4CS016 – Embedded Systems

Programming
Lecture 1
Introduction to Embedded Systems
 A. Agenda
Agenda

• Introduction to your
Instructors​ • Introduction to your Instructors​
• Introduction to the
• Introduction to the Module​
Module​
• Assignments • Assignments
• Week 1 Lecture
Introduction to • Week 1 Lecture Introduction to Embedded
Embedded Systems
Systems
​
 Introduction to your Instructors

A. Agenda

• Introduction to your
• Mr. Subash Bista [Module Leader]
Instructors​
• Introduction to the
[email protected]
Module​ • Mr. Raj Pradhan
• Assignments [email protected]
• Week 1 Lecture • Mr. Nabin Acharya
Introduction to
[email protected]
Embedded Systems
• Mr. Sulove Bhattrai
​ [email protected]
 Introduction to the Module (Subject to change)

• Introduction + Electronics
A. Agenda
• Electronics & Embedded

• Introduction to your • Arduino Programming

Instructors​ • Programming continued
• Introduction to the • Serial Data & The Arduino
Module​
• Display Technologies in Embedded Systems
• Assignments
• Week 1 Lecture • Employability Skills
Introduction to • Communication
Embedded Systems • Motors
• Servos
​
• RFID/NFC
• Wearable Technologies/Robotic
 Assignments

A. Agenda • Portfolio of Work

• Introduction to your • You will be required to complete an individual range of workshop

Instructors​ activities 50%.
• Introduction to the
Module​
• Then there is an individual assignment worth 50%.
• Assignments
• Week 1 Lecture
Introduction to
Embedded Systems

​
 A. Agenda

• Introduction to your
Instructors​ Week 1 Lecture Introduction to Embedded
• Introduction to the
Module​ Systems.
• Assignments
• Week 1 Lecture
Introduction to
Embedded Systems

​
 Overview
• Analogue & Digital
Overview
• Embedded Systems
• Analogue & Digital • Ohm's Law
• Embedded Systems
• Ohm's Law • Basic Components
• Basic Components
• Resistor
• Symbols and Circuits
• Tolerances • Capacitor
• Testing and
Measuring • LED
• Symbols and Circuits
​
• Tolerances
 1. Analogue & Digital

Analogue Digital
• Light Dimmer • Light are On or Off
1. Analogue & Digital
• Grey areas • True or False
• Continuous Signal(sine • Discrete Signal(square
wave) wave)
• Temperature Sensor • A switch
 2. Embedded Systems
• As the name suggests, embedded means something that is
attached to another thing.
2. Embedded Systems • An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-
2.1. List of Embedded
based system designed to perform a specific task. For example, a
Systems
2.2. Characteristics of fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke. A
Embedded Systems Washing machine.
 2.1. List of Embedded Systems
Anti-lock brakes Network cards
Auto-focus cameras Network switches/routers
Automatic teller machines On-board navigation
Automatic toll systems Pagers
Automatic transmission Photocopiers
2. Embedded Systems Avionic systems Point-of-sale systems
Battery chargers
2.1. List of Embedded Systems Portable video games
Camcorders
2.2. Characteristics of Embedded Printers
Cell phones
Satellite phones
Systems Cell-phone base stations
Scanners
Cordless phones
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Cruise control
Speech recognizers
Curbside check-in systems
Stereo systems
Digital cameras
Teleconferencing systems
Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments Televisions

Electronic toys/games Temperature controllers

Factory control Theft tracking systems
Fax machines TV set-top boxes
Fingerprint identifiers VCR’s, DVD players
Home security systems Video game consoles
 2.2. Characteristics of Embedded Systems Systems
• Single-functioned
⚬ Executes a single program, repeatedly
2. Embedded Systems • Tightly-constrained(Design)
2.1. List of Embedded Systems
2.2. Characteristics of
⚬ Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
Embedded Systems
• Reactive and real-time
⚬ Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
eg: Car cruise controller
⚬ Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
 3. Ohm's Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.
i.e. V=IR

3. Ohm's Law

Gerorg Simon Ohm

 3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor
Resistors are used in circuits to:
⚬ Reduce current flow
3. Basic Components ⚬ Divide Voltages
3.1. Resistor
3.2. Capacitor ⚬ So they allow us to manage
3.3. LED
voltages and currents (to an
extent)
• The trade-off is that resistors that are
put under load can and do heat up and
so other systems are available such as
voltage regulators (often with
heatsinks) to manage voltages.
 3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor

3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor
3.2. Capacitor
3.3. LED
 3.1.1. Resistor Calculator

So.. Calculate series with

3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor
Rt = 100Ω + 50Ω + 30Ω
3.1.1. Resistor Calculator
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
3.2. Capacitor
In Parallel
3.3. LED
Rt = 100Ω, 50Ω, 30Ω
 3.1.2. To manage Voltageage
Resistors can be used to split voltages in circuits
i.e.

