Disability policy

Environmental Sensing Technologies for Visual Impairment Introduction to the Special Thematic Session Roberto Manduchi 1 and James Coughlan 2 Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz [email protected] Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA [email protected] Peoples ability to move around, interact with objects, space and people, and engage in purposeful activities hinges in large part on their visual sense. Tasks such as orienting oneself in a hallway, finding an item at the market, or recog- nizing a friend from a distance may become difficult or impossible for those who cannot see, or cannot see well. Simple assistive devices may play an important role in supporting activities of daily living for people with visual impairment. For example, people who are blind use simple tools such as a long cane or a dog guide to move safely along a desired path, or a screen reader to access a computer. Persons with low vision often rely on magnify...

Rodzina stanowi w przestrzeni życiowej dziecka z niepełnosprawnością podstawowe a zarazem niezastąpione środowisko rozwoju oraz aktualizowania się jego specyficznych potrzeb zdrowotnych. Jest też cennym źródłem zasobów rehabilitacyjnych, które mogą być rozpatrywane w charakterze czynników warunkujących efektywność leczenia usprawniającego. Transakcyjny charakter interakcji niepełnosprawnego dziecka z jego rodziną wpływa modyfikująco na funkcjonowanie całego systemu rodzinnego, którego stabilność wymaga w tym przypadku dysponowania przez nią skutecznymi strategiami radzenia sobie z pojawiającymi się zadaniami natury leczniczej, wychowawczej, emocjonalnej, społecznej i ekonomicznej. Dysponują nimi jednak zazwyczaj jedynie rodziny pozytywnie nastawione do tych zadań, spójne wewnętrznie oraz posiadające niezbędne zabezpieczenie materialne. W pozostałych przypadkach zasoby rodziny okazują się niewystarczające, toteż wymagają one pomocy, której upatruje się nie tylko w rozwiązaniach syste...

ÖZET
Bu metin, “devlet aklı” adı altında meşrulaştırılan siyasal reflekslerin, gerçekte nasıl bir akıl kaybına ve kurumsal çürümeye dönüştüğünü tartışır. Devletin kendisini toplumun üzerinde konumlandırdığı her tarihsel evrede, aklın yerini korkunun, muhakemenin yerini refleksin, hukukun yerini ise istisnanın aldığı vurgulanır. “Devlet aklı” denen şey, burada bir bilgelik değil, sorumluluktan kaçmanın, hesap vermemeyi meşrulaştırmanın ve iktidarı süreklileştirmenin aracı olarak teşhir edilir. Metin, istisna hâlinin geçici bir güvenlik önlemi olmaktan çıkıp kalıcı bir yönetim tekniğine dönüşmesini eleştirir; bu dönüşümün, toplumu edilgenleştiren, yurttaşı şüpheliye indirgeyen bir zihniyet yarattığını savunur. Hukukun yerini sadakatin, denetimin yerini itaate dayalı düzenin almasıyla birlikte devletin aklının değil, korkularının konuştuğu belirtilir. “Bekâ” söylemi, kamusal tartışmayı susturan bir kalkan hâline gelirken, eleştiri düşmanlıkla eşitlenir. Metin, bu durumun sadece siyasal değil, ahlaki bir çöküş olduğunu vurgular; çünkü akıl, denetlenmediğinde iktidarın bahanesine dönüşür. Sonuçta ortaya çıkan şey, yurttaşını koruyan bir devlet değil, kendini korumaya çalışan bir aygıttır. Bu yüzden metin, gerçek güvenliğin istisnada değil; hukukta, denetimde ve kamusal akılda bulunduğunu savunur. Devletin gücü, korku üretme kapasitesinde değil, eleştiriyi taşıyabilme yeteneğinde aranmalıdır.

SUMMARY
This text examines how what is called “state reason” often turns into a mechanism of avoidance rather than rational governance. It argues that, in many political contexts, reason is replaced by reflex, accountability by justification, and law by exception. What is presented as “state wisdom” becomes a strategy for suspending responsibility and normalizing arbitrary power. The text traces how the logic of exception gradually transforms into a permanent governing technique, reducing citizens to objects of suspicion rather than participants in political life. As the language of security expands, public debate shrinks; legality gives way to loyalty, and governance turns into the management of fear.
The essay emphasizes that this transformation is not merely political but ethical. When accountability is replaced by obedience, and critique is treated as threat, the state ceases to act as a common institution and becomes a self-protective mechanism. “Reason of state” thus becomes a mask for the avoidance of responsibility. The narrative argues that real security does not arise from suppressing dissent or enlarging executive power, but from strengthening institutions, transparency, and public reason. A state that fears scrutiny ultimately weakens itself, because power without accountability erodes its own foundations. The text concludes that genuine stability can only emerge where criticism is possible, law is binding, and citizens are treated not as risks to be managed, but as participants in a shared political life.

