- 4 months ago
A profile of life in the Penitentiary of New Mexico, site of one of the most violent prisoner uprisings in US history in 1980.
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00:00Funding for Frontline is provided by this station and other public television stations
00:12nationwide, and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
00:18Tonight on Frontline, inside one of America's toughest prisons.
00:23Any officer who walks in here and says he's not afraid is a liar.
00:26The Penitentiary of New Mexico, a maximum security prison filled with violence, fear, and gangs who make their own rules.
00:34The most action is in the areas of gambling, extortion, prostitution.
00:41Has prison reform gone too far?
00:43We might as well give the keys to the inmates. They're running it anyway.
00:49Tonight, Shakedown in Santa Fe.
00:56From the network of public television stations, a presentation of KCTS Seattle, WMET New York, WPBT Miami, WTVS Detroit, and WGBH Boston.
01:12This is Frontline, with Judy Woodruff.
01:20Good evening.
01:22Tonight on Frontline, a portrait of a power struggle.
01:26The struggle for control of America's prisons.
01:29In the 1970s, after decades of experimentation with rehabilitation programs,
01:35Americans began to demand that we use our prisons to punish offenders and to protect the public.
01:42But hand in hand with this new toughness came a flood of court challenges by prisoners,
01:48charges of inhumane conditions, from overcrowding to inmate abuse.
01:54As a result, today, 36 of our state prison systems are actually run by rules handed down by the federal courts.
02:03Tonight, we will go inside one of America's toughest prisons, the Penitentiary of New Mexico,
02:10to examine the struggle for control between the jailers and the jailed.
02:17Our program is called Shakedown in Santa Fe.
02:21It was produced by Hector Galan.
02:33This is the Penitentiary of New Mexico.
02:35This maximum security prison, near Santa Fe, holds almost 800 inmates.
02:53It has a tough and violent reputation.
02:56On February 2nd, 1980, this prison exploded into one of the bloodiest riots in U.S. history.
03:12The inmates' anger and frustration, fueled by years of overcrowding and poor living conditions,
03:17finally boiled over early one Saturday morning.
03:20Convicts suddenly overpowered guards, took 12 hostage,
03:24and within minutes, over 1,000 prisoners seized complete control of the prison.
03:28The authorities indicated that things were going very badly inside the prison.
03:34The administration running this place here in the institution is abusive towards the people.
03:41They have no respect.
03:43There's a lack of communication with the inmates.
03:46During the riots' early hours, convicts negotiated with officials
03:51using two-way radios taken from the guards.
03:54No hostages have been harmed, and it will stay that way
03:59as long as you people don't make any drastic moves.
04:04We expect to be treated right.
04:07There's food that is very poor.
04:10There's medication that is not given when it's needed.
04:13You've got no privacy.
04:16You cannot sit and write your own letters.
04:18You cannot sit down and think for yourself
04:22and try and get your act together.
04:26As negotiations continued,
04:30the rioters released the guard hostages one by one.
04:34Many of the guards had been brutally beaten, stabbed, and raped.
04:53As the riot continued,
04:54the released hostages and escaping prisoners
04:57began to tell stories of atrocities taking place inside the prison,
05:01of convicts slaughtering other inmates.
05:08Negotiations continued into a second day.
05:11We will get the hostages out here and...
05:13The rioters demanded better living conditions.
05:16As officials met their terms,
05:18the convicts released their last hostage.
05:21None of the hostages were killed.
05:22The rioters held the prison for 36 hours.
05:28Let's go!
05:30Let's go! Move it!
05:31On Sunday afternoon,
05:32Move! Move it!
05:33New Mexico State Police SWAT teams,
05:35prison guards,
05:36and the National Guard
05:38retook the penitentiary
05:39without firing a shot.
05:46Inside, they discovered tortured, mutilated bodies
05:49scattered throughout the prison.
05:51Thirty-three inmates lay dead.
05:56Two hundred other prisoners had been beaten and raped.
06:00A hundred were seriously injured.
06:05The prison was almost totally destroyed by fire and water.
06:11Estimated damages,
06:13over twenty million dollars.
06:15Hundreds of reporters and television crews
06:22were finally allowed inside the walls.
06:24Yeah, we're on.
06:30Their reports brought the brutality of the riot
06:32to public view.
06:34I think that everyone
06:42who was connected with that prison
06:43at the time of the riot
06:44and prior to that
06:45should be transferred
06:45to another governmental job.
06:48Just get them all to the prison.
06:49Citizen groups demanded answers
06:51from New Mexico's governor
06:52and the Department of Corrections
06:54and immediate reform
06:55of the conditions
06:56that led to the riot.
06:58Advocates of prison reform
06:59who had seen firsthand
07:01the inhumane conditions
07:02in the prison came forward,
07:04including attorney Mark Donatelli.
