Unit-1

Introduction to Cloud
Computing.
CONTENTS :
Computing Paradigms:
High-Performance Computing.
Parallel Computing.
Distributed Computing.
Cluster Computing.
Grid Computing.
Cloud Computing.
Bio computing.
Mobile Computing.
Quantum Computing.
Optical Computing.
Nano computing.
High-Performance Computing
 In high-performance computing systems, a pool of
processors (processor machines or central processing
units [CPUs]) connected (networked) with other resources
like memory, storage, and input and output devices,
and the deployed software is enabled to run in the entire
system of connected components.
 The processor machines can be of homogeneous or
heterogeneous type.
 The legacy meaning of high-performance computing
(HPC) is the supercomputers.
 HPC include a small cluster of desktop computers or
personal computers (PCs) to the fastest
supercomputers.
 HPC systems are normally found in those applications
where it is required to use or solve scientific problems.
 Most of the time, the challenge in working with these kinds
of problems is to perform suitable simulation study, and
this can be accomplished by HPC without any difficulty.
 Scientific examples such as protein folding in
HPC architecture connects a multicore processor with an HPC Node and an
HPC Cluster to create an exceptionally robust computing platform.
 HPCs fall somewhere between workstations and
supercomputers.
 Supercomputers are also HPCs, not all HPCs are
supercomputers.
 HPCs use clusters of servers that work in parallel to perform
highly-complex calculations.
 Data centers across industries use HPCs to solve difficult,
compute-intensive problems cost-effectively. HPCs are a key
element in handling today’s demanding computer workloads,
from Big Data to predictive analytics to machine
learning and artificial intelligence.
 The main benefits of HPC are speed, cost, a flexible
deployment model, fault tolerance, and total cost of
ownership, although the actual benefits realized can vary
from system to system.
 https://www.datamation.com/data-center/high-
performance-computing/
Parallel Computing
Parallel computing is also one of the facets (feature)
of HPC. Here, a set of processors work cooperatively
to solve a computational problem.
These processor machines or CPUs are mostly of
homogeneous type. Therefore, this definition is the
same as that of HPC and is broad enough to include
supercomputers that have hundreds or thousands of
processors interconnected with other resources.
In parallel computing, since there is
simultaneous use of multiple processor
machines, the following apply:
It is run using multiple processors
(multiple CPUs).
A problem is broken down into discrete
Each part is further broken down into a series of
instructions.
Instructions from each part are executed
simultaneously on different processors.
An overall control/coordination mechanism is
employed.
In serial or sequential computers, the following
apply:
It runs on a single computer/processor machine
having a single CPU.
A problem is broken down into a discrete series of
instructions.
Instructions are executed one after another.
Distributed Computing
 Distributed computing is also a computing system that
consists of multiple computers or processor machines
connected through a network, which can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous, but run as a single system.
 The connectivity can be such that the CPUs in a distributed
system can be physically close together and connected by a
local network, or they can be geographically distant and
connected by a wide area network.
 The heterogeneity in a distributed system supports any
number of possible configurations in the processor machines,
such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and minicomputers.
The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network
work as a single computer.
 Distributed computing systems are advantageous over
centralized systems, because there is a support for the
following characteristic features:
 1. Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily
expanded by adding more machines as needed, and vice
versa, without affecting the existing setup.
 2. Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can
provide the same services, so that even if one is unavailable
(or failed), work does not stop because other similar
computing supports will be available.
Cluster Computing
A cluster computing system consists of a set of the
same or similar type of processor machines
connected using a dedicated network infrastructure.
All processor machines share resources such as a
common home directory and have a software such as
a message passing interface (MPI) implementation
installed to allow programs to be run across all nodes
simultaneously. This is also a kind of HPC category.
The individual computers in a cluster can be referred
to as nodes.
The reason to realize a cluster as HPC is due to the
fact that the individual nodes can work together to
solve a problem larger than any computer can easily
solve.
 thenodes need to communicate with one another in order to
work cooperatively and meaningfully together to solve the
problem in hand.
Grid Computing :
 The computing resources in most of the organizations are
underutilized but are necessary for certain operations.
 The idea of grid computing is to make use of such
nonutilized computing power by the needy organizations, and
thereby the return on investment (ROI) on computing
investments can be increased.
 Grid computing is a network of computing or processor
machines managed with a kind of software such as
middleware, in order to access and use the resources
remotely.
 The managing activity of grid resources through the
middleware is called grid services.
