig. 34); blow gently at first, increasing the
pressure until the vitreous suddenly bulges outward. (Fig. 35.) If the
iris has been cut away close to the ora serrata, the vitreous will not
only bulge forward, but it will fall out. If, however, it does not detach
itself at once, insert the scalpel close to the choroid and with its flat
side press downward until a separation occurs. Do not let the
vitreous drop out too suddenly, because it may tear the retina. Let
the vitreous detach itself slowly by the force of its own weight,
though it will be well to hold some of its weight on the scalpel. (Fig.
36.)
Fig. 37—A. Showing retina folded upon itself by blowing air at it through
the glass blowpipe. (Page 83.)
 Fig. 38—A. Showing folded retina suspended from its attachment, so sclerotic
and choroid may be easily cut away. (Page 83.)

After the vitreous has been removed, turn the eye upward, and by
blowing strongly through the blowpipe at the marginal edge of the
retina, turn the retina upon itself. Repeat this until the retina lies in a
small wrinkled lump at the “bottom” of the posterior part of the eye.
(Fig. 37.) Invert the eye (Fig. 38) and cut away both the choroid and
the sclerotic close to the optic nerve. No care need be taken in doing
this until the scissors come close to the optic nerve. (Fig. 39.)
Fig. 39—Showing the sclerotic nearly all cut away.
 Fig. 40—Isolated retina, with optic nerve attached.

After the choroid and the sclerotic have been cut away, drop the
retina into some water, and it will slowly unfold itself by “ballooning”
out into a perfect and beautiful specimen. (Fig. 40.) But, if it is
desired to study the specimen closely, it is better to suspend it in a
jar or bottle made of thin glass, and containing a 5 per cent. solution
of formaldehyde. Remember that the retina is a delicate membrane
in any state; the slightest rough handling may cause it to be torn, or
otherwise damaged. If the vessel, in which the specimen has been
placed and suspended, has enough preserving fluid to completely fill
it, and it is firmly stoppered, the whole thing may be inverted, and
turned in any direction, even abruptly, without fear of damaging the
retina. This way of keeping the retina will give opportunity to inspect
and study the inside as well as the outside of the membrane; the
blood-vessels, and other important parts easily recognized.
 THE SAGITTAL OR VERTICAL SECTION OF THE EYE

Place an eye in a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde for about

two weeks. If the eye is kept in that solution longer than that time,
the lens is apt to become so hard that in cutting it the capsule and
suspensory ligament will be torn, and the lens will then become
detached; if for a shorter space of time, the lens and other tissues
will be so soft that all may be so badly torn or lacerated, that a
perfect specimen will not be possible.
It sometimes happens that in keeping a number of eyes together
in a vessel for the purpose of hardening them in the formaldehyde
solution, the corneas of some will be crushed in. For this dissection,
select an eye that has the cornea in perfect condition.
Remove all the outside tissues with the scissors, being particular
to have the region immediately surrounding the optic nerve perfectly
clear and clean. If the optic nerve is longer than 5 mm., cut it off to
that length.
Fig. 41—Showing the beginning of the cutting of the eye for
sagittal sections.
 Fig. 42—Showing method of cutting through the crystalline lens.

To cut the eye in two, use a safety-razor blade; never a scalpel.

The latter is too thick, too dull, and too clumsy a tool. Begin by
cutting through the optic nerve; dividing it as nearly as possible into
halves. (Fig. 41.) Continue cutting through the sclerotic and all
underlying tissues, stopping at the corneo-scleral junction, but do
not, during this procedure, even touch the lens. After the eye has
been thus partly separated into, as nearly as possible, two equal
parts, lay it down upon the cornea, and, holding the razor blade in
the forefingers and thumbs of both hands, cut the lens in two by
forcing the blade down through it. (Fig. 42.) Partly open the cut eye
to allow one jaw of the large scissors to enter, turn the eye over so
the cornea will rest on that jaw, and then cut through the cornea.
(Fig. 43.)
 Fig. 43—Showing method of cutting through the cornea and completing the two
sagittal sections.

