本文主要介绍了图论的一些核心概念，包括子图、正则图、团、独立集、顶点覆盖、补图以及覆盖集与独立集之间的数学关系，是理解图论不可或缺的基础知识。
一. 子图
（1）spanning subgraph(生成子图):Let G = (V, E) be a graph and H = (V’, E’) be a subgraph of G.The subgraph H is a spanning subgraph of G if V’ = V
（2）edge induced subgraph(边导出图):Let G = (V, E) be a graph. If E' belong to E, the subgraph of G induced by E’ is the graph H = (V’, E’) where v belong to V’ if and only if v appears in an edge in E’.
（3）vertex induced subgraph（点导出图）:Let G = (V, E) be a graph. If V’ belong to V, V’ is not a empty set , The subgraph of G induced by V’ is the graph H = (V’, E’) where {v1, v2} belong to E’ if and only if v1 and v2 are both in V’.
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