This project is a Python database module for ODBC that implements the Python DB API 2.0 specification.

This module requires:

• Python 2.4 or greater
• ODBC 3.0 or greater

On Windows, the easiest way to install is to use the Windows installers from:

http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/downloads/list

Source can be obtained at

http://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/tree

To build from source, either check the source out of version control or download a source extract and run:

python setup.py build install

• The pyodbc.connect function accepts a single parameter: the ODBC connection string. This string is not read or modified by pyodbc, so consult the ODBC documentation or your ODBC driver's documentation for details. The general format is:

  cnxn = pyodbc.connect('DSN=mydsn;UID=userid;PWD=pwd')
  

• Connection caching in the ODBC driver manager is automatically enabled.

• Call cnxn.commit() since the DB API specification requires a rollback when a connection is closed that was not specifically committed.

• When a connection is closed, all cursors created from the connection are closed.

• Dates, times, and timestamps use the Python datetime module's date, time, and datetime classes. These classes can be passed directly as parameters and will be returned when querying date/time columns.
• Binary data is passed and returned in Python buffer objects.
• Decimal and numeric columns are passed and returned using the Python 2.4 decimal class.

• Cursors are iterable and returns Row objects.

  cursor.execute("select a,b from tmp")
  for row in cursor:
      print row
  

• The DB API PEP does not specify the return type for Cursor.execute, so pyodbc tries to be maximally convenient:

  1. If a SELECT is executed, the Cursor itself is returned to allow code like the following:

     for row in cursor.execute("select a,b from tmp"):
         print row
     

  2. If an UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statement is issued, the number of rows affected is returned:

     count = cursor.execute("delete from tmp where a in (1,2,3)")
     

  3. Otherwise (CREATE TABLE, etc.), None is returned.

• An execute method has been added to the Connection class. It creates a Cursor and returns whatever Cursor.execute returns. This allows for the following:

  for row in cnxn.execute("select a,b from tmp"):
      print row
  

  or

  rows = cnxn.execute("select * from tmp where a in (1,2,3)").fetchall()
  

  Since each call creates a new Cursor, only use this when executing a single statement.

• Both Cursor.execute and Connection.execute allow parameters to be passed as additional parameters following the query.

  cnxn.execute("select a,b from tmp where a=? or a=?", 1, 2)
  

  The specification is not entirely clear, but most other drivers require parameters to be passed in a sequence. To ensure compatibility, pyodbc will also accept this format:

  cnxn.execute("select a,b from tmp where a=? or a=?", (1, 2))
  

• Row objects are derived from tuple to match the API specification, but they also support accessing columns by name.

  for row in cnxn.execute("select A,b from tmp"):
      print row.a, row.b
  

• The following are not supported or are ignored: nextset, setinputsizes, setoutputsizes.

• Values in Row objects can be replaced, either by name or index. Sometimes it is convenient to "preprocess" values.

  row = cursor.execute("select a,b from tmp").fetchone()
  
  row.a  = calc(row.a)
  row[1] = calc(row.b)
  

• This module should not require any 3rd party modules other than ODBC.
• Only built-in data types should be used where possible.
  1. Reduces the number of libraries to learn.
  2. Reduces the number of modules and libraries to install.
  3. Eventually a standard is usually introduced. For example, many previous database drivers used the mxDate classes. Now that Python 2.3 has introduced built-in date/time classes, using those modules is more complicated than using the built-ins.
• It should adhere to the DB API specification, but be maximally convenient where possible. The most common usages should be optimized for convenience and speed.