07:06The overcrowding,
07:07the brutality inflicted on inmates
07:10by staff members,
07:12the substandard conditions
07:13that existed for at least a decade,
07:15the inadequate security system
07:19that was in place,
07:21substandard food,
07:23lack of opportunity for activity,
07:26the absence of an incentive-based
07:28activity program.
07:31Those conditions were in effect
07:33for at least ten years prior to the riot.
07:37This attorney general's report
07:38on the riot also criticized
07:40the prison's widespread use
07:42of a snitch system.
07:43The prison administration
07:44encouraged inmates
07:46to inform on each other
07:47to get better treatment.
07:49It was well known
07:50what abuse of the snitch system
07:52had been made at that time
07:54and what kinds of inmate tension
07:57that causes the types of vengeance
08:01that people were likely to witness
08:04if inmates had the opportunity
08:06to take matters into their own hands.
08:09So I think it was easily predictable
08:11that certain informants,
08:12certain inmates
08:13would be killed.
08:15I don't think anyone
08:16would have predicted
08:16that they would be killed
08:18in the fashion that they were
08:19or that as many of them
08:20would have been killed as were.
08:25Two weeks after the riot,
08:26the New Mexico legislature
08:28appropriated almost $40 million
08:30to fix its long-ignored prison system.
08:33And the federal courts
08:36ordered sweeping reforms
08:38to bring the prison
08:39up to national standards.
08:46Today, eight years after the riot,
08:49those court-ordered reforms
08:50are still closely monitored
08:52by the federal government
08:53to ensure that inmates' constitutional rights
08:57will never again be violated.
08:58The court orders include 624 rules
09:06that dictate almost every aspect
09:08of prison life.
09:10Rules for staffing and training.
09:15Rules for acceptable disciplinary procedures.
09:20Rules for how the security system
09:22should operate.
09:23To avoid overcrowding,
09:27the federal court limits
09:28the inmate population.
09:32Today, officials encourage
09:33more work and recreation
09:35to eliminate inmate idleness,
09:37a problem before the riot.
09:40Prisoners can now choose
09:42from more community
09:43and educational programs.
09:44and facilities were improved
09:48to make the prison more livable.
09:52But after all these reforms,
09:55the penitentiary of New Mexico
09:56is still haunted
09:57by the 1980 riot.
09:59William Jack Stephens,
10:19serving a life sentence
10:21for killing another inmate
10:22in 1978,
10:23participated in the riot.
10:26You guys didn't fulfill your bargain.
10:29During the final hours
10:30of the riot,
10:31Stephens became one
10:32of the inmate negotiators.
10:34He says he saw
10:36many of the inmate killings.
10:38Once they started killing,
10:40then, you know,
10:41I mean, it just got worse
10:42and worse and worse
10:43and finally,
10:45there wasn't enough people
10:46to kill,
10:47so they would have to do
10:49real crazy shit
10:50to the ones
10:50that they were killing.
10:54Many of the murdered inmates
10:56lived here in protective custody
10:58or PC,
10:59the cell block
11:00for weaker inmates
11:01and for those hated
11:02by the majority of prisoners,
11:04the sex offenders
11:05and informants
11:06or snitches.
11:08The killing started
11:09down here
11:10on this end of the tier
11:12and the guys
11:14that lived down
11:15on this end of the tier
11:16had to wait their turn.
11:19You know,
11:19and, you know,
11:20I've often thought about that
11:22because, you know,
11:23I've thought,
11:23yeah, well,
11:24I wonder what these guys were,
11:26what was going through
11:27these guys' mind
11:28when they, you know,
11:30they know that sale by sale,
11:32you know,
11:32pretty soon it's going
11:33to be their turn.
11:34Some of the sale doors
11:37wouldn't open
11:38and they were taking
11:40cutting torches
11:41and cutting the doors off
11:42and these guys
11:44would be in the sale
11:45behind mattresses
11:47while their doors
11:48were being cut off
11:49and while this was going down,
11:52you know,
11:52guys would be out
11:53in front of the house
11:54telling them shit like,
11:55yeah, we're just,
11:57you know,
11:58a few more minutes,
11:58motherfucker,
11:59and we're going to be in there
12:00and then, you know,
12:01and then we're killing your ass
12:02and talking real bad to them
12:04and telling them,
12:05you know,
12:06what's going to happen to them
12:08as soon as the door's gone
12:09and they can get inside
12:11that sale with them,
12:12this is what's going
12:13to happen to you.
12:18Guys that were killed
12:19or stabbed
12:20or whatever happened to them
12:23up on top
12:24in their house
12:25would be dragged out
12:27and tossed over the tier
12:28and they would crash
12:30like three floors
12:31down into the concrete
12:33and there were people
12:34down there
12:35with knives
12:36that when the guy,
12:37you know,
12:38when they hit the ground
12:39then would go,
12:40you know,
12:40and finish them off.
12:47I saw a lot of bodies
12:49being brought out.
