Arabic Language and Linguistics

Sindhi is one of the historical languages which is widely used in all over the world, but especially in the province of Sindh Pakistan. Sindhi language has its own script and written by the right-handed. Nowadays the use of different Sindhi platforms is increasing especially for communication. The majority of the people of Sindh province read, write and speak very well, but they face the problem in text communication while using different communication platforms. However, the users of computer and mobile phone feel trouble/difficulty during the use of the Sindhi script in typing of text messages, tweets and comments while using different platforms in computer and mobile phone. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the better options for the solution of these problems of text communication on different platforms. For the proper solution of text communication issues, Romanized Sindhi text is used instead of Sindhi text. Romanized text writing is easier than the Sindhi text writi...

This study explores the utilization of poetry in Ibn Katsir's tafsir riwayah and its instructional methods at Miftahul Huda Manonjaya Islamic boarding school in Tasikmalaya. Employing a qualitative approach, precisely the analytical descriptive research method, the research delves into integrating poetry in Ibn Katsir's exegesis and its pedagogical implementation in the mentioned Islamic boarding school. The findings reveal that Ibn Katsir employed poetry to interpret one hundred and eleven verses, highlighting the substantial role of poetic expression in his approach to tafsir riwayah. The study categorizes Tafsir learning at the pesantren into formal and nonformal learning. Seven formal learning methods are identified: lecture, question and answer sessions, demonstration, drill, problem-solving activities, recitation, and discussions. Simultaneously, non-formal learning comprises five methods: wetonan (traditional Javanese calendar-based activities), sorogan (group recitation), muhawarah (dialogue), mudzakarah (group discussion), and majlis ta'lim (religious study sessions). In conclusion, this study contributes to understanding poetry's role in Ibn Katsir's tafsir riwayah. It elucidates the diverse instructional methods applied in Tafsir learning at Miftahul Huda Manonjaya Islamic boarding school. Integrating formal and nonformal methods underscores the comprehensive educational approaches to impart Islamic knowledge in the pesantren environment. Recommendations for future research include exploring the impact of specific poetic elements on students' learning outcomes and evaluating the effectiveness of integrating technology into Tafsir teaching at Islamic boarding schools.

AbstractMany university students across the United Arab Emirates (UAE) face the problem of low achievement when compared to students graduating from other countries. This may be due to lower student engagement, which in turn may be a result of faculty\u27s choice of teaching strategies. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how university faculty support student engagement and achievement. The conceptual framework for the study consisted of Chi and Wylie\u27s interactive, constructive, active, and passive learning framework, which emphasizes the relationship between students\u27 academic achievement and their engagement in the learning activity. The research questions addressed faculty members\u27 choice of teaching strategies that enhance students\u27 engagement in the teaching and learning process at 4-year universities in the UAE, and the ways faculty members perceive teaching strategies that can successfully support student engagement. A qualitative research wa...

The aim of this research study is to find out the effectiveness of Pakistan telecom service advertisements in attracting university students and the factors that influence their buying behavior. The study was quantitative in nature and the methodology of nonprobability convenient sampling employed to collect data from 400 respondents from different universities of twin cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The main variables were low-cost, entertainment, convenience/ mobility and multimedia services. The result showed that those telecom service advertisements that hold humorous appeal played their role in attracting consumers. Telecom service advertisements presented in entertaining way affects the consumer purchase decision. Whereas, the respondents has not given more attention to those advertisements that fulfills their daily need easily and have convenience factor in it. Majority of the youngsters have not given much importance to multimedia services as compared to other factors. Thus from the findings it is concluded that Pakistan telecom service advertisements are effective in attracting consumers and guides their purchase decision.

The eulogia dealt with in a chapter of the Traditio Apostolica (§ 24 = § 29B) attested mainly from the two Ethiopic versions E1, from late antiquity, and E2, redacted in the Middle Ages, practically coinciding in this passage, finds a striking parallel in a passage from the Acts of Kāleb (Gadla Kāleb, CAe 6507) still unpublished. These represent a further Ethiopic version of the Martyrium Arethae, different from the more common version known as the Acts of Ḫirut (Gadla Ḫirut, CAe 1891). The correspondence in terminology suggests that the elaboration of the Acts of Kāleb must have taken place in an environment and context of great liturgical and linguistic sensitivity.