Praktyka rehabilitacyjna tworzy sytuację, w której szczególnie oczekiwane jest myślenie i działanie transdyscyplinarne. To znaczy takie, w którym specjaliści swoje działania podejmują na bazie stanu wiedzy gromadzonego nie tylko przez jedną dyscyplinę (np. psychologię), ale wiele obszarów wiedzy (Otrębski i Wiącek, 2014). Szukając obszarów, które powinny być wiodącym źródłem informacji dla psychologów zaangażowanych w proces rehabilitacji, należy wskazać jako podstawowe teorię rehabilitacji, teorię diagnozy psychologicznej i psychologię rehabilitacji. To tam znajdujemy wskazania co do zakresu i przebiegu diagnozy psychologicznej w rehabilitacji, w tym zasady adaptacji/dostosowania i konstrukcji wykorzystywanych narzędzi. W niniejszym rozdziale prezentowane jest, wypracowane przez autorów, podejście do procesu diagnozy psychologicznej w rehabilitacji, jak i przykłady dobrych praktyk w zakresie adaptowania/dostosowywania i konstrukcji narzędzi wykorzystywanych w psychologii rehabilitacji. Wyjaśniamy, w jakim zakresie zasady konstrukcji narzędzi diagnostycznych dla psychologii mogą i powinny być zastosowane w adaptacji, dostosowaniu i konstrukcji narzędzi psychologicznych stosowanych w rehabilitacji. Ilustrujemy to wybranymi przykładami metod przez nas opracowanych, tzn. baterią testów REHAB1 obejmującą: Skalę AS-5-R (Skala Aktualizacji Siebie), Skalę URK-R (do badania psycho-społecznych problemów osób z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego), Skalę PCH-R (do badania psycho-społecznych problemów

Publikacja jest efektem seminarium naukowego poświęconego projektom artystycznym angażującym osoby z niepełnosprawnościami. Tom podejmuje refleksję nad ideą inkluzji w sztuce, rolą twórcy inkluzywnego oraz wyzwaniami takimi jak gettoizacja i tokenizm. Autorzy łączą perspektywy teoretyczne i praktyczne, ukazując obecność osób z niepełnosprawnościami w przestrzeni artystycznej oraz dobre praktyki twórcze. Publikacja stanowi zaproszenie do dialogu i dalszych działań na rzecz włączania społecznego poprzez sztukę.

In Norway, user-controlled personal assistance (UPA) is a right for children under the age of 18. Based on the independent living (IL) ideology, the intention of UPA is to provide the person with user control, independence and more. However, in order to receive UPA, minors need an external actor to be formally in charge. Through a qualitative approach, this article discusses whether the ideological principles governing UPA can be utilised as intended in families where the parent is expected both to care for and protect the child as well as act as an administrator providing opportunities for the child to enjoy the IL principles. The findings in this article suggest that there may be a need to revise the ideological framework in order to better encompass the reality of childhood. Instead of full user control at present, UPA could be a viewed as an empowering tool in the process towards future independence.

The Work Programme's use of severe social security benefit sanctions reflects British coalition ministers' belief that many people on out-of-work benefits do not want a job. While a substantial empirical literature has repeatedly demonstrated that in fact unemployed benefit claimants possess the same work values as the employed and that the vast majority want paid work, it has ignored some conservative authors' pleas to consider the views and experiences of people who work with the unemployed. Forty employees of agencies contracted to help unemployed people into employment were interviewed in summer 2011. Respondents had spent an estimated combined total of 147,000 hours in the presence of people who have claimed Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) for over six months. Most said that between a quarter and half of their present clients did not want employment. This finding does not contradict existing research, given that most JSA claimants re-enter employment within six months. However, all forty agreed that many others remained unemployed because they were choosy in the jobs they were willing to undertake, and, most strikingly, respondents overwhelmingly endorsed the view that a 'dependency culture' exists in households and neighbourhoods that have experienced joblessness for several generations.

As India advances its economic growth agenda, the education and skill development sector emerges as a strategic lever for inclusive and sustainable development. While the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 reports modest improvements in gross enrolment ratios and partial recovery of learning outcomes, it also highlights significant challenges: foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) deficiencies, rising dropout rates, and entrenched structural issues such as gender disparity, digital exclusion, poor teacher accountability, and infrastructure deficits. These barriers constrain the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This paper proposes a phased, evidence-based implementation of the Education Voucher Scheme (EVS) to address these systemic inefficiencies and equity gaps. EVS reallocates education funding directly to parents, enabling school choice and fostering competitive incentives among educational providers. The approach is grounded in global best practices and validated through Indian pilot studies in Andhra Pradesh and Delhi. By realigning public expenditure with performance and access goals, EVS offers a mechanism to optimise educational outcomes under constrained fiscal conditions. The research contributes a detailed financial modelling framework, mapping unit voucher costs to existing education budget allocations, and outlines a five-phase rollout strategy prioritising high-need populations, including rural, tribal, and urban economically weaker sections. Furthermore, the study integrates a robust monitoring and evaluation framework utilising technology, biometric-linked student registries, and outcome-based school accreditation metrics to ensure transparency, reduce leakages, and track learning gains over time. Targeting education finance reform through EVS holds potential for catalysing accountability, improving cost-effectiveness, and promoting equity in access to quality education. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers, education economists, and funding agencies committed to realising the goals of NEP 2020, Sustainable Development Goal 4, and the broader Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Finally, the Civilisational Design Thinking approach anchored on Indian Knowledge System (IKS) principles is used to assess cultural compatibility of proposed policy to Indian context and adherence to Dharmic values.

Akademik etik kurallara bağlı kalınarak yapılacak olan alıntılar ve tanıtım maksadıyla yapılacak olan kısa alıntılar dışında, yazılı izni alınmadan, tümünün veya bir kısmının elektronik, mekanik ya da fotokopi yoluyla, basımı, yayımı, kopyalanması, çoğaltımı veya dağıtımı yapılamaz.