12:51Some were being rolled out
12:52with the arms
12:54or whatever,
12:55you know,
12:56following them,
12:56you know.
12:58They'd throw pieces out.
13:00Marcella Armijo,
13:04one of the first women guards
13:05in a men's maximum security prison,
13:08was off-duty
13:08the night the riot began.
13:13With the inmate families
13:14and other off-duty guards,
13:16she waited outside the prison
13:18during the siege.
13:19At that time,
13:21the governor didn't even
13:22want us to come in,
13:24but I was wishing
13:26that he would let us come in
13:27because all the commotion
13:28would die down
13:28one way or another.
13:31No matter what it took
13:32to take the penitentiary
13:34over again,
13:35that's what it was going to take.
13:37And I wish to God
13:38he would have let us come in.
13:42I don't think that
13:43so many killings
13:45would have happened.
13:45In the eight years
13:52since the riot,
13:53Stevens has become powerful
13:54and influential
13:55among his fellow inmates.
13:57Prison officials say
13:58he is a major convict leader.
14:03After 12 years on the line,
14:06Marcella is now
14:06Captain Armijo.
14:08She is shift commander
14:09in charge of security
14:10for the entire prison.
14:11I don't take any crap
14:14from anybody.
14:16I don't take shit
14:18from anybody.
14:24Every day,
14:25Marcella inspects
14:26the cell blocks.
14:31Get all the shit
14:32off the walls.
14:36Get them off.
14:39She looks for contraband,
14:41weapons, drugs
14:42and money
14:43and she watches
14:44for suspicious behavior.
14:47Get up and make your bed.
14:56Mama, this?
14:58What is it?
14:59Yes, mama.
15:03Get up again.
15:05You never really know
15:06an enemy.
15:07You could only trust him
15:09and know him
15:10to a certain point.
15:13You can't take one
15:14to your house.
15:14I wouldn't.
15:16You know,
15:16I like a lot
15:20of the inmates
15:20that are here.
15:21A lot of the old timers,
15:22they know exactly
15:23where I stand
15:25and how far
15:25they can get with me.
15:28But I would never
15:29go as far
15:30as saying
15:30I trust one.
15:32I haven't got nothing,
15:33man.
15:34I ain't had none
15:34in two weeks.
15:35You've been calling her?
15:36I'll see.
15:41I'll talk to the male people.
15:42All I can do
15:43is give it to,
15:44I'll give it to Virgil.
15:45Because of her power,
15:46inmates often bring
15:47their problems
15:48to Marcella.
15:49She acts as a liaison
15:51between the prisoners
15:52and the administration.
15:53No, that's the way
15:54I received it.
15:55It's a canvas,
15:56but when I finish with it,
15:57all of it will be covered.
16:00Where are you
16:00going to put it?
16:02What do you mean in here?
16:03Uh-huh.
16:04Are you going to send it home?
16:05I'll send it out,
16:06but first I'm going
16:06to get a frame put on it.
16:07I'm not here to judge
16:09an inmate and his crime.
16:11I'm just here
16:11to do the job.
16:12And, you know,
16:13I won't go and read
16:14why an inmate killed
16:16his wife
16:17or why, you know,
16:18or how he killed her,
16:19you know.
16:20I won't do that.
16:21They're all the same to me.
16:28It's all a game,
16:29you know,
16:30and, you know,
16:31you watch them
16:32and they watch you
16:33and the longer you're here,
16:34the more you know.
16:36How's it going?
16:38You get an old-timer here
16:40that's been here
16:41eight, nine, ten years,
16:43twelve years,
16:44like myself,
16:45and we know the inmate.
16:47I know the inmate.
16:51Come on, Nolan.
16:55Playing games,
16:56that's what it's all about.
16:57See how far they can
16:58get away with stuff.
17:00Beating the system.
17:01After 18 years
17:13behind bars,
17:14Stevens is an expert
17:15at playing the game.
17:18I know
17:19that I do wrong
17:20every day
17:21and it's her job
17:23to bust me
17:25if she can.
17:27So, you know,
17:28I have to keep
17:28the relationship
17:29on the scale
17:31to where
17:31we both understand
17:33that, you know,
17:35I'm supposedly
17:36the bad guy
17:37and she's got to try
17:39to bust me
17:40if she can't.
17:47Now 38,
17:49Stevens sees himself
17:50as a professional convict.
17:52His friends call him
17:53Tupac
17:54for the cigarettes
17:55he uses
17:55as gambling chips.
17:57He says he lives
17:58by the convict code,
17:59the prisoner's
18:00unwritten rules
18:01for life behind bars.
18:03If I got to be
18:04in this pen
18:05and do time
18:06with all these people,
18:07I'm not going
18:08to let nobody
18:09walk on me.
18:13I would rather
18:14be the way I am
18:16than be the way
18:18they wanted me.