The circulation of time has demanded educators to be at a higher level than the present. Meanwhile, students nowadays have more access to technology and they have easy access towards any information. Therefore, as educators, including the Islamic Education Lecturers, should equip themselves with the practice of competencies and the value of professionalism in making the TnL process can be carried out effectively. Therefore, this paper discusses the practice of competencies and the value of professionalism required by a lecturer, especially the Islamic Education Lecturer. This paper focuses on three elements of competencies and the value of professionalism as essential elements for an educator, which are; mastering the field of expert, the value of professionalism, and classroom management. Overall, these three practices meet the requirements as the efforts of creating an effective TnL process. Peredaran zaman telah menuntut para pendidik berada pada tahap yang lebih tinggi berbandin...

Word stress in Classical Arabic (ClAr) is usually reconstructed through cross-dialectal and diachronic analyses of a number of varieties of Arabic and other Semitic languages. However, this paper introduces a new source of data on ClAr stress-namely, the traditional recitation of metra in metrical sequences by Persian prosodists. It shows that the reconstructed pattern of ClAr stress is also observed in such traditional recitation. This stress pattern has nothing to do with Persian phonological or metrical rules, and it should rather be considered an artificial performance practice whose purpose was to imitate the original pronunciation of the metra in Arabic metrics. In view of the oral nature of this practice, I suggest that it has persisted in Persian over a long period (maybe over centuries), and it can therefore be a reliable source of data on ClAr word stress. I also provide some supporting evidence for my hypothesis from medieval Persian texts. On the basis of this new source, I propose that in words with a final heavy syllable preceded by two or more light syllables, the antepenultimate stress pattern was common in many varieties of early Islamic Arabic, including ClAr, and that it was perhaps even more prestigious than the initial stress pattern. This hypothesis may allow us to trace the antepenultimate stress in this syllable structure back to the Proto-Arabic stage.

| https://revistes.urv.cat/index.php/elop Resumen Presentamos en este artículo seis cuentos en árabe de Orán que grabó una informante de unos 78 años, el 14 de mayo de 2024, natural de esta ciudad. Se trata de los tipos ATU 51, ATU 159B, ATU 883B-ATU 123, ATU 925, ATU 1351B y ATU 1804B. En una segunda parte, exponemos los rasgos lingüísticos más relevantes. Por último, hemos incluido un apéndice con los seis cuentos, tanto en la lengua originaria, en transcripción fonética internacional como su traducción al español.

The paper focuses on the translation of the political discourse, embedding linguistic and cross-cultural perspectives. The choice is motivated by the fact that in the first decades of the new millenium we have witnessed an exponential increase in the quantity, quality and urgency of this discourse within the international political sphere. The political discourse can be said to unearthen the hidden agenda of the contemporary large-scale crises: the financial crisis, shifts of power, terrorist attacks, etc. In this light, the question arises: Does translation objectively and accurately reflect the strategies in the discourse of political leaders, and the problematisation of supranational identities such as the European one (more specifically, referring to membership to the European Union)? Answers to such questions are attempted starting from the premise that the translation of the political discourse or political translation (Trosborg, 1997; Biel, 2017) is an emerging sub-type of in...

The Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC) has initiated educational change and school improvements. As part of the school reform agenda, ADEC has introduced school self-evaluation-Irtiqaa (SSE-Irtiqaa). This research probes the effectiveness of school administrators (SAs), including principals, vice principals, academic principals, and heads of faculty, and their perceptions of the implications and implementation of SSE-Irtiqaa. The study also intends to improve school quality and help benchmark Abu Dhabi public schools with international academic standards, by tracing challenges faced during the SSE-Irtiqaa process. Public SAs are the participants of this study. This research is an exploratory case study that employed a qualitative research tool. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 14 administrators representing 6 public schools in Abu Dhabi. Findings and recommendations shed light on the areas and paths of development required to facilitate and improve the SSE-Irtiqaa process.

