SQL QUERIES-6

SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

 FUNCTIONS
• Oracle SQL supplies a rich library of in-built functions
which can be employed for various tasks.
• The essential capabilities of a functions can be the case
conversion of strings, in-string or substring operations,
mathematical computations on numeric data, and date
operations on date type values.
• SQL Functions optionally take arguments from the user
and mandatorily return a value.
• On a broader category, there are 2 types of functions :-
I. Single Row functions - Single row functions are the one
who work on single row and return one output per
row.
row For example, length and case conversion functions
are single row functions.
II.Multiple Row functions - Multiple row functions work
upon group of rows and return one result for the
complete set of rows.
rows They are also known as Group
Functions.
Functions
 Single row functions(SCALAR )

• They act on only 1 value at a time whereas aggregate

functions act on a set of values. But both of them
(SCALAR & aggregate functions)produce a single value
as an output.
• Scalar functions are classified according to several data
types.
a) Numeric functions
b)Character functions
c) Date functions
d)Conversion functions
 1. Numeric Functions

• Numeric functions accept numeric input and return

numeric values.
values Most numeric functions
return NUMBER values that are accurate to 38 decimal
digits.
• The transcendental functions COS, COSH, EXP, LN, LOG,
SIN, SINH, SQRT, TAN, and TANH are accurate to 36
decimal digits.
• The transcendental functions ACOS, ASIN, ATAN,
and ATAN2 are accurate to 30 decimal digits.
The numeric functions are:
1.ROUND(n1,n2)- It returns n1 rounded to n2 places to
right of decimal point. Here n1 is a number and n2 must
be an integer.
integer
SELECT ROUND(12.28,1) from dual;
2. Trunc(n1,n2)- it returns n1 truncated to n2 digits of
precision. Here n1 is number,
number n2 must be integer.
integer
SELECT trunc(12.218,2) from dual;
3. Mod(n1,n2)- It returns remainder of n1 divided by n2.
n2
SELECT mod(9,2) from dual;
4. ABS(n)- It returns absolute value of n.
n Here n is a
number.
SELECT ABS(-20) from dual;
5. POWER(n1,n2)- It returns n1 raised to n2 power.
power
SELECT POWER(4,3) from dual;
6. sqrt(n)- returns square root
SELECT sqrt(16) from dual;
7. exp(n)- It returns e raised to nth power.
power Here e is a
constant=2.71828123
SELECT EXP(1) from dual;
8. Greatest(n1,n2,...nn)- It returns greatest value.
value
SELECT greatest(10,13,11) from dual;
9. Least(n1,n2,...nn)- It returns least value.
value
SELECT least(10,13,11) from dual;

10. floor(n)- SELECT floor(13.9) from dual;

dual

11.ceil(n)- SELECT ceil(10.27) from dual;

 2. Character functions

• Accepts character input and returns number or character

value.
value
• Functions under the category are CONCAT, LENGTH,
SUBSTR, INSTR, LPAD, RPAD, TRIM and REPLACE.
• Case Conversion functions -
Accepts character input and returns a character value.
value
Functions under the category are UPPER, LOWER and
INITCAP.
INITCAP
1. length(string)- It returns number of characters in a given
string.
SELECT length('computer') from dual;

2. substr(string,n1,n2)- n1 and n2 will be integers. It

returns a sub string that begins at n1th character and
length of that substring is n2.
SELECT substr('computer',4,3) from dual;
dual

3. lower: converts string in lower case

SELECT lower('HAPPY') from dual;