18:20That's the difference
18:21between a convict
18:23and an inmate.
18:25There's certain things
18:26that I don't allow
18:28people to do
18:31to me
18:31and there's things
18:34that I don't do
18:35to anyone,
18:36you know,
18:37and if you,
18:38you know,
18:39if you go across
18:41those lines,
18:42then you've got
18:44to deal with it.
18:47If you're all right,
18:49you're a regular
18:49on the line,
18:51then you've got
18:53my respect.
18:56If you've got
18:57regs on the line,
18:58they all recognize
18:59that in each other,
19:01that same quality,
19:02you know,
19:03you don't fucking
19:04rat,
19:06you don't PC up,
19:08I don't rape women,
19:09and I don't fuck kids.
19:12But nowadays,
19:13there's so many
19:14sleazy motherfuckers
19:18that live on the
19:20other side
19:20of those lines
19:21that it's real hard
19:24to find guys
19:26that have a moral
19:28standard that they
19:30live by when
19:31they're locked in.
19:33You know,
19:34we have it tough
19:35enough getting
19:36past the guards,
19:38getting around them
19:39with the things
19:40that we're into.
19:43Once you find out
19:44there's somebody
19:45in here or anywhere
19:46on the line
19:48that's ratting,
19:49then that person
19:49has to go.
19:51You know,
19:52it's bad enough
19:53moving without
19:54the police being
19:55up on what's
19:56happening,
19:56you know,
19:57and when you have,
19:58you know,
19:59when you have people
19:59that tell them
20:00everything,
20:01you know,
20:02those people have
20:03to go or be
20:05eliminated.
20:16when you live
20:21in a pen,
20:24you know,
20:24there's everything
20:26in here basically
20:27that there is
20:28in a small town
20:29or any kind
20:30of city
20:30out there,
20:32you know.
20:38You pay bills
20:39on the street,
20:40I pay bills
20:41in here.
20:41There's no difference
20:42other than we're
20:43confined and there's
20:44no broads,
20:46you know,
20:46but all the rest,
20:48I mean,
20:48it's a small society
20:49that you have
20:50to live by
20:51and there's rules
20:52and shit.
20:53Five grand down.
20:54Two,
20:55six,
20:55five,
20:55three,
20:56nine.
20:58Give me $10 worth
20:59there.
21:00It's worth,
21:00you know,
21:01a cost.
21:03You know,
21:03if you want
21:03to have,
21:04you know,
21:04I mean,
21:04I have a laundry
21:06man that cleans
21:08all my clothes
21:09and shit
21:10every week.
21:10I have a guy
21:11that works
21:13in the chow hall
21:15that makes
21:16special chow
21:18for me.
21:19But all this,
21:19all this thing
21:20is just like
21:20on the street,
21:21you know,
21:21I mean,
21:22you've got to pay
21:22to have extra shit,
21:25you know,
21:25it costs me maybe
21:26a hundred a month
21:27to live good.
21:33Kind of heavy?
21:34I gamble a little bit
21:46and I have a pay number.
21:49You know,
21:49I get paid for the job
21:51that I do every day
21:52and so there's,
21:55you know,
21:55I have the money
21:57so,
21:58you know,
21:58I pay guys
22:00to do shit.
22:01This is my dollar a day.
22:03Wings that I earn
22:04on my job,
22:05yeah.
22:07Yeah,
22:08yeah.
22:09Yeah,
22:09give me four,
22:11man.
22:11I like to eat good,
22:12you know,
22:13and I like,
22:14you know,
22:16I like to be able
22:17to walk up
22:18and down the hallway
22:19and dress real nice.
22:20Taking her cash money
22:21right there
22:22so it doesn't matter.
22:23I live,
22:24you know,
22:25as best I can
22:26under these conditions.
22:28You know,
22:28it's your town
22:29and all of a sudden
22:30there's a car.
22:32Come back.
22:32What's in the,
22:34in the vent?
22:35Nothing.
22:36Razor?
22:37For most inmates
22:38and the guards,
22:39prison life
22:40is dangerous.
22:41Marcella spends
22:42much of her time
22:43searching for
22:44handmade weapons
22:45called shanks.
22:47The reason
22:48that they,
22:48uh,
22:49they,
22:49they make the shanks
22:50is,
22:51uh,
22:51protection
22:52and killing
22:53other inmates.
22:56This one
22:57is really
22:57cruddy.
22:58Uh,
22:59they try to,
23:00uh,
23:00to,
23:01uh,
23:02to flatten it
23:03at the,
23:03at the tip.
23:04It'll work.
23:05I guess it'll work.
23:07You know,
23:07I'd hate to have this.
23:08It's really rusted.
23:10Uh,
23:11it's,
23:11it's a pretty old shank.
23:13But I guess
23:14if they don't have
23:14anything else,
23:15they're gonna use it.
23:18Since the 1980 riot,
23:20prisoners have attacked
23:21more than 60 guards.
