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Lab 03 - SQL (DDL)

Data Definition Language

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16 views16 pages

Lab 03 - SQL (DDL)

Data Definition Language

Uploaded by

hayamousa78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

• SQL is a standard language for storing,


manipulating and retrieving data in databases.
DDL
• DDL is abbreviation of Data Definition
Language.
– It is used to create and modify the structure of
database objects in database.
• CREATE – Creates objects in the database
• ALTER – Alters objects of the database
• DROP – Deletes objects of the database
• TRUNCATE – Deletes all records from a table and resets
table identity to initial value.
DML
• DML is abbreviation of Data Manipulation
Language.
– It is used to retrieve, store, modify, delete, insert
and update data in database.
• SELECT – Retrieves data from a table
• INSERT – Inserts data into a table
• UPDATE – Updates existing data into a table
• DELETE – Deletes all records from a table
DCL
• DCL is abbreviation of Data Control Language.
– It is used to create roles, permissions, and
referential integrity as well it is used to control
access to database by securing it.
• GRANT – Gives user’s access privileges to database
• REVOKE – Withdraws user’s access privileges to
database given with the GRANT command
TCL
• TCL is abbreviation of Transactional Control
Language.
– It is used to manage different transactions
occurring within a database.
• COMMIT – Saves work done in transactions
• ROLLBACK – Restores database to original state since
the last COMMIT command in transactions
SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
• The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a
new table in a database.

• Simple Example:
CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID number(9,0),
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
SQL DROP TABLE Statement
• The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop an
existing table in a database.

– DROP TABLE table_name;


SQL TRUNCATE TABLE
• The TRUNCATE TABLE statement is used to
delete the data inside a table, but not the
table itself.
– TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
• The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete,
or modify columns in an existing table.

• The ALTER TABLE statement is also used to add


and drop various constraints on an existing table.
Alter / Change Datatype
Alter / Drop Columns
– ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN
column_name;

– ALTER TABLE table_name DROP


(column_name1, column_name2);

– Ex
• ALTER TABLE customers DROP
customer_name;
Alter / Add Column
– ALTER TABLE table_name ADD
column_name column_definition;

– ALTER TABLE table_name ADD


(column_name1 column1_definition,
column_name2 column2_definition);
– Ex:
• ALTER TABLE customers ADD
customer_name varchar2(45);
Alter / Rename tables and columns
• ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO
new_table_name;

• ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN


column_name TO new_column_name;
SQL Constraints
• NOT NULL :
– Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

• UNIQUE :
– Ensures that all values in a column are different

• PRIMARY KEY :
– A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row in a table

• FOREIGN KEY :
– Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table

• CHECK :
– Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition

• DEFAULT :
– Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified

• INDEX :
– Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
NOT NULL
• By default, a column can hold NULL values.

• The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.

• This enforces a field to always contain a value, which means that you
cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value
to this field.

– CREATE TABLE Persons (


ID number(9,0) NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age number(3,0)
);
SQL UNIQUE Constraint
• The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are different.

• Both the UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints provide a guarantee for
uniqueness for a column or set of columns.

• A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint.

• However, you can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only one
PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.

– CREATE TABLE Persons (


ID number(9,0) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);

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