3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor
3.1.1.Resistor Calculator
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
V = voltage to be found
3.2. Capacitor
3.3. LED R = individual resistance
Rtotal = total resistance
across voltage in series
Vsupply is the voltage being
divided.
 3.2. Capacitor
• Used to store voltage temporarily.
• Often then discharged in circuits.
• Some have polarity so beware.
3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor • Voltage Rating
3.1.1.Resistor Calculator
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
3.2. Capacitor
3.3. LED
 3.2. Capacitor
• When the switch is closed, the LED will light, and the
Capacitor will also charge.
• When the switch is opened, the 5V source is effectively
disconnected and the Led remains on for a period of time
3. Basic Components
3.1. Resistor while the capacitor discharges.
3.1.1.Resistor Calculator
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
3.2. Capacitor
3.3. LED
 3.3. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

• Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

• They have a flat side with a short leg as they only allow
3. Basic Components • They basically glow when voltage is applied.
3.1. Resistor
3.1.1.Resistor Calculator
• Commonly made from Gallium Arsenide Phosphide
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
3.2. Capacitor • Usually have a flat side indicating cathode “-” and only allows current to
3.3. LED pass one way.
• Anode “+” normally longer leg.
 3.3. LED (Light Emitting Diode)

• If we want to illuminate a LED we need to provide the

correct voltage and current.
3. Basic Components • We can find these with the datasheets for the LED
3.1. Resistor
problem we often have a fixed voltage source like a 9V
3.1.1.Resistor Calculator
battery or a 5V supply from an Arduino and if we applied
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
3.2. Capacitor this to the LED it might blow it, so we need to Limit
3.3. LED (reduce) the voltage.
 3.3. LED (Light Emitting Diode) Calculations
Basic LED circuit

Source Voltage = 5 volts

Voltage Drop = 2.5 volts
3. Basic Components Desired Current = 30 milliamps
3.1. Resistor So the resistor we need is:
3.1.1.Resistor Calculator 5V – 2.5V to give a voltage drop
3.1.2. To manage Voltage
required.
3.2. Capacitor
Voltage drop = 2.5V
3.3. LED
Resistance = Voltage / Current
R = 2.5 / 30 mA (30 x 10-3)
R = 2.5 / 0.03
R = 83 Ω resistor (approx.)
 Different types of LED

Surface Mount LED

Different types of LED
and RGB LED

RGB LED
 5. Symbols and Circuit
• Resistor

• Disc Ceramic Capacitor

• Electrolytic Capacitor
5. Symbols and Circuit

• LED

• Switch

• Voltage
 5. Symbols and Circuit

5. Symbols and Circuit Fig: Circuit Demonstrating LED, Capicitor,

Resisisto,Battery, and Switch
 6.Tolerances The colored bands on a resistor can tell you
everything you need to know about its value
and tolerance.
• The first stripe is yellow, which means the
leftmost digit is a 4.
• The second stripe is violet, which means
6. Tolerances the next digit is a 7.
• The third stripe is brown. The multiplier is
10
• So the resistance of the resistor is 470Ω
The fourth color band indicates the resistor's tolerance
.
• Tolerance is the percentage of error in the resistor's resistance, or how much more or
less you can expect a resistor's actual measured resistance to be from its stated
 7. Testing and Measuring

It's difficult to diagnose faults in circuits

without a few tools.
• Multimeter – Measuring Voltage, Current, Resistance
• Oscilloscope – Measuring voltage over time i.e. Waveforms.
7. Testing and Measuring
7.1. Measuring using a
Multimeter

Fig: Multimeter Fig: Oscilloscope

 7.1. Measuring using a Multimeter
Note:
• Voltage is measured in
parallel with the component
• Current is measured in
Series (or you risk blowing

7. Testing and Measuring up your meter) without a few

7.1. Measuring using a tools.
Multimeter
 7.1. Measuring using a Multimeter
Note:
• Black wire generally connects to COM
Depending on what you are measuring
the Red goes to:
• V Ω – If your measuring DC Voltage, A
7. Testing and Measuring
7.1. Measuring using a
resistor or Diodes.
Multimeter • mA - If you know your measuring
milliAmps Current (220mA MAX)
• A – If you know your measuring (20A
max for around 10 seconds)
 7.1. Measuring using a Multimeter
Depending on the Multimeter we can
measure:
1. Voltages (AC/DC)
2. Current
3. Resistance
7. Testing and Measuring
7.1. Measuring using a
4.Capacitance
Multimeter 5. Continuity
6. Diodes
Again: You can damage circuits, the meter
and more importantly yourself if you get it
wrong, this happens if you are not careful
and taking care of what you are doing.
 7.1. Measuring using a Multimeter in Tinkercad

7. Testing and Measuring

7.1. Measuring using a
Multimeter
 Tinkercad and Fritzing
We will be using Tinkercad and Fritzing to design and simulate
our circuit.
Installation of Tinkercad and Fritzing will be done in workshop

Tinkercad and Fritzing