23:23Two were killed.
23:24I hate to see
23:27an officer
23:28or any staff member
23:29being carried out
23:30because of an inmate,
23:31uh,
23:31attacks him
23:32or attacks her.
23:33And that's happened.
23:35And that's about
23:36one of the worst things
23:37you can see
23:37is seeing one of your own
23:38being carried out.
23:40It can,
23:41it can happen.
23:42I could be walking
23:42down the corridor
23:43and somebody,
23:44you know,
23:45could be ordered
23:45to,
23:46to make a hit on me
23:47or,
23:47or any officer.
23:50And
23:50we don't know
23:52if we're gonna,
23:53we don't know
23:53if we're gonna make it.
23:58Ignacio Marujo
24:00is Marcella's lieutenant.
24:02He enforces
24:03the captain's orders.
24:05Eight hours a day,
24:06you're a part
24:07of the prison.
24:09Anything's liable
24:10to happen to you.
24:11Any officer
24:12who walks in here
24:13and says he's not afraid,
24:14he's a liar.
24:15I've been here seven years
24:16and I'm still,
24:17every time I walk in there,
24:18I still have that fear
24:19that I'm gonna die today.
24:20But I've gotta face
24:21that fear every day
24:22and I've gotta say,
24:22well, if it happens,
24:23I just hope it doesn't
24:24hurt too much.
24:32You're so good looking.
24:35The inmates,
24:36no matter how friendly
24:36you become with them,
24:38they'll burn you
24:38one way or another.
24:42You never know
24:43when these inmates
24:43are gonna go off
24:44and you play it
24:45strictly by ear.
24:47There are times
24:47that the inmates
24:48give you some kind of
24:50a sign,
24:52body language.
24:53If you've been here
24:54for a while,
24:54you learn to read
24:55body language.
24:56Mr. Collazo?
25:11You okay?
25:15Usually,
25:16the only time
25:17in this institution
25:18that an officer
25:19is hurt
25:20or killed
25:21is because
25:21the officer
25:22made a mistake
25:23or he was
25:24in the wrong place
25:25at the wrong time.
25:27And that comes
25:28from trusting
25:30an inmate too much
25:31or becoming
25:33too friendly
25:34with the inmates.
25:38Stick with them.
25:39They need all
25:39the good men
25:40they can get.
25:41Yeah, well,
25:42it's gonna get better
25:43for you.
25:44So stick with them.
25:45Warden George Sullivan
25:46has worked
25:46in prisons
25:47for 32 years.
25:49Before coming
25:49to Santa Fe,
25:50he ran the maximum
25:51security prison
25:52in Oregon.
25:54He is New Mexico's
25:55fourth warden
25:55since the riot.
25:57I normally
25:58try to rate
25:59a prison
26:00in terms of
26:00the quality
26:01of life
26:01for inmates.
26:02And in that respect,
26:04I rate this prison
26:05in the lower
26:0510% of the nation.
26:09Any inmate
26:10coming into
26:11this prison
26:11is today
26:13very subject
26:14to being
26:15homosexually raped,
26:18to being stabbed
26:19or perhaps killed
26:21by being stabbed
26:22to death,
26:23having his head
26:24bludgeoned.
26:25Minimally,
26:26he's subject
26:27to extortion
26:27to pay for
26:28his own safety.
26:30And frequently,
26:31that extortion
26:31takes the form
26:33of requiring him
26:34to have his family
26:36members smuggle
26:37drugs into him
26:38into the institution
26:39which he then
26:40must deliver on over
26:41to the people
26:42who are extorting
26:42from him.
26:43that condition
26:45is clearly
26:46present
26:47on a day-to-day
26:49basis
26:49within this prison.
26:51Take everything
26:52out of your pocket.
26:55Warden Sullivan
26:56says one of the
26:57biggest problems
26:57is the widespread
26:58drug use
26:59inside the prison.
27:01Take off your hat.
27:02officials claim
27:08that all kinds
27:08of drugs
27:09including heroin
27:10can be bought
27:10at will
27:11and their quality
27:12is often better
27:13than street drugs.
27:15You're all stoned,
27:16man.
27:16Go to your room.
27:18Where is that?
27:19Any illicit drugs
27:22in a prison
27:22is way too many.
27:24Drug flow
27:25in this prison
27:26is considerably
27:30heavier
27:31than can be tolerated.
27:33Mr. Cruz,
27:34we're going to
27:36shake down
27:37some cells,
27:38Moya,
27:38Peña,
27:39Busby,
27:39and Serrano.
27:40What I want you
27:41to do is
27:41hit the grills
27:42as soon as
27:42we walk in
27:43that they don't
27:44have time
27:45to flush it
27:45down the toilet.
27:47Okay?
27:47We're on our way
27:48down.
27:49Hit those cells
27:50right away.
27:50Okay.