4. upper: converts string in uppercase

SELECT upper('happy') from dual;
5. initcap(string)- It returns string with first character in
uppercase.
uppercase
SELECT initcap('happy') from dual;
6. ascii(character)- it returns ASCII value of a given
character.
SELECT ascii('B') from dual;
7.translate(s1,s2,s3)- replace s1 with s3,
s3 wherever s2 is
coming.
SELECT translate('computer','mr','ns') from dual;
8. ltrim(string, char)- it returns the string after removing
leading char(it removes the spaces before leading
character)
SELECT ltrim(‘ ananya') from dual;
SELECT length(ltrim(‘ ananya’)) from dual;
9. rtrim(string, char)- it returns the string after removing
trailing char
SELECT rtrim('ananya') from dual;
10. trim(string)- it returns the string after removing all the
blank spaces from left and right sides of string.
SELECT trim(' ananya ') from dual
11. lpad(string,n,char)- it returns the string after padding
char to left of string.
string The returning string becomes n
characters long.
SELECT lpad('hello',8,'?') from dual;
12. rpad(string,n,char)- it returns the string after padding
char to right of string.
string The returning string becomes n
characters long.
SELECT rpad('hello',8,'?') from dual;
13.replace(s1,s2,s3)
SELECT replace('computer','put','son') from dual;
14. CONCAT returns char1 concatenated with char2. char2
Both char1 and char2 can be any of the data types The
string returned is in the same character set as char1. Its
data type depends on the data types of the arguments.
SELECT concat(name,city) from student where id=1101;
SELECT concat(concat(name,’ LIVES in ‘),city) from student
where id=1101;
 3. CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
1. TO_CHAR(number/date,format):
• it converts number/date datatype to character data type.
SELECT to_char(2000,'$99999') from dual;
SELECT to_char(sysdate,'DD-MM-YYYY') from dual;
SELECT to_char(sysdate.’day’-’month’-’year’) from dual;
2. TO_NUMBER(char):
• It converts a value of character data type to a number
data type.
SELECT to_number('567') from dual;
3. TO_DATE(character,format):
• It converts character value to a date value as per format.
SELECT to_date('17/10/09','DD-MM-YY') from dual;
 4. DATE FUNCTIONS
• YYYY: Four digit representation of year
• YEAR: Year spelled out
• MM: Two digit value of month
• MONTH: Full name of month
• MON: Three letter representation of month
• DY: Three letter representation of the day of the week
• DAY: Full name of the day
• DD: Numeric day of the month
• fm: used to remove any padded blanks or leading zeros.
1. sysdate- Returns the current date-time from the
operating system of the database server.

SELECT sysdate from dual;

SELECT systimestamp from dual;

2. current_date- Similar to the sysdate function, but

returns the current date-time within the sessions time
zone.
SELECT current_date from dual;
SELECT current_timestamp from dual;
3. last_day(date)- it returns the last date of the month for
date specified with the function.
SELECT sysdate,last_day(sysdate) from dual;
If sysdate =17-oct-2016, then last_day=31-oct-2016
4. next_day(date,day)- it returns the date for first day after
the date specified in the function
SELECT next_day(sysdate,'wednesday') from dual;
5. months_between(dat1,date2)- It returns number of
months between date1 and date2.
date2
SELECT months_between('21-oct-09','21-sep-09') from
dual;
6. add_months(date,n)- here n is integer value. It returns the
date after adding number of months(n)
months in the function.
SELECT add_months('17-oct-09',2) from dual;
//answer is 17-dec-09
7. round(date,format)- It returns the date after rounding to a
specific format.
SELECT round(sysdate,'yy') from dual
8. TRUNC(date, [format])- Truncates the specified date of its
time portion according to the format provided.
SELECT trunc(to_date('27-oct-92'), 'year') as new_year from
dual;
9. to_date- to calculate number of days between dates.
dates
SELECT (to_date ('15-jun-13') - to_date('01-feb-12')) from
dual;
SELECT (to_date ('15-06-13','dd-MM-yyyy') - to_date('01-
02-12','dd-MM-yyyy')) from dual
• When used with dates, ROUND and TRUNC functions,
you can round dates to nearest year or month.
• If the format model is month , dates 1-15 result in the
first day of the current month.
• dates 16-31 result in the first day of the next month.
• if the format model is year , months 1-6 result in january
1 of the current year.
• months 7-12 result in January 1 of the next year.
• select extract(day from sysdate) as only_day from
dual
• select extract(month from sysdate) as only_month
from dual
• select extract(year from sysdate) as only_year from
dual