MATLAB – A brief Introduction !

Rohit Pathak
Satyadhar Joshi

(Kindly Cite this work as: Satyadhar Joshi, Rohit Pathak;

Online document Available at http: www.nanotechbiz.org;
July 2009)

www.nanotechbiz.org
Contents
 What is MATLAB?
 Overview
 Elementary Mathematics
 Programming
 I/O
 M-Files
 Basics of M-File
 Function and Script Files
 M-File Programming
 Graphics
 2D Plots
 3D Plots
What is MATLAB ?
• It stands for MATrix LABoratory

• A set of Software comprising

▫ A Very High Level 4th Generation Language
▫ Computation Tools
▫ Visualization Tools
▫ Simulation Tools
▫ Integrated Development Environment
MATLAB’s System

• Language: arrays and matrices, control flow, I/O, data

structures, user-defined functions and scripts
• Working Environment: editing, variable
management, importing and exporting data, debugging,
profiling
• Graphics system: 2D and 3D data visualization,
animation and custom GUI development
• Mathematical Functions: basic (sum, sin,…) to
advanced (fft, inv, Bessel functions, …)
• API: can use MATLAB with C, Fortran, and Java, in
either direction
Parts of MATLAB
• Developed Environment
• Programming Language
• Graphics
• Toolboxes
• Application Program Interface
MATLAB’s Appeal
• Interactive code development proceeds incrementally;
excellent development and rapid prototyping environment
• Basic data element is the auto-indexed array
• This allows quick solutions to problems that can be
formulated in vector or matrix form
• Powerful GUI tools
• Large collection of toolboxes: collections of topic-related
MATLAB functions that extend the core functionality
significantly
MATLAB Toolboxes
• Math and Analysis • Signal & Image Processing
▫ Optimization ▫ Signal Processing
▫ Requirements Management ▫ Image Processing
Interface ▫ Communications
▫ Statistics ▫ Frequency Domain System
▫ Neural Network Identification
▫ Symbolic/Extended Math ▫ Higher-Order Spectral Analysis
▫ System Identification
▫ Partial Differential Equations
▫ Wavelet
▫ PLS Toolbox ▫ Filter Design
▫ Mapping
▫ Spline
• Control Design
▫ Control System
• Data Acquisition and Import ▫ Fuzzy Logic
▫ Data Acquisition ▫ Robust Control
▫ Instrument Control ▫ μ-Analysis and Synthesis
▫ Excel Link ▫ Model Predictive Control
▫ Portable Graph Object
MATLAB’s Important Windows
• Command Window: where you enter commands
• Command History: running history of commands
which is preserved across MATLAB sessions
• Current directory: Default is $matlabroot/work
• Workspace: GUI for viewing, loading and saving
MATLAB variables
• Array Editor: GUI for viewing and/or modifying
contents of MATLAB variables (openvar varname or
double-click the array’s name in the Workspace)
• Editor/Debugger: text editor, debugger; editor
works with file types in addition to .m (MATLAB “m-
files”)
The MATLAB’s main interface
window called the MATLAB
desktop. It consist of Workspace,
Command Window, Command
History, Current Directory
window, and the start button to
just get you started.
The Editor Window is used to edit
source files and other files such
as .m files etc.
MATLAB’s help is very
sophisticated. It provides help
topics and tutorials on nearly
every topic. There is a help for
every function available in
MATLAB.
Getting Help using Command Window
▫ >> help
▫ HELP topics:
▫
▫ matlab\general - General purpose commands.
▫ matlab\ops - Operators and special characters.
▫ matlab\lang - Programming language constructs.
▫ matlab\elmat - Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation.
▫ matlab\elfun - Elementary math functions.
▫ matlab\specfun - Specialized math functions.
▫ matlab\matfun - Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
▫ matlab\datafun - Data analysis and Fourier transforms.
▫ matlab\polyfun - Interpolation and polynomials.
▫ matlab\funfun - Function functions and ODE solvers.
▫ matlab\sparfun - Sparse matrices.
▫ matlab\scribe - Annotation and Plot Editing.
▫ matlab\graph2d - Two dimensional graphs.
▫ matlab\graph3d - Three dimensional graphs.
▫ matlab\specgraph - Specialized graphs.
▫ matlab\graphics - Handle Graphics.
▫ …etc...
Command Line Help – Topic Help
▫ >> help matfun
▫ Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
▫
▫ Matrix analysis.
▫ norm - Matrix or vector norm.
▫ normest - Estimate the matrix 2-norm.
▫ rank - Matrix rank.
▫ det - Determinant.
▫ trace - Sum of diagonal elements.
▫ null - Null space.
▫ orth - Orthogonalization.
▫ rref - Reduced row echelon form.
▫ subspace - Angle between two subspaces.
▫ …
Command Line Help – Function Help
▫ >> help det
▫ DET Determinant.
▫ DET(X) is the determinant of the square matrix X.
▫
▫ Use COND instead of DET to test for matrix
▫ singularity.
▫
▫ See also cond.
▫
▫ Overloaded functions or methods (ones with the same
▫ name in other directories)
▫ help laurmat/det.m
▫
▫ Reference page in Help browser
▫ doc det
Keyword’s Search in Help Entries
▫ >> lookfor who
▫ newton.m: % inputs: 'x' is the number whose square root we
seek
▫ testNewton.m: % inputs: 'x' is the number whose square
root we seek
▫ WHO List current variables.
▫ WHOS List current variables, long form.
▫ TIMESTWO S-function whose output is two times its input.

