德语语法和词汇

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Conjugation: sprechen

Welche Sprachen sprichst du, Lisa? – Ich sprecheDeutsch, Englisch und Italienisch.

Like essen and nehmen, the verb sprechenbelongs to the verbs with a vowel change from eto i in the second- and third-person singular.

Singular
1st person	ich spreche
2nd person	du sprichst
3rd person	er/sie/es spricht
Plural
1st person	wir sprechen
2nd person	ihr sprecht
3rd person	sie sprechen
Formal (singular and plural)	Sie sprechen

Articles: indefinite

The indefinite articles: ein, eine

When we are not talking about a particular object or a particular person, the indefinite article is used.

Was ist das? – Das ist ein Stift.

It does not matter which pen it is, to whom it belongs, or whether it is blue, black, big or small. The sentence could refer to any pen. That is why the indefinite article ein is used, and not the definite article der.

	definite	indefinite
masculine	der Stift	ein Stift
feminine	die Brille	eine Brille
neuter	das Buch	ein Buch

In the plural, there are no indefinite articles. If an indefinite noun is used in the plural, there is no article in front of it.

	definite	indefinite
plural	die Stifte	Stifte
plural	die Brillen	Brillen
plural	die Bücher	Bücher

Indefinite or definite?

Das ist eine Tasche.

The indefinite article is used …

when we are talking about the type of object or person being referred to in general.
when the object or person is not yet known and has not been mentioned before.

Das ist die Tasche von Jenny.

The definite article is used …

when talking about a particular object or person that is already known to the speaker or listener.
when further information is known about a person or an object, e.g. to whom it belongs.

Grammatical terms in German:

der bestimmte Artikel: The articles der, die,das are definite articles.

der unbestimmte Artikel: The articles ein,eine are indefinite articles.

Nouns: plural

When we are talking about two or more people or objects of the same type, we use the plural form.

Singular: Das ist ein Stift. Der Stift kostet 1,50 Euro.

Plural: Das sind fünf Stifte. Die Stifte kosten 7,50 Euro.

In German there are different ways to form the plural. It is hard to find general rules that are valid in all cases and to say which nouns have which plural endings – and it is even harder to remember these rules and apply them. The best thing is to learn each noun with the definite article and the plural. You can find this information in a dictionary. Usually the plural is not given as a whole word, just as an ending.

The plural of Stift is formed with the ending -e, becoming: die Stifte.

The plural of Buch is formed with an umlaut (the symbol for this is a dash with two dots above it, as you see in the picture above) and the ending -er, becoming: die Bücher.

There are five different plural endings:

Ending	Example
-n	die Brille, die Brillen
-en	die Zahl, die Zahlen
-e	der Stift, die Stifte
-er	das Kind, die Kinder
-s	das Foto, die Fotos

Some nouns have no different ending.

Example:

der Lehrer, die Lehrer

Some nouns also gain an umlaut on one of the vowels in the word in the plural.

Examples:

der Notizblock, die Notizblöcke

das Buch, die Bücher

der Flughafen, die Flughäfen

Some words have two possible plural forms.

Example: die Pizza, die Pizzen/die Pizzas.

Both plural forms are right and have the same meaning.

Conjugation: lesen

Liest du gern? – Ja, ich lese gern.

As with other verbs, in the conjugation of the verb lesen, the root vowel changes in the second- and third-person singular. The vowel e becomes ie. The ie is spoken as a long i.

Singular
1st person	ich lese
2nd person	du liest
3rd person	er/sie/es liest
Plural
1st person	wir lesen
2nd person	ihr lest
3rd person	sie lesen
Formal	Sie lesen