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Advanced SQL Concepts

The document covers advanced SQL concepts including window functions, recursive queries, advanced joins, and subqueries, providing code examples for each. It emphasizes the importance of optimizing queries, ensuring data integrity, and following best practices to avoid pitfalls. Additionally, it encourages continuous learning in SQL for better skills and understanding.

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neneynaniney23
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92 views17 pages

Advanced SQL Concepts

The document covers advanced SQL concepts including window functions, recursive queries, advanced joins, and subqueries, providing code examples for each. It emphasizes the importance of optimizing queries, ensuring data integrity, and following best practices to avoid pitfalls. Additionally, it encourages continuous learning in SQL for better skills and understanding.

Uploaded by

neneynaniney23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL series

Advanced
SQL
Concepts
With Code Examples

Prepared by
Shruthi Annamaneni
Advanced Level
Window Functions
Window Functions are a powerful feature in SQL
that allows you to perform calculations across a set
of rows related to the current row. They provide a
way to compute running totals, moving averages,
rankings, and other analytical calculations.
Example
This query calculates the total sales for each
category using the SUM window function with the
PARTITION BY clause.
Recursive Queries with
CTEs
Example
This recursive CTE traverses the employee
hierarchy, starting from the top-level managers,
and retrieves all employees with their respective
levels in the hierarchy.
Advanced Joins and
Subqueries
Example
This query combines data from the products and
categories tables using an inner join and calculates
the total sales for each product using a correlated
subquery.
Window Functions:
Ranking Functions
This query ranks the products within each category
based on their sales, using the RANK window
function. (Use the sales_data table)
Recursive Queries:
Generating Hierarchical
Data
This recursive CTE generates a calendar table with
dates from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023.
Advanced Joins: Self-
Joins
This query uses a self-join on the employees
table to retrieve the employee names and their
corresponding manager names. (Use the
employees table from Slide 3.)
Subqueries in the FROM
Clause
This query uses a subquery in the FROM clause to
retrieve the product name, category, and sales
data, and then calculates the total sales for each
category. (Use the sales_data table)
Advanced Analytic Function
This query demonstrates the use of the LEAD, LAG,
FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE, and NTH_VALUE,
which allow you to perform complex data analysis
and calculations based on the ordering and
partitioning of rows.
Example
Recursive Queries -
Generating Sequences
Recursive queries can be used to generate
sequences of numbers or dates, which can be
useful for various purposes, such as generating
test data or handling gaps in sequences.

This recursive CTE generates a sequence of


numbers from 1 to 100.
Correlated Subqueries
Correlated subqueries are subqueries that
reference columns from the outer query. They can
be used to perform complex filtering or
calculations based on data from the outer query.
Example
While OOP offers many benefits, it's essential to be
mindful of potential pitfalls, such as complexity due
to deep inheritance hierarchies, tight coupling
between classes, and misuse of design patterns.
Striking the right balance and following best
practices is crucial for maintainable and scalable
code.
Pitfalls and Best Practices
While advanced SQL concepts provide powerful
capabilities, it's important to be aware of potential
pitfalls and follow best practices:

Optimize queries for performance, especially


when dealing with large datasets or complex
operations.
Ensure data integrity and consistency when
using recursive queries or hierarchical
structures.
Test thoroughly and validate results, especially
when working with complex queries.
Consider using database views or stored
procedures for code organization and
maintainability.
Document your SQL code for better
collaboration and future reference.

Keep Learning !

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