Dil bilgisel anlamlı birimler ya da görevli kelimeler, isimler ve fiiller gibi yalnız başlarına anlam taşımazlar. Bunlar, ancak eklendikleri kelime grupları ve işlev bakımından bağlı bulundukları öteki kelimelerin yardımı ile anlam kazanan ve cümle içinde de geçici gramer görevleri yüklenmiş olan sözlerdir. Birçok dilde evrensel dil birimleri dışında dil bilgisel anlamlı birimler farklı biçimlerde de olsa varlık gösterir. Bu çalışmada Türkçe ve Urduca, dil bilgisel anlamlı birimler olan edat, bağlaç ve ünlemler açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Hindistan ile Pakistan'da konuşulan Urdu dili Türkçe ile çok yakındır. Hintçe ve Türkçenin karışmasıyla meydana gelen Urducada, Türkçe, Arapça, ve Farsça kökenli sayısız kelime vardır. Urduca teriminin Türkçedeki "ordu" kelimesinden türediği düşünülür. Urduca ile Türkçede çok fazla gramatik benzerlik bulunmaktadır. İki dildeki söz dizimi yapısı da hemen hemen aynıdır. Türkçede dil bilgisel anlamlı birimler kategorisinde "edatlar, bağlaçlar ve ünlemler" yer alır. Urducada bulunan bu kategorilerin kullanımı da Türk dilindeki kullanıma benzer şekiller sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Urduca ve Türkçedeki dil bilgisel anlamlı birimler metinler aracılığıyla karşılaştırılmış, anlam ve görev bakımından birbiriyle örtüşen birçok dil bilgisel anlamlı birim tespit edilmiştir. Burada tespit edilen dil bilgisel birimlerden bazılarının benzer sesletimlerle karşılandığı (Arapça-Farsça etkisi), bazılarının da farklı fonemlerle karşılandığı görülür. Dil bilgisel anlamlı birimler açısından iki dil arasındaki işlevsel benzerliğin tespiti önemlidir.

Fearing "the End of Zionism": Israeli Emigration to the United States, 1970s-1990s* On February 19, 1981, Shmuel Lahis, the general manager of the Jewish Agency for Israel (the organization coordinating immigration absorption in Israel) resigned at the culmination of a public scandal. Three years earlier, Lahis's very appointment as the general manager had sparked public protests due to the fact that in 1948, then-First Lieutenant Lahis stood trial for killing thirty-three unarmed civilians in the village of Hula (three kilometers north of Israel) during the final campaign of the first Arab-Israeli war. 1 Lahis had initially been convicted by a military court for killing fifteen people, and received a seven-year sentence. On appeal, the supreme military court commuted his punishment to one year, stating that in the context of the war "there is no wonder a great hatred of Arabs emerged." 2 Lahis was spared prison time, and spent a year *I am thankful for the comments and suggestions made by participants at the Entangled Diasporas workshop at the University of Oslo in 2019 (convened by Toufuol Abou-Hodeib and Doug Rossinow) as well as to the contributions of the participants in the SHAFR UK/Ireland workshop in 2021 (convened by Elisabeth Leake). I am also grateful for comments by Ori Yehudai, the suggestions of the three anonymous readers for the journal, and the guidance of editors Anne Foster and Petra Goedde, and assistant editor Brian McNamara. 1. On the protests against Lahis's appointment, see: Yosef Waxman, "Lahis received a pardon and there is nothing wrong with employing him as the general manager of the agency,"

Learning language theory and implementation of active learning strategy is expected to show one picture and motivation for the academic community by inviting the learner to actively do or perform any process of learning language based on the theory and strategy of active learning. This method is included in student-centered learning approach or student-centered learning. The author also wants to illustrate the mistaken implications of the implementation of learning strategies and change the paradigm, that language learning is not only a necessary cognitive factor but involves all elements of learning that include the cognitive, physical, mental and emotional aspects. In addition, in the process of language learning it is not enough to rely on one strategy and one method but to use diverse methods and strategies. Because, every method and strategy has their respective advantages

Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia Institute of West Asian Studies, National University of Malaysia Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia Arabic Language units, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia Arabic Language units, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia Department of Da’wah and Leadership, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

İştikâk… Kelimelerin aslına dönme çabasıdır, iştikâk, kelimelerin atasını, anasını ve kardeşlerini arama çabası… Kelimeleri akrabâlarıyla tanıma çabasıdır, iştikâk, kelimelerin akrabâlarıyla alâkalarını anlama çabası… Kelimelerin yalın ve türemiş hâlleri arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya çıkarma çabasıdır, iştikâk…