▫ >> whos
▫ Name Size Bytes Class Attributes
▫ ans 1x1 8 double
▫ fid 1x1 8 double
▫ i 1x1 8 double
Variables Basics
▫ >> 16 + 24
▫ ans =
▫ 40

▫ >> product = 16 * 23.24

▫ product =
▫ 371.84

▫ >> product = 16 *555.24;

▫ >> product
▫ product =
▫ 8883.8
Variable Basics
▫ >> clear
▫ >> product = 2 * 3^3;
▫ >> comp_sum = (2 + 3i) + (2 - 3i);
▫ >> show_i = i^2;
▫ >> save three_things
▫ >> clear
▫ >> load three_things
▫ >> who
▫ Your variables are:
▫ comp_sum product show_i
▫ >> product
▫ product =
▫ 54
▫ >> show_i
▫ show_i =
▫ -1
MATLAB Data Types Basics
• The basic data type used in MATLAB is the double precision
array

• No declarations needed: MATLAB automatically allocates

required memory

• Resize arrays dynamically

• To reuse a variable name, simply use it in the left hand side

• of an assignment statement

• MATLAB displays results in scientific notation

▫ Use File/Preferences and/or format function to change default
▫ short (5 digits), long (16 digits)
Variables Basics
• Variable names are case sensitive and over-written when re-used

• Basic variable class: Auto-Indexed Array

• Allows use of entire arrays (scalar, 1-D, 2-D, etc…) as operands
• Vectorization: Always use array operands to get best performance
(see next slide)

• Terminology: “scalar” (1 x 1 array), “vector” (1 x N array), “matrix”

(M x N array)

• Special variables/functions: ans, pi, eps, inf, NaN, i, nargin, nargout,

varargin, varargout, ...

• Commands who (terse output) and whos (verbose output) show

variables in Workspace
Multi-Dimensional Arrays
▫ >> r = randn(2,3,4) % create a 3 dimensional array filled
with
▫ normally distributed random numbers
▫ r(:,:,1) =
▫ -0.6918 1.2540 -1.4410
▫ 0.8580 -1.5937 0.5711
▫ r(:,:,2) =
▫ -0.3999 0.8156 1.2902
▫ 0.6900 0.7119 0.6686
▫ r(:,:,3) =
▫ 1.1908 -0.0198 -1.6041
▫ -1.2025 -0.1567 0.2573
▫ r(:,:,4) =
▫ -1.0565 -0.8051 0.2193
▫ 1.4151 0.5287 -0.9219
Strings
▫ >> hi = ' hello';
▫ >> class = 'MATLAB';
▫ >> hi
▫ hi =
▫ hello
▫ >> class
▫ class =
▫ MATLAB
▫ >> greetings = [hi class]
▫ greetings =
▫ helloMATLAB
▫ >> vgreetings = [hi;class]
▫ vgreetings =
▫ hello
▫ MATLAB
Diagonal Elements of Matrix
▫ >> durer
▫ durer =
▫ 16 3 2 13
▫ 5 10 11 8
▫ 9 6 7 12
▫ 4 15 14 1