According to SDG 4, -quality education ensures inclusive and equitable quality education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all. About 300 million students worldwide lack basic numeracy and literary skills (SDG Goal Report 2023 -special edition). A good teacher influences everything from classroom learning to long-term achievement, which makes an entire world of positive impact on a student's life. Teacher skills in achieving learning outcome suggests that teachers should possess questioning, reinforcement, variation, explaining, learning skills, small group discussion guides, small classroom management, and individual teaching skills to engage students and achieve pre-determined learning goals(Gultom 2020). India has progressed on SDG4 targets like enrollment ratios and gender parity, but challenges remain in areas like learning outcomes and qualified teacher supply (Jana 2020). The combined efforts of teachers and educational institutions aim to foster an informed and motivated generation equipped to tackle pressing global issues and work towards a more sustainable future(Rajesh 2024). They are the essential pillars of the country that build a good quality of human capital and boost our demographic dividend. Education plays a significant role in achieving SDG 4 and helping us reduce inequality among the people. This paper aims to identify teachers' role in creating quality education for students. It analyses the elements contributing to effective teaching, including pedagogical skills, mastery of the subject area, and continuous professional development. It also examines the challenges and opportunities of enhancing teacher quality.

Persons with minor or major disabilities represent a significant portion of the US working-age population. Based on the 1993 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), approximately 30 million (19%) men and women 18 to 64 years of age report ...

The Education in an Intercultural Society: Problems and Challenges for Immigrant Hispanic/Latino Students At no other time in the history of the United States has immigration, both legal and illegal, so impacted the nation's schools and its economy. Throughout the last decade of the 20 th Century the immigrant population grew by 11.3 million, with Spanish speakers from Mexico and Latin America accounting for largest percentage of that number, approximately 30% . By state, the percentages are even more dramatic. For example, between 1990 and 2000, in Arizona, immigrants from Mexico alone grew from 55% to 67%, and in Texas, Mexicans increased from 59% to 65% of the total (Camorata & McArdle, 2003). At the school level, the numbers of Latinos continue to mount as evidenced in two of the nation's largest school districts--in Houston Independent School District, there were 122,745 Latino 1 Most immigrants tell the story of coming to the United States for the economic benefit. Many of students (58.1%) in 2003-2004 (Texas Education Agency, 2005) and in Los Angeles, there were 554,113 (73%) during the same period (Los Angeles Unified School District, 2005). For some of the nation's smaller school districts, the numbers also have increased. For example, in a predominately rural area in East Texas among 52 school districts, the Latino school population increased over a six year period from 1998 to 2004 by slightly more than 30% (Texas Education Agency, 2005). The concentration of Latinos from Mexico, Central America, and Cuba is focused in 12 states:

The United Nations emphasizes inclusivity and leaving no one behind, advocating for universal health care, including sexual and reproductive health (SRH). However, the patterns of SRH rights among persons with disabilities remain poorly understood, with this group facing numerous barriers to accessing SRH services. Our intension was to examine the pattern of Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR) among people with disabilities in South Sudan, focusing on Juba County.The study utilized qualitative methods for data collection, supplemented by in-depth quantitative secondary data. Qualitative data were gathered using key informant guides and observation. Data analysis was conducted using a master sheet.The findings revealed significant challenges in accessing SRH services, particularly in rural areas, where comprehensive services are scarce compared to urban centers. Men often mistrust family planning initiatives, viewing them as threats to their authority. Older individuals often exclude themselves from SRH relevance. Barriers such as stigma, discrimination, financial and physical constraints, limited perceived need, and gendered blame further hinder access. Gender-based violence, misconceptions, and negative associations exacerbate these challenges. Notably, comprehensive sex education in schools emerged as a critical intervention to foster liberal attitudes and self-control. In conclusion, the study underscores the exclusion of persons with disabilities from SRHR and highlights the urgent need for inclusive programs to address their specific needs. Limited access to services in rural areas, societal stigma, and misconceptions impede progress. Efforts should focus on promoting inclusive policies, enhancing awareness of SRHR for women with disabilities, and implementing comprehensive sex education. Addressing societal perceptions and fostering inclusivity are vital for advancing SRHR for persons with disabilities in South Sudan.

The analysis of policies based on intersectionality (IBPA) critically addresses the social inequalities and multiple discriminations experienced by people with disabilities. Our study aims to analyze the laws and policies related to the use of sexual and reproductive health services by women and girls with disabilities in Guinea. In this study, two focus groups and 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with policymakers and women with disabilities in Conakry, Guinea. The analysis of the intersectional framework reveals that disabled women are affected by complex intersectional categories. Gender, disability, economic status, and discrimination intersect to create barriers for disabled women in accessing sexual and reproductive health services. The lack of awareness of public health laws and policies highlights a failure to implement legal protections for people with disabilities in Guinea. Urgent interventions should be carried out to improve health policies, training for healthcare providers, and ensure the inclusion of people with disabilities in decision-making processes.

