数据结构与算法(C++版)学习笔记

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2024/8/9启动,目前更新中

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一、前言

1.记得:先学后练
2.先学经典,再去拓展延伸
3. C/C++

数据结构 数组、链表、串、栈、队列…
经典算法 冒泡算法、BF算法…

二、算法练习平台

用途 网址(点击即可跳转)
基础/新手/初级/中级/高级 信息学奥赛一本通
竞赛练习 牛客竞赛
面试大厂 牛客力扣

三、数据结构与算法的关系

二者相辅相成,不可分割。
根据实际数据的特点选择不同的数据结构来提高XX算法的效率

四、算法的性能指标

1.算法 / 程序:输入、输出、有限步骤结束、程序
2.指标——时间复杂度、空间复杂度、稳定性
3.时间复杂度 O() —— 表现:时长/效率
实质;算法的计算的次数
4.空间复杂度 O() —— 表现:内存
实质:运行时额外产生的空间
5.一般做题目时常常是时间超限
6.时间和空间往往是相对的

&4.3时间复杂度

时间复杂度的表现:时长/效率
时间复杂度的实质;算法的计算的次数
**实际场景中常取n->∞时计算得到的平均复杂度,这就足以评价一个算法的好坏**
考察的时间复杂度其实是指:算法的渐进时间复杂度
常见的算法时间复杂度:O(1)、O(logN)、O(n)、O(n*logN)、O(n^2^)、O(n^3^) ............

例1 并列加法

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void test01(){
   
   
	int n,ans=0;
	cin >> n;
	//算法时间复杂度: O(n)
	//实际计算次数 / 真实时间复杂度: O(n+3)
	//理解:实际算法中,n-->∞时的计算次数,‘+3’可以被忽略
	//但如果实际中n取的小,比如n=6时,‘+3’就不能被忽略
	for (int i = 1; i<= n; i++) {
   
   
		ans++;
	}
	ans++;
	ans++;
	ams++;
	cout << ans;
	return 0;
}

例2 分辨:算法时间复杂度 和 真实时间复杂度

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void test02(){
   
   
	int n,ans=0;
	cin >> n;
	//算法时间复杂度: O(n)
	//实际计算次数 / 真实时间复杂度: O(n/2)
	for (int i = 1; i<= n; i+=2) {
   
   
		ans++;
	}
	cout << ans;
	return 0;
}

例3 嵌套是乘法

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void test03(){
   
   
	int n,ans=0;
	cin >> n;
	//算法时间复杂度: O(n^2)
	//实际计算次数 / 真实时间复杂度: O(n^2 + n)
	//理解:在考量算法时间复杂度时,按n->∞时,比较数量级进行化简,保留最高次项并将最高次项系数改写为“1”
	for (int i = 1; i<= n; i++) {
   
   
		<
matrix.h: Simple matrix class dsexceptions.h: Simple exception classes Fig01_02.cpp: A simple recursive routine with a test program Fig01_03.cpp: An example of infinite recursion Fig01_04.cpp: Recursive routine to print numbers, with a test program Fig01_05.cpp: Simplest IntCell class, with a test program Fig01_06.cpp: IntCell class with a few extras, with a test program IntCell.h: IntCell class interface (Fig 1.7) IntCell.cpp: IntCell class implementation (Fig 1.8) TestIntCell.cpp: IntCell test program (Fig 1.9) (need to compile IntCell.cpp also) Fig01_10.cpp: Illustration of using the vector class Fig01_11.cpp: Dynamically allocating an IntCell object (lame) BuggyIntCell.cpp: Buggy IntCell class implementation (Figs 1.16 and 1.17) Fig01_18.cpp: IntCell class with pointers and Big Five FindMax.cpp: Function template FindMax (Figs 1.19 and 1.20) Fig01_21.cpp: MemoryCell class template without separation Fig01_25.cpp: Using function objects: Case insensitive string comparison LambdaExample.cpp: (Not in the book): rewriting Fig 1.25 with lambdas MaxSumTest.cpp: Various maximum subsequence sum algorithms Fig02_09.cpp: Test program for binary search Fig02_10.cpp: Euclid's algorithm, with a test program Fig02_11.cpp: Recursive exponentiation algorithm, with a test program RemoveEveryOtherItem.cpp: Remove every other item in a collection Vector.h: Vector class List.h: List class BinarySearchTree.h: Binary search tree TestBinarySearchTree.cpp: Test program for binary search tree AvlTree.h: AVL tree TestAvlTree.cpp: Test program for AVL trees mapDemo.cpp: Map demos WordLadder.cpp: Word Ladder Program and Word Changing Utilities SeparateChaining.h: Header file for separate chaining SeparateChaining.cpp: Implementation for separate chaining TestSeparateChaining.cpp: Test program for separate chaining hash tables (need to compile SeparateChaining.cpp also) QuadraticProbing.h: Header file for quadratic probing hash table QuadraticProbing.cpp: Implementation for quadratic probing hash table TestQuadraticProbing.cpp: Test program for quadratic probing hash tables (need to compile QuadraticProbing.cpp also) CuckooHashTable.h: Header file for cuckoo hash table CuckooHashTable.cpp: Implementation for cuckoo hash table TestCuckooHashTable.cpp: Test program for cuckoo hash tables (need to compile CuckooHashTable.cpp also) CaseInsensitiveHashTable.cpp: Case insensitive hash table from STL (Figure 5.23) BinaryHeap.h: Binary heap TestBinaryHeap.cpp: Test program for binary heaps LeftistHeap.h: Leftist heap TestLeftistHeap.cpp: Test program for leftist heaps BinomialQueue.h: Binomial queue TestBinomialQueue.cpp: Test program for binomial queues TestPQ.cpp: Priority Queue Demo Sort.h: A collection of sorting and selection routines TestSort.cpp: Test program for sorting and selection routines RadixSort.cpp: Radix sorts DisjSets.h: Header file for disjoint sets algorithms DisjSets.cpp: Efficient implementation of disjoint sets algorithm TestFastDisjSets.cpp: Test program for disjoint sets algorithm WordLadder.cpp: Word Ladder Program and Word Changing Utilities Fig10_38.cpp: Simple matrix multiplication algorithm with a test program Fig10_40.cpp: Algorithms to compute Fibonacci numbers Fig10_43.cpp: Inefficient recursive algorithm (see text) Fig10_45.cpp: Better algorithm to replace fig10_43.c (see text) Fig10_46.cpp: Dynamic programming algorithm for optimal chain matrix multiplication, with a test program Fig10_53.cpp: All-pairs algorithm, with a test program Random.h: Header file for random number class Random.cpp: Implementation for random number class TestRandom.cpp: Test program for random number class UniformRandom.h: Random number class using standard library Fig10_63.cpp: Randomized primality testing algorithm, with a test program SplayTree.h: Top-down splay tree TestSplayTree.cpp: Test program for splay trees RedBlackTree.h: Top-down red black tree TestRedBlackTree.cpp: Test program for red black trees Treap.h: Treap TestTreap.cpp: Test program for treap SuffixArray.cpp: Suffix array KdTree.cpp: Implementation and test program for k-d trees PairingHeap.h: Pairing heap TestPairingHeap.cpp: Test program for pairing heaps MemoryCell.h: MemoryCell class interface (Appendix) MemoryCell.cpp: MemoryCell class implementation (Appendix) MemoryCellExpand.cpp: MemoryCell instantiation file (Appendix) TestMemoryCell.cpp: MemoryCell test program (Appendix)
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