27:55Why don't you
28:04come over here,
28:04Serrano,
28:05Salas.
28:08Come on down.
28:12Come on down.
28:14Shake them down.
28:19Keep against them.
28:20To stem the drug
28:21flow,
28:22Marcella orders
28:23surprise shakedowns
28:24of cells
28:25of cells
28:25and prisoners
28:26every day.
28:35Okay.
28:35Go ahead and stay
28:36right there
28:36where you're at.
28:48Why you doing business,
28:49man?
28:50mind no business,
28:53if it didn't
28:54you have something,
28:54man.
28:56You have something?
28:59Get in yourself.
29:00Get in yourself.
29:01Lock this place
29:02down.
29:03Right now.
29:04Get in yourself.
29:05Get in yourself.
29:05Oh!
29:06Go!
29:0712-26.
29:10Get in yourself.
29:11I don't want my shit.
29:15Get in yourself.
29:16Lock down.
29:1713-6.
29:18Go!
29:1912-46.
29:23Drugs in a prison
29:24are a horrible situation.
29:27The flow of drugs
29:28into this prison
29:29can be
29:31and eventually
29:32must be stopped.
29:34Where does he live?
29:36I live in 49.
29:37What about 49?
29:3949!
29:40What about 49?
29:42They're done in his house.
29:44Okay.
29:44They're done.
29:45You have to take things
29:46like yourself, sir.
29:48Give me the house right now.
29:48Let's go.
29:49Let me walk into it.
29:50Bust the door.
29:51Open 35 to 36.
29:54This inmate
29:55did have a visit yesterday.
29:57They acted very suspicious.
30:01Most of the visitors
30:02that are coming in
30:03bringing in
30:04any type of contraband
30:05usually are
30:06very upset,
30:08very nervous,
30:10sweating.
30:11They're acting
30:11very suspicious.
30:15We'll have
30:15to open it up a little bit. Why don't you give me
30:17your knife so, can you? Well, let's wait till we go to
30:19investigations and we can test it right away.
30:22Normally,
30:23it's stuck into the vagina.
30:25They go to the bathroom, withdraw it,
30:28put it in their mouths,
30:29kiss the inmate they're going to give it to.
30:31The inmate swallows it, goes to his
30:33unit, regurgitates it up,
30:35and he's got his marijuana or his
30:37money or whatever
30:39they were bringing in. Well, he's a good
30:41supplier, no?
30:44In this shakedown, guards
30:45found marijuana, codeine, and money
30:47all wrapped tightly in balloons.
30:51Just
30:51tear it apart, okay?
31:03Check inside the socks, everything else,
31:05okay? The pockets.
31:09He's pretty stupid
31:10to have it out like that.
31:11But prison administrators say
31:20it's not just visitors who smuggle
31:22drugs into the prison.
31:25They believe
31:26that corrupt prison employees
31:28bring in most of the drugs.
31:30drugs contribute greatly
31:44to the unacceptable quality
31:47of life for inmates.
31:48It's a power, it's a resource,
31:51it's a
31:52method of power
31:55for the inmate gang who controls the drugs.
31:57gangs are a menacing hidden force
32:02inside the prison.
32:03They deal in fear and violence
32:05and wield great power over the inmates.
32:08Guards identify gang members
32:14by their distinctive tattoos.
32:16The Chicanos, the prison's largest
32:18ethnic group, run the most powerful gangs.
32:20No tattoos, no other tattoos, no other tattoos than that?
32:24Yes, you're on.
32:26Okay.
32:27You're pretty new, no?
32:32Yeah.
32:34Guess you're just hanging around with the wrong crowd in there.
32:36No, I'm hanging around with myself.
32:38We have to realize that a gang of inmates in a prison
32:43have objectives for existence.
32:47To control drug traffic,
32:49to disrupt the administration of the prison,
32:51or to otherwise control the rackets within the prison.
32:56I've been threatened by these gang members.
33:06I've been told I'm going to die.
33:09This one here,
33:11they stated that he was a kingpin, okay?
33:14All I'm doing is my job.
33:17And, you know, if I wasn't doing my job,
33:19then I wouldn't be getting these threats.
33:21I wouldn't be getting threatened that, you know,
33:23they're going to kill me or my family,
33:25or my little girl, you know.
33:26It's happened.
33:28You're going to move out?
33:29All right, we're going to move out.
33:30But why are we getting kicked around?
33:32You're not getting kicked around.
33:33You haven't been moved around.
33:35Huh?
33:35You haven't been moved around.
33:37Now I'm getting moved.
33:38You're going to get moved.
33:39To control gang activity,
33:41Morsella separates suspected gang members,
33:44moving them to different cells.
33:46These bullies,
33:47they threaten other inmates,
33:50they force other inmates to move out.
33:52They bulldogged for drugs coming in.
33:56You know, they bulldogged the weaker inmate.
33:59And, of course, the weaker inmate's going to give in.