We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Stephanie Lewis and Donna Martinez. The presence of people with disabilities on campus also leads to the integration of disability into teaching and research in the social sciences, humanities, arts, public communications, and other fields. Disability represents a unique lens through which to study everything ranging from societal stereotyping to cultural representation to social movements to government-community-individual responsibility. Those in the clinical and helping professions can and should learn that disability is not always something that should be cured, corrected, and prevented and that disabled people are more than clients. This information package contains essays, reprints, and resources designed to assist postsecondary institutions to move beyond compliance and to include disabled persons in all aspects of campus life. It is not intended to provide step-by-step guidelines or to serve as a comprehensive manual on all aspects of inclusion and accommodations. Rather, it is designed to offer some perspectives, strategies, and resources that individuals can use to advocate for the inclusion of people with disabilities at universities and postsecondary institutions. This package uses Section 504 and the ADA as a starting point-not the end point-for discussions of the inclusion of persons with disabilities. The next set of selections addresses various ways postsecondary institutions, faculty, and students can move beyond compliance. The following section describe specific accommodations for disabled people, including a program that involves young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in campus life. The next section contains reprints of published articles that address different ways in which the visibility of disability on campus can be raised. The final two sections contain brief annotations of published sources and additional resources. We hope that this information package will encourage and assist others to move beyond compliance at their universities and postsecondary educational institutions. For students with disabilities to be fully included at postsecondary institutions and for postsecondary institutions to benefit fully from the presence of students with disabilities, campus culture must change.

In 2001, a group of student activists at Syracuse University started an organization called the Beyond Compliance Coordinating Committee (BCCC). The BCCC activists used disability studies theory to engage the campus in conversations about disability and inform significant ...

This qualitative study explored the implementation of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs) as an early intervention strategy for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Saudi Arabia, drawing on the perspectives of certified Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) specialists. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with five licensed practitioners, four based in Riyadh and one in Jeddah, who hold credentials from the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB). The findings illuminate participants' conceptual understanding of NDBIs, their motivations for adopting these interventions, and the mechanisms employed in their application. Additionally, the study identified several barriers impeding effective implementation, including insufficient specialist training, limited administrative support, logistical challenges, and family-related constraints. Based on these insights, the study recommends expanding practical training for ABA specialists, increasing community awareness of NDBIs, and ensuring ongoing supervision by experienced professionals. The findings underscore the need for further empirical studies on the application of NDBIs within culturally specific contexts, particularly in Arab settings, to promote more inclusive and effective early intervention services.

In first-year composition courses, there are three aspects of teaching that are researched well so far: disclosure of trauma in student writing, instructor feedback, and emotional labor. The disclosure of trauma is almost completely unavoidable in first-year composition. We encounter an issue with instructor feedback; how do we provide feedback to student writing, like grammar and mechanics, when the student has disclosed trauma in the writing? Additionally, we can build off this with emotional labor, which already occurs consistently in teaching but is heightened in this instance. When providing feedback to a student who has disclosed trauma, this can be emotionally taxing on the instructor, as they may have to hide emotions regarding feedback to disclosure. How can the instructor manage their emotional labor in this instanceor how can instructors provide feedback to student disclosure of trauma in a manner that both prioritizes the student's and instructor's mental health?

The COVID-19 pandemic is deepening pre-existing inequalities. Emerging research suggests that people with disabilities across the world have experienced various rights violations and been disproportionality affected by the health, economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the responses to it. The aim of this research was to explore how people with disabilities, who often are excluded from research, have experienced the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. To better understand how it has affected jobseekers with disabilities, in-depth qualitative research was conducted in Kenya as part of the Inclusion Works programme.

This qualitative study was undertaken as part of the work of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) funded Inclusion Works programme which aims to improve inclusive employment for people with disabilities in four countries: Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, Bangladesh. When the COVID-19 pandemic emerged early in 2020 the work of this consortium programme was adapted to focus on pandemic relief and research activities, while some other planned work was not possible.

The article undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the evolving legal regulations
concerning Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in Poland’s agricultural sector,
spanning from the post-World War II era to the present. It examines the progressive
changes in these regulations and their effects on working conditions and the safety of
farmers. The article explores crucial aspects such as adapting regulations to meet the
sector’s evolving needs and the continuous enhancement and advancement of tech-
nologies used in agriculture. Additionally, it scrutinizes improper practices in the
operation of agricultural machinery and equipment, within the context of the recent
amendment to the Regulation by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
dated February 14, 2024. The primary focus is on assessing how OHS regulations
contribute to improving workplace safety within the agricultural industry and mitigat-
ing risks associated with the use of agricultural machinery and equipment.

Hippotherapy is a form of therapy or treatment aided by a horse, which aims to improve a person's health and their level of fitness. It is one of the few methods of physiotherapy which has a positive effect on both the motor system as well as the psychological condition of the disabled patient. Hippotherapy focuses on several cognitive areas of the patient: the physical, the emotional and motivational, the cognitive and the social ones. Its treatment is especially effective with people who face mental challenges and who usually have difficulties with their cognitive and social skills, as well as with their speech. The therapy aided by a horse is an excellent form of psychological and psycho-pedagogical treatment, and ultimately it improves the patients' standard of living. The main goals of hippotherapy in this context are to make the patients more responsible, caring, as well as sensitive, and to encourage them to overcome the fear of coping with new situations and to enjoy contact with other animals. Contact with a horse improves the emotional wellbeing of the patient and changes their behaviour. It also boosts the patient's confidence and their selfesteem by encouraging them to be more independent. The main aim of this study was to present the effect of hippotherapy on a disabled person, mainly in the pedagogical, psychological and social context. The study presents a view which has been created based on the literature related to the subject.