▫ >> diag(durer) % diag plucks out the diagonal elements

▫ ans =
▫ 16
▫ 10
▫ 7
▫ 1

▫ >> sum(diag(durer))
▫ ans =
▫ 34
Other Diagonal using Flip Left-Right
▫ >> durer
▫ durer =
▫ 16 3 2 13
▫ 5 10 11 8
▫ 9 6 7 12
▫ 4 15 14 1

▫ >> fliplr(durer) % “flip left-right”

▫ ans =
▫ 13 2 3 16
▫ 8 11 10 5
▫ 12 7 6 9
▫ 1 14 15 4
▫ >> sum(diag(fliplr(durer)))
▫ ans =
▫ 34
Accessing Elements using Sub-Scripting
▫ >> durer
▫ durer =
▫ 16 3 2 13
▫ 5 10 11 8
▫ 9 6 7 12
▫ 4 15 14 1

▫ >> diag_sum = durer(1,1) + durer(2,2) + durer(3,3)

▫ diag_sum =
▫ 33
▫ >> durer(4,4) = pi
▫ durer =
▫ 16.0000 3.0000 2.0000 13.0000
▫ 5.0000 10.0000 11.0000 8.0000
▫ 9.0000 6.0000 7.0000 12.0000
▫ 4.0000 15.0000 14.0000 3.1416
The colon operator
▫ >> 1:5 % use the colon operator to create row vectors
▫ ans =
▫ 1 2 3 4 5

▫ >> 1:0.9:6 % you can vary the increment (0.9 in this

case)
▫ ans =
▫ 1.0000 1.9000 2.8000 3.7000 4.6000 5.5000

The last element is always less than or equal to the

upper limit
Scripts and Functions
• Scripts do not accept input arguments, nor do they produce
output arguments. Scripts are simply MATLAB commands
written into a file. They operate on the existing workspace.

• Functions accept input arguments and produce output

variables. All internal variables are local to the function and
commands operate on the function workspace.

• A file containing a script or function is called an m-file

• If duplicate functions (names) exist, the first in the search path
(from path command) is executed.
Function - Example
▫ function [a b c] = myfun(x, y)
▫ b = x * y; a = 100; c = x.^2;

▫ >> myfun(2,3) % called with zero outputs

▫ ans =
▫ 100
▫ >> u = myfun(2,3) % called with one output
▫ u=
▫ 100
▫ >> [u v w] = myfun(2,3) % called with all outputs
▫ u=
▫ 100
▫ v=
▫ 6
▫ w=
▫ 4
Syntax of Function
• If the m-file name and function name differ, the file
name takes precedence

• Function names must begin with a letter

• First line must contain function followed by the most

general calling syntax

• Statements after initial contiguous comments (help

lines) are the body of the function

• Terminates on the last line or a return statement

If-Else Statement
▫ >> A = 2; B = 3;
▫ >> if A > B
▫ 'A is bigger'
▫ elseif A < B
▫ 'B is bigger'
▫ elseif A == B
▫ 'A equals B'
▫ else
▫ error('Something odd is happening')
▫ end
▫ ans =
▫ B is bigger
Switch Statement
▫ >> n = 8
▫ n=
▫ 8
▫ >> switch(rem(n,3))
▫ case 0
▫ m = 'no remainder'
▫ case 1
▫ m = ‘the remainder is one'
▫ case 2
▫ m = ‘the remainder is two'
▫ otherwise
▫ error('not possible')
▫ end
▫ m=
▫ the remainder is two
For Loop
▫ >> for i = 2:5
▫ for j = 3:6
▫ a(i,j) = (i + j)^2
▫ end
▫ end
▫ >> a
▫ a=
▫ 0 0 0 0 0 0
▫ 0 0 25 36 49 64
▫ 0 0 36 49 64 81
▫ 0 0 49 64 81 100
▫ 0 0 64 81 100 121
While Loop
▫ >> b = 4; a = 2.1; count = 0;
▫ >> while b - a > 0.01
▫ a = a + 0.001;
▫ count = count + 1;
▫ end
▫ >> count
▫ count =
▫ 1891
Loading and Saving Workspace
• MATLAB can load and save data in .MAT format

• .MAT files are binary files that can be transferred across

platforms; as much accuracy as possible is preserved.