The two specimens may be kept indefinitely by placing them in a 3

per cent. formaldehyde solution. It will be well to remove the lens
from one of the specimens, because it will give better opportunity to
see the anatomical relationships. Also, these specimens should be
mounted, one above the other, between two pieces of glass, before
placing them in the receptacle that is to hold them.
Much can be studied in such specimens. Moreover, they present to
view the various parts of the organ of vision in such an impressive
way, that one does not soon forget the wonderful appearance of the
construction of this, Nature’s perfect camera. (Fig. 44.)
 Fig. 44—Sagittal section enlarged.

If another eye is cut into two parts, additional interesting

specimens may be procured; for instance, one showing the presence
of the second coat only, the retina having been torn out. Another
good specimen may be made by removing all of the inner tissues,
and leaving only the sclerotic and cornea. This specimen will show
that the first coat is almost entirely a coat which affords strength
and protection to the parts that lie within.
 THE PAPILLA, PUNCTA LACRIMALIA, AND NASAL
DUCT

The only way to dissect the lacrimal apparatus, other ocular

accessories, and the extrinsic muscles, is to procure the head of
some animal, preferably a calf’s head, because of its size. Any
butcher will supply one for from forty to sixty cents. Have the lower
jaw removed. It will make a less bulky piece of material to handle.
Close to the inner canthus, on the inner side of each lid, will be
found a little rounded eminence—lacrimal papilla—in the centre of
which is a small opening—punctum lacrimalis. Both may be seen
better on the lower lid, if it is pulled down, and on the upper lid, if it
is pulled up.
Fig. 45—Showing only a part of a calf’s head and the knitting-needles inserted in
the puncta. (Page 94.)
 Fig. 46.

Be supplied with two knitting-needles. Take one, lubricate its full

length with a little vaseline, lard, oil, or any other lubricant. Insert
the needle into the punctum of the lower lid, and push it downward
and forward, aiming to come out in the nose a short distance from
its end. At first it may be a little difficult to get the needle started; if
so, just wiggle the needle, pushing it at the same time as directed,
until the nasal duct is found. Do not remove the needle. To insert
the other needle into the punctum of the upper lid is rather difficult;
for that reason the punctum of the lower lid was chosen, first.
Grease the needle, as was done to the first one, and, with a little
patience and careful manipulation, the canal opening and its course
will soon be found. The needle may then be pushed through until it
meets the first one. (Fig. 45.) From the puncta lacrimalia to the
place of meeting of the two needles, marks the course of the two
canaliculi and their junction before they merge and form the nasal
duct. Leave the needles where they are, and begin cutting away the
skin. The needles will then mark the course of each canal and the
duct very plainly. With the small scissors the canals and the duct
may be loosened from the surrounding tissues. Or, the scalpel may
be used to lay open the canals, cutting along over the top of the
needles. (Fig. 46.)
The cilia, palpebræ, palpebral conjunctiva, ocular conjunctiva, and
other superficial ocular accessories may be examined without
dissection.
 MEIBOMIAN GLANDS AND DUCTS

An examination of the eyelids will show the openings of the ducts

of the meibomian glands a short distance back of the cilia. Very fine
pins or needles that have been greased may be easily inserted for a
short distance into the ducts, and then a dissection made along the
course of the duct as outlined by the presence of the inserted pins
or needles. Another way to see the glands is to slice through the
ducts, with the scalpel or safety-razor blade, the entire width of
either eyelid. This will separate the glands into two parts and show
their length, breadth and structure.
 ENUCLEATION OF THE ORBITAL CONTENTS

The eyes one procures from a butcher or a slaughter house will

always have the extrinsic tissues so badly cut and torn that
identification of the various parts and their relations is impossible.
Therefore, it is best to supply one’s self with the head of an animal,
such as a sheep or a calf, and dissect an eye with all its extrinsic
tissues intact. For this dissection, a hammer and a chisel are
necessary in addition to the tools needed for doing the previous
dissections.

Fig. 47—Showing method of making the initial cuts in the skin. (Page 97.)
Fig. 48—Part of calf’s head, showing the first cut to be made in the bones of the
orbit. (Page 102.)