I institutionens rapportserie publiceras rapporter författade av forskare och doktorander som är verksamma vid institutionen. Serien innehåller främst vetenskapliga rapporter men kan även innefatta andra texter, till exempel festskrifter, som är av dokumentärt intresse och som rör institutionens verksamhet. En förutsättning för publicering i serien är att manusen genomgått seminarie-och redaktionell granskning. Redaktionen utgörs av ledamöterna i institutionens forskningsutskott, med utskottets ordförande som huvudredaktör.

⚡ 💡 🏚️ Can a constitutional right to energy be inferred? I posed this question in a contribution published in the Journal of the Italian Association of Constitutionalists, which I thank for accepting the paper: “The Social Protection of Energy Needs within the Constitutional Framework for Combating Poverty”. In recent years there has been growing institutional attention to domestic energy needs, understood as access to services such as cooling, heating, hygiene, food, work, education and other essentials of everyday life. These needs are increasingly considered in terms of access to a service that is high-quality, efficient and sustainable. Consider the notion of “energy poverty,” initially developed in other fields of study and subsequently incorporated into European regulation within the framework of transition policies and goals. However, from the perspective of constitutional categories and in light of the Constitution’s general approach to poverty, this phenomenon does not appear to justify the recognition of an autonomous right to energy. Energy should rather be seen as a precondition for the effective enjoyment of rights and freedoms that are already recognized and protected. Its lack constitutes an economic and social obstacle that restricts liberty and equality, thus falling within the parameter of Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Constitution.

Antecedents are the conditions existing prior to instruction that may relate to outcomes. For program evaluations, the information about antecedents helps in determining the anticipated outcomes. The main focus of this quantitative investigation was to identify antecedents of Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) program for young children with deafness enrolled in 34Government Deaf and Defective Hearing schools located in 31 districts of the Punjab province. A self developed and validated demographic information sheet consisting of 26 variables was used to collect data from schools. All the head teachers helped in filling up the information sheets about young children with deafness. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 20. The descriptive statistics exhibited district wise enrolment, and gender, age, type and degree of hearing loss wise distribution of young children with deafness. The study also answered some other questions regarding children using hearing aids, undergo...

This article analyzes a recently published memoir entitled Wczoraj byłaś zła na zielono (Yesterday You Were Angry in Green) by Eliza Kącka. The memoir tells the story of raising an autistic child by a nondisabled mother. The article employs disability studies tools to think of the book and examines why the author refrains from using a word "autism" while listing the symptoms and naming the therapies her daughter attends. It argues that the memoir constitutes a continuum of nondisabled mothers' confessions about raising children with disabilities, and explores the ways in which Kącka grapples with the fundamental concepts of disability studies such as access and diagnosis. For example, it shows how Kącka reformulates the concept of access without identifying a barrier that prevents her from accessing her daughter's world. In other words, the memoir discusses her longing for access to her daughter's inner experiences, but does not identify what makes getting access impossible. As such, the memoir departs from more mainstream accounts of autism that depict it as a "thief" or "terrorist" who "steals" children. Moreover, the article considers the author's approach toward diagnosis and juxtaposes it with autistic people's experiences of getting autism diagnosis. As a result, the article shows that while mothers' accounts of living and raising disabled children are crucial for understanding disability in Poland, they cannot be the only source of knowledge about disability.

P ojęcie "autyzm" użyte zostało po raz pierwszy w 1910 r. przez szwajcar- skiego psychiatrę Eugena Bleulera w formie objawu choroby psychicznej -schizofrenii 1 . W tym kontekście oznaczało skupienie się na "ja" poprzez wycofanie się z relacji społecznych i zamknięcie się we "własnym świecie". Bleuler opisuje myślenie autystyczne (dereistyczne) jako takie, które utraciwszy kontakt ze światem zewnętrznym, przestaje się nim interesować. Takie myślenie powodowane jest nie nastawieniem na cele, ale wypełnianiem pożądań, działaniem pod wpływem afektu. Ewolucja rozumienia tego stanu rozpoczęła się dzięki pracy Hansa Aspergera zaczętej w 1938 r., który zwrócił uwagę, że takie zachowania nie dotyczą wyłącznie osób psychotycznych 2 . W tekście "'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood" zajmuje się dziećmi z zaburzeniem osobowości -psychopatią 3 . Pediatra wychodzi od znaczenia opisywanego przez Bleulera, przejmując je dla opisania autystycznego psychopaty. W 1941 r. użycie słowa "autyzm" zbliżyło się do współczesnego rozumienia tego zaburzenia w publikacji Leo Kannera 4 . W swoim raporcie Kanner opisuje przypadki jedenastu dzieci z podobnymi zaburzeniami behawioralnymi, wprowadzając pojęcie autyzmu wczesnodziecięcego.