Töreli iştikâk, Arz’dan Arş’a doğru dikey yönlü bir anlama gayreti… Töreli iştikâk, hakîkat-hilkat ve oluş-bozuluş hattında kelimelerin seyr ü seferini kavrama gayreti… Töreli iştikâk, hilkat-hakîkat ve bozuluş-oluş istikâmetinde kelimeleri mefhumlarıyla yorumlama ameliyesi… Töreli iştikâk, mefhumdan kelimeye, kelimeden kelimeye ve de kelimeden mefhûma türeyişin ve türevlenişin tarzını ve şeklini temâşâ ve tesbit ameliyesi…

İştikâk, bu denemeler kitâbında yer yer ilmî ve yer yer edebî-irfânî vasfıyla tezâhür edebilecektir… Bu “töreli iştikâk denemeleri” -husûsî ilmî usûlü dâiresinde- mutlak ilmî bir iddiâ taşımamaktadır… Zîrâ bunlar, ismiyle müsemmâ birer “deneme” olup, daha ziyâde töreli edebî müktesebattan süzülen irfânî iştikâk damlacıkları mâhiyetinde kalem tecrübeleridir…

The paper shows how "Allah" is used in Yemeni Arabic (YA daily conversations). As in the Arabic world and the Muslim world, the term Allah has a variety of meanings in Yemeni Arabic, reflecting the belief that Allah alone handles all their affairs, blesses, and is eager or criticizes someone to do something. Therefore, it shows several expressions containing the word Allah when it contains a sentence. Some of these expressions have multiple meanings, such as /Allah alaik/, which has two meanings: (“You are the best!” and the irony, “this is like a disaster!”) The word Allah is present in other expressions but with entirely different meanings, such as when expressing moaning or aiming for guidance. This research-based is on social life contact, reaction, and cultural influence of native Yemenis. Other most common expressions have been discussed in this paper, which shows the word, in its rule, has a significant religious and cultural bias in Yemeni society using this term. ...

The thesis of the present essay is that the degree to which Muslim theologians are at all prepared to examine Christian teachings, however critically, depends on a pre-existing hermeneutics. Basically, this entails that their attitude towards Christianity, and any other religion for that matter, is determined by the kind of scriptural exegesis used in their own schools of thought. The more sophisticated the hermeneutical approach applied to Islamic scripture, the more likely it is that non-Islamic scripture will also be subjected to exegetical scrutiny (rather than rejected or belittled from the outset because it contradicts certain Qurʾānic narratives). Within this context, the key terms to be explored are ‘word’ (lafẓa), ‘meaning’ (maʿnā), and ‘intention’ (niyya).

The first part of my paper examines Ibn Ḥazm (d. ca. 418/1027), who is frequently depicted as a literalist. The following discussion will shed light on the background against which he developed his (so-called) literalism. Rather than summarize his merciless critique of Christianity, as expounded in his Kitāb al-Fiṣal fī al-Milal wa al-Ahwāʾ wa al-Niḥal (The Separator [Concerning] Religions, Heresies, and Sects), I will introduce his al-Risāla al-Bāhira (The Magnificent Epistle) to uncover the ‘authority-centered’ epistemological basis of his theology, according to which Truth may solely be found in scripture. Furthermore, I will show the link between this epistemology and Ibn Ḥazm’s linguistic theory, in which words rule over meanings.

The second part of this essay focuses on the prominent Persian philosopher, theologian, and Sufi, al-Ghazzālī (d. 505/1111), whose ‘subject-centered’ epistemology, in which the seeker is required to validate Truth, permitted him to be inclusive and search for truth in all traditions, sacred or secular, without being limited by wording. This epistemology, moreover, opened the path to a hermeneutical receptiveness that remains unmatched in the Islamic world to this day.

The aim of this paper is to present new data on the Arabic spoken in the Rḥāmna region, a rural area located in the centre-north of Morocco and little explored in Moroccan dialectology studies. Its economy is strongly linked to agricultural activity and livestock breeding and trade. This way of life, known in Morocco as ʕṛōbĭyya, is nowadays in a situation of continuous and rapid socio-economic evolution, the consequences of which also have an impact on the language varieties spoken in these areas, especially in the loss of the technical and specific vocabulary of the local economy. The first part of this study provides the reader with a brief historical and linguistic overview of the Rḥāmna region. The second part contains a glossary of 264 terms specific to agriculture and livestock farming based on a corpus of recordings and interviews collected on several occasions between 2017 and 2023. Finally, the lexical items in this paper will be compared with the data already available in the main lexicons.