34:02You don't have a reason.
34:03Go get your stuff.
34:06Yours too, Armijo.
34:08You're going to take me.
34:09Go ahead and take me.
34:10You want to go to lockdown?
34:12For serious offenses,
34:14guards will lock convicts in their cells around the clock.
34:17There's no reason or nothing.
34:21It's called Maximum Lockdown.
34:24Go ahead, Quintana.
34:29They are sent here to the prison's north facility.
34:33Located near the main building,
34:35this state-of-the-art maximum security prison
34:38was constructed after the riot
34:40to make sure inmates could never again
34:43take over the entire institution.
34:46Maximum security unit
34:47for the state of New Mexico Corrections Department
34:49is primarily to house
34:50those inmates designated as
34:53the most dangerous in the state.
34:58You get the worst of the prison society in here.
35:04You're dealing with the most violent,
35:06the most dangerous.
35:07We'll get the message to him.
35:08Lieutenant Richard Lopez
35:09has worked at the north for over two years.
35:12This needs to go to Ogain.
35:14The inmates in here,
35:15because they're locked down 23 hours a day,
35:18their stress levels tend to be much more so
35:21than the general population inmate.
35:28The officers always must be alert.
35:30They walk around for eight hours,
35:32always on guard for assaults.
35:34They're being continually verbal harassed by the inmates.
35:37One of the favorite tricks of the inmates
35:40is to throw urine or feces on the officer
35:42as he passes by their cell doors.
35:44Or if they manage to get their hands
35:46on a detergent of some sort,
35:48they will urinate inside a container of the detergent,
35:51which forms an acid,
35:52and they'll try to hit the officers in the eyes
35:53and the face as they go by.
35:55The administration is faced with a situation that we either lock up the predators,
36:06which are causing the problems
36:07and causing the jeopardy to the other inmates,
36:10or we lock up their victims in protective custody.
36:14Also at the north facility
36:16is this new protective custody unit
36:18built for suspected informants,
36:20sex offenders,
36:21and weak inmates
36:22who can't survive
36:23in the general population.
36:26Peter Laycock,
36:27an armed robber,
36:28was seen talking to investigators
36:29after the riot.
36:31Convicts labeled him a snitch.
36:33He was forced to seek protection
36:35here in the PC unit.
36:40When the riot broke out,
36:41Peter tried to save his cousin
36:42in cell block four,
36:44the old PC unit.
36:46Peter narrowly escaped.
36:48Peter Laycock, an armed robber,
36:51it was...
36:53It was awful.
37:00Brutal ain't the word for it, though, no.
37:03It's gotta be some kind of a word.
37:06I mean, how can you define a massacre?
37:10I mean, heads getting chopped off,
37:11legs getting chopped off,
37:13arms getting chopped off,
37:14people getting burnt.
37:14You know, I mean...
37:19Four was the last place
37:36gotten to.
37:39When they went into four,
37:40they went in to kill.
37:41They had a list.
37:44The death squad was in there.
37:47And they were just killing people.
37:51You owed one of them people
37:52on the death squad a candy bar,
37:53you were dead.
37:55Because all they had to say was,
37:57there's a snitch.
37:59The person that called him a snitch
38:01would make the initial contact
38:03with the shank or pipe or whatever,
38:05and the rest would join in.
38:07Back then, I was scared.
38:11I was paranoid.
38:13I was...
38:16Hell, I knew it was...
38:19Sometime or another,
38:20it was gonna be my turn.
38:24Although Peter denies he is a snitch,
38:26he says the gangs have a contract
38:28on his life.
38:29He has already survived
38:31three attempts to kill him.
38:32Since 1980,
38:34there have been ten
38:35riot-related murders
38:36at the prison.
38:37The latest,
38:38Moises Sandoval,
38:39asked to be released from PC.
38:42Three hours later,
38:43he was bludgeoned to death.
38:46All the time that I've done,
38:47this is...
38:48This is...
38:49This is the worst.
38:51Living in fear every day.
38:54I'm, you know,
38:54waking up in the morning.
38:57Yeah, okay,
38:58is it my turn?
38:59You know,
39:01who do I have to watch out for?
39:03Did they put poison in my food?
39:06You know,
39:06are they gonna hit me again?
39:08It's just a common day,
39:10everyday occurrence,
39:11everything,
39:11every day,
39:12you know,
39:12when I walk across the yard,
39:14do I have to watch behind my back?
39:16You know,
39:16who's gonna be the one
39:17to come up to me?
39:18It's something
39:19that I live with every day,
39:20you know,
39:20when I go to sleep at night.
39:22You know,
39:22who's gonna come in
39:23when I'm asleep?
39:25And I'll have a little
39:27fights with myself,
39:30okay,
39:30arguments with myself.
39:32Go to sleep,
39:32Peter,
39:33go to your sleep.