The research aimed to highlight the responsiveness of existing health care systems in Pakistan towards addressing Sexual and Reproductive Health & Rights (SRH&R) concerns of young people with the lens of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially (Goal 3.7) with the focus on youth. This descriptive research used the inductive approach of theory. It fixed qualitative design to research the health care system of Pakistan by reviewing the available secondary data resources, e.g., official documents, reports, websites, and online resources of the relevant departments and organizations. Results highlight that in Pakistan, 64% of the population consists of young people. It is reviewed that Pakistan's existing health care system is insignificantly responsive towards the SRH&R needs of young people and contribution to achieving SDG, especially (Goal 3.7) with a special focus on youth. These policies and programs at the provincial and local level programs are limited to reproductive health issues (maternal health, family planning, and child health) and the needs of married women only. On the other hand, the existing health care systems, mainly private and non-governmental, are addressing the Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) needs of young people, which is insufficient due to limited infrastructure and delivery networks. The research provided insight into the significant programs and interventions and policies implemented, including gaps and challenges in the health care system in Pakistan for addressing SRH&R concerns of young people and contribution in achieving SDG, especially (Goal 3.7) with a special focus on youth.

The aim of this study was to investigate perceptions and experiences of empowerment among individuals taking part in an empowerment project for people being unemployed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with ten people and analyzed through the usage of thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in ten themes: definition of the concept empowerment, the meaning of empowerment in the present project, equality between participants and staff, appreciation and encouragement, to make one's voice heard, to find one's place, economy, the importance of social interaction, responsibility and initiative, and self-worth. The analysis revealed that empowerment as a concept can have many different meanings for participants in an empowerment project. The results are discussed in relation to psychological theory, such as sense of coherence, humanistic motivational theories and locus of control. Implications for future research are presented.

The aim of this study was to investigate perceptions and experiences of empowerment among individuals taking part in an empowerment project for people being unemployed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with ten people and analyzed through the usage of thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in ten themes: definition of the concept empowerment, the meaning of empowerment in the present project, equality between participants and staff, appreciation and encouragement, to make one's voice heard, to find one's place, economy, the importance of social interaction, responsibility and initiative, and self-worth. The analysis revealed that empowerment as a concept can have many different meanings for participants in an empowerment project. The results are discussed in relation to psychological theory, such as sense of coherence, humanistic motivational theories and locus of control. Implications for future research are presented.

Persons with disabilities encounter unequal access to sexual and reproductive health services (SRH). However, improving access to SRH remains a public health challenge, especially for this population in Bangladesh. This study explores the SRH-related care experiences and quality of services provided to PWDs in Dhaka city, along with the narratives of their personal struggles and vulnerabilities in navigating SRH issues in a society where they are often unseen and unheard. The research involved fifty semistructured in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions to assess the needs and challenges associated with SRH. Participants were selected using a network sampling method. The data were coded and classified using thematic analysis. The participants were generally young, with an average age of 22 (SD = 2.7). More than three-quarters (84.0%) of the respondents were visually impaired since birth, and 16% had been physically impaired for an extended period of time. The results show that persons with disabilities often lack awareness about their SRH needs, and they have limited access to sex education. Most participants were typically hesitant to seek SRH services due to a lack of understanding, stigma, discrimination and the perception that these services are not essential. Persons with disabilities highlighted the necessity for disabilityinclusive built environments within healthcare facilities and the support from health assistants with greater inclusion of female healthcare workers.

Praca socjalna w rozumieniu przepisów ustawy o pomocy społecznej to działalność zawodowa mającą na celu pomoc osobom i rodzinom we wzmacnianiu lub odzyskiwaniu zdolności do funkcjonowania w społeczeństwie poprzez pełnienie odpowiednich ról społecznych oraz tworzenie warunków sprzyjających temu celowi 1 . Doprecyzowując definicję pracy socjalnej ustawodawca rozwija zakres tej działalności stanowiąc, że "praca socjalna prowadzona jest z osobami i rodzinami w celu rozwinięcia lub wzmocnienia ich aktywności i samodzielności życiowej lub (…) dla zaspokajania potrzeb członków społeczności" 2 . Jednym ze sposobów, prawdopodobnie kluczowym, we wzmocnieniu aktywności i samodzielności życiowej osób z niepełnosprawnością jest ich aktywizacja zawodowa. Formalnie przebiega ona przez cały okres realizacji obowiązku szkolnego. Na nim też się nie kończy, osoby z niepełną sprawnością na zasadach ogólnych uczestniczą w procesie uczenia się przez całe życie. Funkcjonowanie osoby niepełnosprawnej na rynku pracy ma dla niej fundamentalne znaczenie. Szansa realizacji ról zawodowych w oczekiwaniach każdego

The school tends to emphasize the academic performance of the students. Academic competence has great importance in personal life 1. It leads to better adjustment and success in school or college. It motivates the students to set high goals for themselves. Academic performance also predicts the future of the student to a great extent. Some researchers conducted studies to see the effect of social skills on academic achievement and school adjustment 2. Behaviour refers to how one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others. It can

This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Redistribution -no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, nontransferable, individual and limited right to using this document. This document is solely intended for your personal, noncommercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain all copyright information and other information regarding legal protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated conditions of use. Wandel der Altersstrukturen -Widersprüche und Zukunftsszenarien www.sws-rundschau.at SWS-Rundschau (. Jg.) Heft /: - In den letzten 20 Jahren ist über den Alterungsprozess der Bevölkerungen in den Industriestaaten so intensiv wie nie zuvor diskutiert worden. Ein nicht unerheblicher Teil dieser Diskussion legt den Schluss nahe, dass eine ständig wachsende Gruppe von Menschen -die Älteren -als eine Belastung oder gar als ein Risiko für die Zukunft angesehen wird. Hier sind differenzierte Analysen nötig. In der Debatte über den Alterungsprozess dominieren Perspektiven, die auf steigende Belastungen für die Gesellschaft durch eine alternde Bevölkerung ausgerichtet sind und die den Beitrag älterer Menschen für die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung problematisieren. Diesen Sichtweisen wird mit Argumenten begegnet, die auf Basis von Forschungsbefunden eine Relativierung der heute gängigen Altersbilder ermöglichen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Überlegungen zur »Produktivität« des Alters und Szenarien für die Zukunft des Alters formuliert.