• Load: load filename OR A = load(‘filename’)

▫ loads all the variables in the specified file (the default name is
MATLAB.MAT)

• Save: save filename variables

▫ saves the specified variables (all variables by default) in the
specified file (the default name is MATLAB.MAT)
Low-Level File I/O
• File Opening and Closing
▫ fclose: Close one or more open files
▫ fopen: Open a file or obtain information about open files

• Unformatted I/O
▫ fread: Read binary data from file
▫ fwrite: Write binary data to a file

• Formatted I/O
▫ fgetl: Return the next line of a file as a string without line
terminator(s)
▫ fgets: Return the next line of a file as a string with line
▫ terminator(s)
▫ fprintf: Write formatted data to file
▫ fscanf: Read formatted data from file
Low-Level File I/O
• File Positioning
▫ feof: Test for end-of-file
▫ ferror: Query MATLAB about errors in file input
or output
▫ frewind: Rewind an open file
▫ fseek: Set file position indicator
▫ ftell: Get file position indicator
•
• String Conversion
▫ sprintf: Write formatted data to a string
▫ sscanf: Read string under format control
Example
• fid = fopen(‘filename’, ‘permission’);

• status = fclose(fid);

• fscanf: [A, count] = fscanf(fid,format,size);

• fprintf: count = fprintf(fid, format, A,...);

• fscanf and fprintf are similar to C version but

vectorized
Format Specifiers
• Specifier Description
• %c Single character
• %d Decimal notation (signed)
• %e Exponential notation
• %f Fixed-point notation
• %g The more compact of %e or %f
• %o Octal notation (unsigned)
• %s String of characters
• %u Decimal notation (unsigned)
• %x Hexadecimal notation
• etc.
Other I/O Commands
• fgetl: line = fgetl(fid);
▫ reads next line from file without line terminator

• fgets: line = fgets(fid);

▫ reads next line from file with line terminator

• textread: [A,B,C,...] = textread('filename','format',N)

▫ reads N lines of formatted text from file filename

• sscanf: A = sscanf(s, format, size);

▫ reads string under format control

• sprintf: s = sprintf(format, A);

▫ writes formatted data to a string
Read and Write
• [data, count] = fread(fid, num, precision);

• count = fwrite(fid, data, precision);

• fread and fwrite are vectorized

File Pointer Commands
• feof: tf = feof(fid);
▫ tests for end of file

• fseek: status = fseek(fid, offset, origin);

▫ sets the file position

• ftell: position = ftell(fid);

▫ gets the file position

• frewind: frewind(fid);
▫ rewinds the file

• ferror: message = ferror(fid);

▫ inquire about file I/O status
Structures
• Multidimensional MATLAB arrays
• Access elements using textual field designators
• Create structures by using periods (.):
▫ >> class.name = ‘MATLAB’;
▫ >> class.day1 = ‘2/27/07’;
▫ >> class.day2 = ‘2/28/07’;
▫ >> class
▫ class =
▫ name: ‘MATLAB’
▫ day1: ‘2/27/07’
▫ day2: ‘2/28/07’
Using Structures
• Structures are like arrays
• Fields can be added one at a time:

▫ >> class(2).name = ‘MPI’;

▫ >> class(2).day1 = ‘TBA’;
▫ >> class(2).day2 = ‘TBA’;

• Can also use a single statement:

▫ >> class(2) = struct(‘name’,‘MPI’,...

▫ ‘day1’,‘TBA’,‘day2’,‘TBA’)
Using Structures
• Consider the simple structure

▫ >> exam.name = ‘Jim Kirk’;

▫ >> exam.score = 79;
▫ >> exam(2).name = ‘Janice Lester’;
▫ >> exam(2).score = 89;
▫ >> [exam.score]
▫ ans =
▫ 79 89
Using Structures
• Can also create a cell array using curly braces:

▫ >> {exam.name}
▫ ans =
▫ 'Jim Kirk' 'Janice Lester'
The MAX and MIN functions
• [Y,I] = MAX(X) returns the indices of the maximum values in vector I. If the
values along the first non-singleton dimension contain more than one
maximal element, the index of the first one is returned.