This study tests register theory's position of extensive similarity in the dominant linguistic features of texts with similar contexts in the face of scholarly claims about the existence of signifi cant linguistic diff erences in the language of state and private newspapers in Ghana. The data comprised of political editorials published in four leading Ghanaian state and private newspapers published over a period of three months. Using the Systemic Functional Grammar's transitivity as a tool for analysis, the author examined the patterning of the dominant linguistic element as a test of the assumption. The fi ndings indicate that, across state and private newspapers, the Material process formed the dominant linguistic element, and its patterns of similarity extended to the dominance of the Transformative Elaborating Material processes that are mostly Operative Transitive clauses. The study concludes that the editorials of both groups characteristically possess extreme similarities in the patterning of their dominant linguistic features to be considered registers.

William Lane Craig has recently formulated a set of arguments that aim to undermine the rationality of Islamic theism. This paper will consider seven arguments that Craig deploys against Muslim belief. The seven arguments can be summarised as follows: (1) the Quran makes an egregious historical error by denying the crucifixion of Jesus; (2) the Quran contains legendary stories about Jesus; (3) the Quran is mistaken about the self-understanding of Jesus; (4) the Quran misunderstands the Trinity; (5) the Islamic concept of God is morally deficient; (6) the Islamic concept of God is less plausible than a Trinitarian concept of God; and (7) the Muslim doctrine of salvation compromises God's holiness and proves to be unattainable. I contend that Craig's arguments, when examined closely, do not undermine the rationality of Islamic theism. William Lane Craig has a long record of intellectual engagement with Islam and Muslim scholarship. This is most evident with his scholarly work on the Kalam Cosmological argument, and his erudite engagement with the work of al-Ghazali -a twelfth century Muslim theologian. Since the late nineties, Craig has also debated Muslim intellectuals on a number of theological and philosophical issues. These debates have afforded Craig the opportunity to challenge core tenets of Islamic theism; namely, the concept of God in Islam, the Islamic view of salvation, and the Quranic view of Jesus. 2 More recently, Craig has published considerable material online that fleshes out his critique of Islam. 3 This paper will consider seven arguments that Craig deploys against Islamic theism. Islamic theism, as with the tradition of Christian theism, is as rich as it is vast. My aim is to consider each of the seven arguments in light of this tradition and reflect on whether they serve to undermine the rationality of Muslim belief. The perspective I bring to this paper is that of a reflective Muslim -i.e., a person of the Islamic faith who acknowledges that people of other religious and non-religious persuasions are as educated and concerned with seeking truth and avoiding error as they themselves are. 4 With this in mind let us turn to Craig's arguments. Craig argues that 'the single most egregious historical error found in the Quran is its claim that Jesus was not in fact crucified.' He notes that, 'not only is there not a single shred of evidence in favor of this remarkable hypothesis, but the evidence supporting Jesus' crucifixion is… "overwhelming".' 5

This paper proposes an overt adaptation to Juliane House's Model for Translation Quality Assessment (hereafter HMTQA) (House, 1997) in order to merge its macro-analytical framework with a lexical and syntactic corpus-based approach to evaluate translation quality. To do so, fi rstly we introduce HMTQA; secondly we argue why a corpusbased approach, along with aligning source text (ST) to translated text (TT), may play an operative role within HMTQA; fi nally we present an application of our proposal. It concerns the translation of O papel do Itamaraty from Portuguese into English: this text provides a general introduction to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) from the point of view of this governmental body.

The study examines spoken data based on longitudinal observations and recordings of speech in natural settings collected between the years 2016 and 2018. The target groups are people who live in Iksal in the lower Galilee and Um Al-Fahm in the Triangle region in Israel. The study aims to investigate code switching in terms of frequency, types, and domains. The objective is to provide a better understanding of the language contact situation in Israel. The results offer several insights. First, topics like education, employment, and technology had the most extensive CS. Second, concerning CS, the most frequently used type of switch in both corpora is intrasentential; this type of switching requires a high proficiency in both languages. Finally, code switches can still be code switches even if they have been adapted to Arabic phonology.