 Grid services provide access control, security, access to data
including digital libraries and databases, and access to large-
scale interactive and long-term storage facilities.
Cluster Computing Grid Computing
Nodes must be Nodes can be
homogeneous (same homogeneous or
hardware and OS) heterogeneous
Computers are Computers contribute
dedicated to the same unused resources
task
Computers are Computers may be
located close to each located at a huge
other. distance from one
another.
Computers are Computers are
connected by a high connected using a low
speed speed bus or the
local area network internet.
bus.
Whole system Every node is
 Grid computing is more popular due to the following reasons:
 Its ability to make use of unused computing power, and thus,
it is a cost-effective solution (reducing investments, only
recurring costs)
 As a way to solve problems in line with any HPC-based
application
 Enables heterogeneous resources of computers to work
cooperatively and collaboratively to solve a scientific
problem.
 Researchers associate the term grid to the way electricity is
distributed in municipal areas for the common man. In this
context, the difference between electrical power grid and grid
computing is worth noting.
Cloud Computing
 The computing trend moved toward cloud from the concept
of grid computing, particularly when large computing
resources are required to solve a single problem, using the
ideas of computing power as a utility and other allied
concepts.
 the potential difference between grid and cloud is that grid
computing supports leveraging several computers in parallel
to solve a particular application, while cloud computing
supports leveraging multiple resources, including computing
resources, to deliver a unified service to the end user.
 In cloud computing, the IT and business
resources, such as servers, storage, network,
applications, and processes, can be dynamically
provisioned to the user needs and workload.
 cloud can provision and support a grid, a cloud
can also support nongrid environments, such as
Bio computing
 Bio computing systems use the concepts of biologically
derived or simulated molecules (or models) that perform
computational processes in order to solve a problem. The
biologically derived models aid in structuring the computer
programs that become part of the application.
 Biocomputing provides the theoretical background and
practical tools for scientists to explore proteins and DNA.
DNA and proteins are nature’s building blocks, but these
building blocks are not exactly used as bricks; the function of
the final molecule rather strongly depends on the order of
these blocks.
 the biocomputing scientist works on inventing the order
suitable for various applications mimicking biology.
Biocomputing shall, therefore, lead to a better understanding
of life and the molecular causes of certain diseases.
Mobile Computing
 In mobile computing, the processing (or computing) elements
are small (i.e., handheld devices) and the communication
between various resources is taking place using wireless
media.
 Mobile communication for voice applications (e.g., cellular
phone) is widely established throughout the world and
witnesses a very rapid growth in all its dimensions including
the increase in the number of subscribers of various cellular
networks.
 An extension of this technology is the ability to
send and receive data across various cellular
networks using small devices such as
smartphones.
 Mobile computing–based applications are
becoming very important and rapidly evolving
with various technological advancements as it
Quantum Computing
 Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field
comprising aspects of computer science, physics,
and mathematics that utilizes quantum
mechanics to solve complex problems faster
than on classical computers. The field of
quantum computing includes hardware research
and application development.
 Manufacturers of computing systems say that there is a limit
for cramming more and more transistors into smaller and
smaller spaces of integrated circuits (ICs) and thereby
doubling the processing power about every 18 months.
 This problem will have to be overcome by a new quantum
computing–based solution, wherein the dependence is on
quantum information, the rules that govern the subatomic
world.
 Quantum computers are millions of times faster than even our
 Since quantum computing works differently on the most
fundamental level than the current technology, and although
there are working prototypes, these systems have not so far
proved to be alternatives to today’s silicon-based machines.
Optical Computing
 Optical computing system uses the photons in visible light or
infrared beams, rather than electric current, to perform digital
computations.
 An electric current flows at only about 10% of the speed of
light.
 This limits the rate at which data can be exchanged over long
distances and is one of the factors that led to the evolution of
optical fiber.
 By applying some of the advantages of visible and/or IR
networks at the device and component scale, a computer can
be developed that can perform operations 10 or more times
faster than a conventional electronic computer.
Nano computing
 Nanocomputing refers to computing systems that are
constructed from nanoscale components. The silicon
transistors in traditional computers may be replaced by
transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
 The successful realization of nanocomputers
relates to the scale and integration of these
nanotubes or components.
 The issues of scale relate to the dimensions of
the components; they are, at most, a few
nanometers in at least two dimensions.
 The issues of integration of the components are
twofold: first, the manufacture of complex
arbitrary patterns may be economically
infeasible, and second, nanocomputers may
include massive quantities of devices.
 Researchers are working on all these issues to
Nano Computing