▫ >> max(rpm_raw)
▫ ans =
▫ 1115 1120 1043

▫ >> max(max(rpm_raw))
▫ ans =
▫ 1120

▫ >> [y,i] = max(rpm_raw)

▫ y=
▫ 1115 1120 1043
▫ i=
▫ 8 2 17
MIN Function
▫ >> min(rpm_raw)
▫ ans =
▫ 1053 1053 961

▫ >> min(min(rpm_raw))
▫ ans =
▫ 961

▫ >> [y,i] = min(rpm_raw)

▫ y=
▫ 1053 1053 961
▫ i=
▫ 22 1 22
Median, Covariance and Standard
Deviation
• The median is used to calculate median, cov for covariance, std for
standard deviation, var for variance

▫ >> median(rpm_raw) % median along each column

▫ ans =
▫ 1080 1083.5 1004
▫ >> cov(rpm_raw) % covariance of the data
▫ ans =
▫ 306.4 -34.76 32.192
▫ -34.76 244.9 -165.21
▫ 32.192 -165.21 356.25
▫ >> std(rpm_raw) % standard deviation along each column
▫ ans =
▫ 17.504 15.649 18.875
▫ >> var(rpm_raw) % variance is the square of std
▫ ans =
▫ 306.4 244.9 356.25
Polynomial Equation
• The equation
in MATLAB is represented as

▫ >> p = [1 -6 -72 -27]

▫ p=
▫ 1 -6 -72 -27

▫ >> roots(p)
▫ ans =
▫ 12.1229
▫ -5.7345
▫ -0.3884
Using Symbolic Computation Toolbox
• syms or sym is used to declare symbols

▫ >> syms x y
▫ >> y = x^4 + x^2 + (x*2) + 87
▫ y=
▫ x^4 + x^2 + 2*x + 87

▫ >> subs(y, x, 10)

▫ ans =
▫ 10207
Differentiation and Integration
• The diff and int functions are used to differentiate and
integrate respectively

▫ >> syms x y
▫ >> y = x^2 + x + 1
▫ y=
▫ x^2 + x + 1
▫
▫ >> differentiation = diff(y, x)
▫ differentiation =
▫ 2*x + 1
▫
▫ >> integration = int(y, x)
▫ integration =
▫ (x*(2*x^2 + 3*x + 6))/6
>> x = [0:pi/100:pi];
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y), title('Simple Plot')
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y,'g.',x,z,'b-.'),
title('More Complicated')
>> t = 0:pi/25:pi;
>> [x,y,z] =
cylinder(4*cos(t));
>> subplot(2,1,1)
>> contour(y)
>> subplot(2,1,2)
>> mesh(x,y,z)
>> xlabel('x')
>> ylabel('this is the y axis')
>> text(1,-2,0.5,...
'\it{Note the gap!}')
Used to display multiple
plots in the same figure
window

subplot(m,n,i)
subdivides the window into
m-by-n subregions
(subplots) and makes the
ith subplot active for the
current plot

>> subplot(2,3,1)
>> plot(t, sin(t), 'r:square')
>> axis([-Inf,Inf,-Inf,Inf])

>> subplot(2,3,3)
>> plot(t, cos(t), 'g')
>> axis([-Inf,Inf,-1,1])

>> subplot(2,3,5)
>> plot(t, sin(t).*cos(t), 'b-.')
>> axis([-Inf,Inf,-Inf,Inf])
mesh(Z) generates a wireframe
view of matrix Z, where Z(i,j)
define the height of a surface over
the rectangular x-y grid

>> figure(2);
>> [X,Y] = meshgrid(-
16:1.0:16);
>> Z = sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2 +
5000);
>> mesh(Z)
surf(Z) generates a colored
faceted 3-D view of the surface.
By default, the faces are
quadrilaterals, each of constant
color, with black mesh lines
The shading command allows you
to control the view

>> figure(2);
>> [X,Y] = meshgrid(-
16:1.0:16);
>> Z = sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2 +
5000);
>> surf(Z)
>> shading flat
>> shading interp
>> colormap hot