In this article I offer two versions of the Kurdistani folk-tale ‘Khajo and Syabando’ in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic, one of the rarest and most highly endangered modern Aramaic languages, spoken in Israel by no more than twenty elderly Jews from the regions of Barzan and ʕAqra in Iraqi Kurdistan. Three dialects of this language were discovered during the years 1996–2000: Barzan, Shahe and B[ecy ]jil. The latter dialect is already extinct. The narratives that served for the texts were furnished by two speakers of the Barzan dialect. The texts are accompanied by observations related to etymology, comparative dialectology, vocabulary and various aspects of grammar.

The present article seeks to describe a major group of Jewish North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects located across the Great Zab river in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the dialectological map of NENA, hence the term “Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic” (“Trans-Zab”, for short) chosen for this dialect group. A large set of phonological, morphophonological, morphological and lexical innovations, shared by all members of this group, is presented. Each of the Trans-Zab features is compared with contrastive parallel features in other, selected NENA varieties. Finally, an internal classification of Trans-Zab into three subdivisions is proposed, based on a comparison of three respective paradigms of the positive present copula.

The lexical stock of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) 1 exhibits a large number of puzzling words of unknown or doubtful origin, and is fraught with tantalizing etymological conundrums awaiting solution. To select just a few examples from a small number of NENA dialects 2what might be the respective etyma of C.Urmi šlg 'to pluck, extract, * Akkadian, Kurdish and Syriac words are usually given without reference when they can readily be tracked down in the following dictionaries:

Whereas many North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (nena) dialects exhibit two rhotic (R-) phonemes, mostly an alveolar /r/ as opposed to an emphatic alveolar /ṛ/, a striking feature related to rhotic differentiation, hitherto attested only in the Christian nena dialect of Bariṭle, is a threefold distinction of retroflex, alveolar and emphatic alveolar R-phonemes. This article demonstrates that such a distinction exists also in the Christian nena dialect-cluster of Ṭyare, discusses the nature and distribution of each of the three R-phonemes in Ṭyare, and suggests a diachronic account of the threefold split of r in this dialect-cluster.

This study investigates the postcolonial metaphoric symbolism that appears in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness by employing cognitive-semantic theoretical analysis. Through symbolic acts, the book shows how colonial power systems and resistance provide their encoding by using conceptual metaphors together with image schemas. The first research questions focus on how cognitive-semantic models describe postcolonial symbolic actions and how those methods work when analyzing Heart of Darkness. The research adapts cognitive semantics and postcolonial theory as its methodological base to evaluate political, cultural and social symbolic acts through Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Image Schema Theory. Social symbolic acts prevail throughout the text as the novel focuses on the dehumanization experienced by colonized subjects and imperial oppression alongside political and cultural symbolic acts that use structured and ontological metaphors to maintain imperial narratives. The research enhances postcolonial literary analysis through cognitive-semantic methods, which explain colonial discourse symbols better. Studies should investigate how cognitive semantics applies to multiple postcolonial literary works to better investigate the relations between language and power structures and ideological forces.

This study employs a quantitative analytical descriptive approach to explore the attitudes of two Jordanian communities toward code-switching (CS). The first community lives in the United States (a migrant community), while the second community resides in Jordan (a native community). Data were collected using an online questionnaire and the attitudes of these two communities were compared with respect to their sense of identity, religion, communication efficiency, and audience design. The study also examines the influence of selfperceived language proficiency, the direction of CS, and gender on the positivity or negativity of individuals' attitudes toward CS. The study pays particular attention to the use of CS as a polite or impolite behavior in different contexts. The findings of this study indicate that both groups have relatively similar attitudes toward CS in terms of communication efficiency, topic, audience design, and politeness. However, the migrant community has an overall more positive attitude toward CS in terms of religion and sense of identity, particularly when language proficiency is taken into account.