The National Sample Survey report (2018) in India describes that the prevalence of disability is 2.2 %, which is similar to the figures from the 2011 census i.e. In India of the 2011 census, there were 2.68 crores of persons living with disabilities. In 2006, the Indian Government framed a national policy for differently-abled persons covering the prevention and rehabilitation of disabilities. It also focuses on the rehabilitation of women and children with disabilities, facilitating a barrier-free environment, improving social security, initiating research, and formulating guidelines, among others. Later after 15 years, in 2021, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment released a draft National Policy for Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan). The scenario in 2021 has faced many changes compared to that of 2006. One important legislative development was the implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in 2016, followed by the adoption of the National Education Policy in 2020. In better alignment with global initiatives, India ratified UNCRPD and acceded to various international resolutions directly or indirectly related to PwDs. The paper illustrates India's National policy for persons with disabilities. Generally, governments' policies are a means and mechanism for addressing the needs of citizens. Even in terms of disability, this existing policy and the new draft is a vehicle of sought-after change, which is the empowerment and inclusion of PwDs. Hence, the policy should consider the needs of the recipients and that it can meet those needs. The purpose of the current paper is to analyse the current policy as well as the recent draft policy, its strengths and weaknesses, and to identify areas that need attention.

Wstęp: Młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów (MIZS) należy do grupy chorób zapalnych, przewlekłych, o nieznanej etiologii. Ustalenie takiego rozpoznania jest zawsze wyzwaniem dla rodziców, ponieważ muszą się oni zmierzyć z licznymi nowymi obowiązkami, do których na ogół nie są przygotowani ani merytorycznie, ani emocjonalnie. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu czasu trwania choroby na życie rodziny i dziecka. Analizie poddano wiedzę rodziców na temat choroby w kontekście usprawniania narządu ruchu. Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono w 2009 r. w Instytucie Reumatologii, wśród rodziców dzieci hospitalizowanych w Klinice Wieku Rozwojowego, Klinice Rehabilitacji Reumatologicznej i Poradni Reumatologicznej. Posłużono się badaniem diagnostycznym jako metodą badawczą; autorski kwestionariusz ankiety służył do weryfikacji uzyskanych wyników. Wyniki: Uzyskane dane dowodzą, że MIZS wpływa na codzienne życie chorych dzieci oraz ich rodzin. Badani rodzice mają podstawową wiedzę na temat choroby. Wnioski: 1. Wykazano potrzebę profilaktycznej edukacji rodziców chorych dzieci, szczególnie w początkowym okresie choroby, bez względu na jej postać. 2. Najlepszą metodą przekazywania wiedzy praktycznej wydaje się dialog. 3. Indywidualne podejście do dysfunkcji narządu ruchu dziecka pozostaje nadrzędnym celem ochrony stawów w wieku rozwojowym.

As a part of these efforts, we have done an extensive literature review on topics related to employer practices and the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This bibliography is the result of these eighteen months of efforts. This publication is available as a print product, and is accessible online at . We hope that these resources will be of assistance in helping human resource professionals, employers, providers of vocational rehabilitation services, advocacy organizations, and persons with disabilities and their family members to better employ the ADA in effectively implementing the accommodation process.

FR : En France, les politiques du handicap et les politiques du grand âge constituaient depuis les années 1990 deux champs distincts de l’action publique. En dépit de la création en 2020 de la cinquième branche de la Sécurité sociale, le questionnement de la barrière d’âge au niveau national apparaît largement inachevé. Les politiques de vieillesse ayant fait l’objet, comme les politiques du handicap, d’un processus de décentralisation, il importe de resserrer la focale sur la mise en oeuvre à l’échelon départemental d’un service public de l’autonomie unique. Cet article explore l’hypothèse de la constitution par les conseils départementaux d’une nouvelle « catégorie d’action publique » en lieu et place des « personnes âgées dépendantes » et « personnes handicapées ». Afin d’éclairer ce questionnement, une analyse documentaire a été menée. Les organigrammes des conseils départementaux français ont été examinés, tout comme les outils de planification − les schémas autonomie. En complément, une campagne d’entretiens semi-directifs a été initiée auprès des cadres de l’un des conseils départementaux. Bien qu’inaboutie, la convergence, à l’échelon départemental, des politiques du handicap et des politiques du grand âge se donne à voir dans la réorganisation des services, dans les choix d’instruments, à travers le travail cognitif d’identification d’enjeux communs et dans la mise en place de dispositifs communs. La compréhension de chacune des strates de cette convergence nécessite son insertion dans une pluralité de dynamiques à l’oeuvre en matière de transformation de l’action publique. La dynamique de rapprochement est en outre différenciée d’un département à l’autre.