>> colormap gray

>> colormap cool

>> colormap pink

Use to create, display, and label
isolines determined by one or
more matrices

contour(Z) generates isolines

from values given by a matrix Z
and displays it in 2-D
Use to create, display, and label
isolines determined by one or
more matrices

contour3(Z) generates isolines

from values given by a matrix Z
and displays it in 3-D
Reading Images
• MATLAB can read images of various formats including
• BMP, HDF, JPEG, PCX, TIFF, XWD
• Use function imread to read image files
• imread reads indexed, intensity, and truecolor images
• Images are read into a uint8 matrix of appropriate size
• imread automatically determines the format of the
image based on information in the header
• You can specify a format as an optional second
argument
Reading Image - Example
▫ >> Crusader = imread(’Crusader.jpg');
▫ >> image(Crusader)
▫ >> whos Crusader
▫ Name Size Bytes Class
▫ Crusader 186x250x3 139500 uint8 array
▫ Grand total is 139500 elements using 139500
bytes
Writing Images
• MATLAB can write images of various formats including
the following
• BMP, HDF, JPEG, PCX, TIFF, XWD
• Use function imwrite to write image files
• imwrite writes indexed, intensity, and truecolor
images
• Images are written as a uint8 matrix (converted if
necessary) of appropriate size along with colormaps (if
necessary) and headers
• imwrite determines the format from extension of
filename. You can specify an optional format if
extension is absent or to force a particular format
Writing Images - Example
▫ >> Abrams = imread(‘Abrams.jpg');
▫ >> image(Abrams)
▫ >> whos Abrams
▫ Name Size Bytes Class
▫ Abrams 511x640x3 981120 uint8 array
▫ Grand total is 981120 elements using 981120 bytes
▫ >> % Write out tank as gray image
▫ >> AbramsGray = rgb2gray(Abrams);
▫ >> colormap gray;
▫ >> image(AbramsGray)
▫ >> imwrite(AbramsGray, gray, 'Abrams.bmp');
MEX Basics
• MEX stands for MATLAB EXecutable
• MEX files are C and FORTRAN programs that are
callable from MATLAB after compiling
• Why?
▫ Pre-existing C/FORTRAN programs can be called
from MATLAB without rewriting codes in MATLAB
▫ Computations that do not run fast enough in
MATLAB, such as for loops, can be coded in C or
FORTRAN for efficient implementation.
▫ Access to hardware such as A/D, D/A converters,
GPIB hardware, serial/parallel port, etc.
Using MEX
1. Prepare the C or Fortran MEX program according
to MATLAB external interfacing rules
2. Compile the C or FORTRAN MEX program using
MATLAB command “mex”
3. mex in turn makes use of external C or
FORTRAN compilers
4. Call the compiled MEX function in the same way
as calling any MATLAB function
Changing MATLAB’s Startup behavior
• Customize MATLAB’s start-up behavior
• Create startup.m file and place in:
$matlabroot\work

• My startup.m file:
▫ addpath e:\download\MatlabMPI\src
▫ addpath e:\download\MatlabMPI\examples
▫ addpath .\MatMPI
▫ format short g
▫ format compact
MATLAB’s path
• The addpath command adds directories to the MATLAB search
path. The specified directories are added to the beginning of the
search path.
• rmpath is used to remove paths from the search path

▫ >> addpath('c:\');
▫ >> matlabpath

▫ MATLABPATH
▫ c:\
▫ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work
▫ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\f_funcs
▫ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_funcs
▫ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_scripts
▫ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\general
▫ E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\ops
Some common commands
• ls / dir provide a directory listing of the current directory

▫ >> ls
▫ . .. sample.m
▫ >>

• pwd shows the current directory

▫ >> pwd
▫ ans =
▫ e:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2006b\work
▫ >>
Some common commands
• The system command can be used to run OS commands
• On Unix systems, the unix command can be used as well
• On DOS systems, the corresponding command is dos

▫ >> dos('date')
▫ The current date is: Thu 01/04/2007
▫ Enter the new date: (mm-dd-yy)
▫
▫ ans =
▫ 0
Links of Online MATLAB Resources
• www.mathworks.com/
• www.mathtools.net/MATLAB
• www.math.utah.edu/lab/ms/matlab/matlab.html
• web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/software/matlab/
• www/home.html
• www.utexas.edu/its/rc/tutorials/matlab/
• www.math.ufl.edu/help/matlab-tutorial/
• www.indiana.edu/~statmath/math/matlab/links.ht
ml
• www-
h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/programs/matlab.html
Thanking You
Rohit Pathak
Satyadhar Joshi
Salman Ahmed
Ripudaman Singh

www.nanotechbiz.org