تلقي هذه الدراسة الضوء على زيارة والي مصر محمد علي باشا إستانبول عام 1262هـ/ 1846م، وتهدف إلى تحليل العلاقة بين السلطان والوالي؛ الذي تولي أطول فترة في ولايات الدولة العثمانية، وشَغَل الدولة سنوات طويلة للقضاء على عصيانه، وذلك من خلال المصادر والوثائق العثمانية والجرائد التي تحدثت عن هذه الزيارة، وهي مصادر معاصرة لها. وينتمي الموضوع إلى مجال البحث في التاريخ السياسي والدبلوماسي، ويبحث في قضيتين رئيستين، الأولى: ملابسات الزيارة في ضوء قضية من سعى إلى طلب الزيارة هل السلطان أو الوالي؟ وتشمل هذه القضية: المراسلات التي حدثت بين إستانبول والقاهرة، والظروف التاريخية المحيطة بها، وما التحولات التي أدت إلى هذه الدعوة؟ والقضية الأخرى: الزيارة الرسمية لوالي مصر، وتشمل: الاستعدادات الرسمية من جانب الدولة، ومراسم الاستقبال، وفعاليات محمد علي باشا في إستانبول، ثم النتائج التي أعقبت هذه الزيارة.
وتتبع الدراسة المنهج التاريخي بشقيه الوصفي والتحليلي، مع الاستعانة بالمنهج الاستقرائي. وخلصت الدراسة إلى نتائج منها: خضوع والي مصر لطاعة السلطان العثماني بعد معاهدة لندن 1840م، ووقوف الدول الأوربية مع الدولة العثمانية ضد والي مصر محمد علي باشا، وتحويل ولاية مصر من إيالة تابعة للدولة إلى ولاية ممتازة (مختارية) تُحكم بالوراثة.

Some Arabic language lovers at The New College, University of Madras, Chennai, India, have expressed concerns about their writing skills in Arabic. To address this, they spent their vacation time engaging in writing exercises. This study aims to describe the steps involved in these writing skill exercises and the production of a magazine as a result of these activities. The researcher employed a qualitative research method to gain a comprehensive understanding of the writing exercises. Data was collected through personal interviews with five students, focusing on the task division process, selection of tools used, and other related aspects. The data analysis followed the three steps of the Miles and Huberman model: data display, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. The results indicated that the writing exercises involved dividing the writing topics among five individuals. The topics included university events, daily activities, prominent figures, archives, and photo collections...

The present study attempted to investigate the possible impacts of Individual Concept Mapping (ICM) and Collaborative Concept Mapping (CCM) strategies on Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. For this purpose, 90 pre-intermediate female language learners ranged between 12 to 17 years of age were selected to randomly assign into ICM, CCM and Control groups in this study. After taking Key English Test (KET), the ICM and CCM groups received EFL reading materials presented and practiced with ICM and CCM strategies, respectively, while the Control group received only conventional instructions to reading comprehension. After conducting the treatment, all participants took a Concept Mapping post-test constructed by the researchers. The hypothetical assumptions in this study were in favor of ICM and CCM strategies to improve the Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. Statistics supported the outperformance of the ICM and CCM groups comparing to Control group who received co...

This review offers a brief overview of an international research project dedicated to the «Pseudo-Clementine Octateuch» in the Arabic and Coptic traditions. The introductory section discusses the pseudepigraphic nature of the text, its canonical composition, and its place within the Eastern Christian tradition. Special attention is given to the Coptic versions — Sahidic and Bohairic — presented as independent stages in the history of the translation and adaptation of Greek canonical material into the cultural context of Christian Egypt. The main goals and directions of the project are outlined, including the preparation of a critical edition, a comparative analysis of the Coptic and Arabic texts, and the development of a digital synoptic platform. The methodological approaches and the composition of the international research team carrying out the project at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) are also described.

El trabajo repasa los incipientes estudios árabes en el siglo xviii; expone los datos sobre una lápida en esta lengua publicada varias veces en aquella centuria, su repercusión entre los especialistas ilustrados así como las discusiones, que se han prolongado hasta la actualidad, sobre el lugar de la alcazaba de Badajoz donde pudo haber estado ubicada. Trata luego de las aportaciones de los eruditos del último cuarto del siglo xix en relación con tres estelas funerarias del siglo xii halladas en la ciudad pacense. Finalmente centra su atención en otras dos aparecidas en 1883; analiza los tres aspectos fundamentales del estilo usado en estas inscripciones: forma, alfabeto y protocolo de su contenido.