Mots clés : politiques de l’autonomie, politiques départementales, barrière d’âge

EN: In France, disability policies and policies for the elderly have been two distinct fields of public action since the 1990s. Despite the creation of the fifth branch of Social Security in 2020, questioning the age barrier at the national level appears largely incomplete. Both elderly and disability policies have undergone a process of decentralization, thus it is important to focus on the implementation at the departmental level of a single public service for autonomy. This article explores the hypothesis of the establishment by departmental councils of a new « category of public action » in place of « dependent elderly » and « disabled persons. » To shed light on this issue, a documentary analysis was conducted. The organizational charts of French departmental councils were examined, as well as planning tools − autonomy schemes. In addition, a campaign of semi-structured interviews was initiated with executives from one of the departmental councils. Although incomplete, the convergence, at the departmental level, of disability policies and policies for the elderly can be seen in service reorganizations, choice of instruments, through cognitive work of identifying common issues, and in the establishment of common mechanisms. Understanding each layer of this convergence requires its integration into a plurality of dynamics at work in the transformation of public action. Furthermore, the convergence dynamic varies from one department to another.

Keywords: policies of autonomy, departmental policies, age structuring

Tematyka pracy dotyczy neurodydaktyki, czyli procesu w nauczaniu, które jest obecne w naszym życiu. Szczególnie istotne jest właściwe podejście dydaktyczne do młodzieży z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu umiarkowanym. Ze względu na różne potrzeby rozwojowe tej grupy, proces edukacji i rehabilitacji powinien odbywać się na podstawie indywidualnych programów edukacyjno-terapeutycznych. Kształcenie osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną winno mieć charakter całościowy, zintegrowany, oparty na wielozmysłowym poznawaniu świata. Zatem nauczyciele i specjaliści kształcący osoby z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną powinni opracować oddzielne programy z propozycją konkretnych celów, metod, środków i form współpracy. Podstawową zasadą pracy z osobami z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną jest wybór właściwej metody, która umożliwi ukształtowanie pozytywnego stosunku do własnej niepełnosprawności oraz opanowanie umiejętności skutecznego radzenia sobie z wymaganiami życia codziennego.
W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono główną hipotezę, że zastosowanie technik neurodydaktycznych w procesie edukacyjnym znacząco poprawi możliwości nauki młodzieży z umiarkowaną niepełnosprawnością intelektualną.
Przeprowadzone w ramach niniejszej monografii naukowej badania, dotyczące m.in. informacji o respondentach, wpływie zastosowania technik neurodydaktycznych w procesie edukacyjnym, wpływie technik wizualnych poprawiających pamięć semantyczną, informacji o oddziaływaniu aktywności fizycznej w połączeniu z technikami neurodydaktycznymi na poprawę pamięci epizodycznej, potwierdziły tezę oraz zasadność i celowość podjęcia tematyki. Przedstawione wyniki badań ukazują, jak istotny jest wpływ stosowania technik neurodydaktycznych w procesie edukacyjnym młodzieży z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu umiarkowanym.

En France, les politiques du handicap et les politiques du grand âge constituaient depuis les années 1990 deux champs distincts de l’action publique. En dépit de la création en 2020 de la cinquième branche de la Sécurité sociale, le questionnement de la barrière d’âge au niveau national apparaît largement inachevé. Les politiques de vieillesse ayant fait l’objet, comme les politiques du handicap, d’un processus de décentralisation, il importe de resserrer la focale sur la mise en oeuvre à l’échelon départemental d’un service public de l’autonomie unique. Cet article explore l’hypothèse de la constitution par les conseils départementaux d’une nouvelle « catégorie d’action publique » en lieu et place des « personnes âgées dépendantes » et « personnes handicapées ». Afin d’éclairer ce questionnement, une analyse documentaire a été menée. Les organigrammes des conseils départementaux français ont été examinés, tout comme les outils de planification − les schémas autonomie. En complément, une campagne d’entretiens semi-directifs a été initiée auprès des cadres de l’un des conseils départementaux. Bien qu’inaboutie, la convergence, à l’échelon départemental, des politiques du handicap et des politiques du grand âge se donne à voir dans la réorganisation des services, dans les choix d’instruments, à travers le travail cognitif d’identification d’enjeux communs et dans la mise en place de dispositifs communs. La compréhension de chacune des strates de cette convergence nécessite son insertion dans une pluralité de dynamiques à l’œuvre en matière de transformation de l’action publique. La dynamique de rapprochement est en outre différenciée d’un département à l’autre.

Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de

Despite recognizing the profound relevance of Indigenous knowledges to the relational turn, few posthuman design researchers elaborate on the considerations and implications of working from these rich sources of insight for material practice. In this paper, I develop an attention to the Indigenous relational framework of Right Relations in design from the perspective of studentship, considering how Indigenous ethical frameworks might be engaged with from the position of a non-Indigenous person. Building on insights from my own research experience in foraging for design materials, I use narratives to exemplify part of what attending to Right Relations in design implies. I articulate these implications through lessons learned in my studentship: prioritizing relationship over skill, reconciling working cycles to Mother Earth's, and respecting the histories and original peoples of the lands where materials hail from. These practices position a view of relational design that increases dialogue across posthuman design and decolonization, works to uproot systems of colonial industrial capitalism in material practice, and highlights a need for a post-secular paradigm in posthuman design.