Resumen: Las inscripciones árabes fundacionales de al-Andalus, aunque escasas, son relevantes por su contenido porque datan algunos edificios simbólicos, como la alcazaba de Mérida (Badajoz) o la mezquita aljama de Córdoba. La ciudad de Almería cuenta con un conjunto epigráfico de primer orden por su número, la calidad de la materia empleada y la información que proporcionan sus especímenes. Entre esas piedras se localizan dos fragmentos de una lápida que conmemora obras ordenadas por 'Abd al-Raḥmān III (r. 300-350/912-961), el primer califa omeya peninsular. En este estudio se propone la restitución del epígrafe perdido y se discute el método seguido para realizarla. A partir de esta lectura, que se fundamenta en los modelos del protocolo oficial cordobés y las normas de la escritura y del estilo cúfico elegido, se confirma y destaca el valor histórico de la inscripción y la motivación subyacente de la obra conmemorada.

This paper presents the Tilde Dictionary Browser (TDB), an innovative dictionary browsing environment for a wide range of users: language learners, language teachers, translators, and casual users. We describe several techniques to maximise the likelihood of providing users with a useful result even when searched items do not have a direct match in the dictionary due to misspellings, inflected words, multi-word items or phrase fragments, or where there is a lack of data in the main dictionary. TDB is targeted for broad use on multiple platforms and is implemented as desktop software, and a Web and mobile application. The desktop version of TDB currently contains dictionaries for more than 20 language pairs, including the languages of the Baltic countries, and is easily extendable to other languages. Besides the data from translation dictionaries, TDB also provides information from different online resources, such as terminology dictionaries, as well as integrates the machine translation facility.

This paper explores the linguistic landscape of Pre-Islamic Arabic to determine
if a distinction between nomadic and sedentary dialects can be detected in the epigraphic
corpus. The analysis focuses on Northwest Arabia from the 1st century BCE to the 5th
century CE, a period and region with a wealth of epigraphic data in various scripts, allowing
for a detailed examination of dialectal differences.
The study reveals that while some features distinguishing modern Bedouin and
sedentary dialects were not yet present in ancient times, several isoglosses did exist. Key
differences between the dialects are identified in the definite article, the realization of
etymological triphthongs, the status of interdentals, final short high vowels, the nominal
feminine ending, and n-assimilation. These linguistic distinctions provide evidence for a
nomadic-sedentary divide in Pre-Islamic Arabic, with some features arising from contactinduced
phenomena, such as Aramaic influence on sedentary dialects, and others
spreading through trade networks.
The study concludes by tracing the subsequent linguistic changes, including the spread
of sedentary features into nomadic speech, driven by sociolinguistic prestige and increased
connectivity between different communities.

The period o f four centuries of the Ottoman rule in this region left a deep trace in the literary tradition of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Part o f the population that converted to İslam, thus becoming oriented towards the Arab Islamic culture and civilisation, began to write in the Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages. Their tradition in these three languages, written in the Arabic script, makes one part of our cultural heritage. Thousands o f manuscripts from ali fıelds of literary word were thus written or copied: pertaining to belles-lettres in verse and prose, books o f travels and historiographic works, lexicographic works and epigraphy, chronicles and epistles, m athematics, medicine, law, logic, theology and other disciplines. Literary tradition in the Arabic language, which was considered to be the language o f Science, law and theology, did not yield any works o f great importance in the province o f belles-lettres-, there were, however, a considerable number o f authors who wrote in this language as a result o f practical needs, vvriting compendia and other handbooks and textbooks for primary and secondary schools at that time. Such motives -i.e. the desire and effort to make works of other authors, but often those o f one's own too, more approachable and comprehensible -gave birth to commentary as a separate form o f literary tradition. In any discussion o f commentary, it is necessary to have in mind that it was one o f the prevailing forms o f vvriting at that time. Commentary may at fırst appear as a non-independent and unoriginal work because its creation is directly linked with another work or is based on a literary work of another author, but often of one's own as well, or is even linked with another commentary, so that a commentary on a commentary is then produced i.e. gloss. However, a deeper analysis o f a commentary or gloss shows that the author, desiring to clarify, elaborate or correct the text he refers to, incorporated a considerable portion o f his own original material, thus making a cer-