39:33If they come in,
39:34you ain't gonna feel it.
39:35Fear is my prison right now.
39:38Whether I'm gonna live,
39:40to see the next day.
39:43And he will be protected
39:45by a warden
39:46who can do
39:47whatever's necessary
39:48to protect him.
39:49A message that needs
39:50to be communicated
39:51in order to give
39:53the reasonable inmate
39:54the confidence
39:55that he does not
39:57have to submit himself
39:58to that duress
40:00of major convict leaders.
40:04Even after eight years,
40:06Santa Fe's convict leaders
40:08still use the memory
40:09of the mass murders
40:10to keep their power.
40:12There was the guy
40:14that had his head cut off.
40:18Then there was a guy
40:19that had a piece
40:22of angle iron
40:24drove through his head
40:25and they figured
40:27that this guy
40:27was alive
40:28while this was happening.
40:29He was just
40:30caught in his cell
40:31and held
40:32and took a blunt
40:34piece of steel
40:36and rammed it
40:36through his head
40:37all the way through.
40:39What's that thing
40:39that was going to talk?
40:42Investigators believe
40:43Tupac may have been involved
40:45in several murders
40:46during the riot.
40:46The district attorney
40:48targeted him
40:49for three torture murders.
40:51They finally narrowed it down
40:53and charged me
40:54with the killing
40:55of Pauline Paul,
40:58the guy that got
40:59his head cut off,
41:00and a guy named Briones
41:02that got the steel
41:06ran through his head.
41:08I'm officially charged
41:10with those.
41:12Eventually,
41:13they dropped
41:13all the riot charges
41:15against Tupac
41:16for lack of evidence,
41:17and today,
41:18authorities believe
41:18he is the leader
41:19of the white gang.
41:21The most action
41:22is in the areas
41:24of breaking the rules,
41:29you know,
41:29with the drugs,
41:30the gambling,
41:31the extortion,
41:32the prostitution,
41:34you know,
41:35I mean, fuck.
41:36All the people
41:37that I know,
41:37all the heavyweights
41:39that I've met
41:40over the last 20 years,
41:42you know,
41:43that's the way
41:43they make their living,
41:45you know.
41:45I don't,
41:46but, you know,
41:47I associate
41:48with all these people.
41:49I know them,
41:50and I like them.
41:54A gang and a warden
41:56are constantly
41:57at battle
41:58over who
41:59is running the prison,
42:00and if the warden
42:01cannot effectively
42:02deal with the gang,
42:04then the gang
42:05will run the prison,
42:06because they're here
42:0724 hours a day
42:08intermingling
42:09and controlling
42:09the lives
42:10of the other inmates.
42:12The leader
42:13of the inmate groups
42:14should be the warden.
42:17Prison administrators
42:18claim the balance
42:19of power
42:19has shifted
42:20in Santa Fe,
42:21and it is increasingly
42:22difficult for them
42:23to compete
42:24with convict leaders
42:25like Tupac.
42:27I would lock him up
42:28in maximum security,
42:30not because
42:31he's done anything,
42:32but because
42:33it would be
42:33a clear message
42:35to the inmate population.
42:37Tupac's no longer
42:38a major influence
42:40in the operation
42:41of this prison.
42:41The warden's
42:42running the place.
42:45To control the gangs,
42:47Warden Sullivan
42:48locked up several
42:49other suspected
42:50gang leaders
42:50at the North facility.
42:52While under investigation,
42:54the North convicts
42:55are locked down
42:5623 hours a day,
42:57with only one hour
42:59a day yard time.
43:01Inmates are never
43:01allowed in the same space.
43:03Some have been here
43:04for three years.
43:07Fernio Gass,
43:08a suspected leader
43:09of a Chicano gang,
43:10is under investigation
43:11for allegedly ordering
43:12an inmate murder.
43:15Are there organizations
43:16that exist inside prison?
43:18I have no comment
43:18on that.
43:20What are some
43:21of the memes
43:21that are being
43:23thrown out today
43:24that say,
43:25you know,
43:25before it was
43:26the Mexican mafia?
43:27What do they say?
43:27Well, I'm not going
43:28to comment on that either.
43:30I'm not, no.
43:30No.
43:36We know well in advance
43:39the actors in the gang.
43:42We know of their behaviors.
43:45We believe strongly
43:47that we must control
43:48those predatory people,
43:50which means, of course,
43:51locking them in
43:52maximum security
43:53or administrative segregation
43:55separate from
43:57the general population.
43:58But lockdown
43:59based on suspicion
44:01is controversial.
44:02It's in direct violation
44:03of the federal court order
44:05implemented
44:05after the 1980 riot.
44:07That order,
44:09called the Duran Consent Decree,
44:11sets guidelines
44:12for inmate rights,
44:13including disciplinary procedures.
44:15To lock down a prisoner,
44:17the decree says
44:17the warden must first prove
44:19the suspected convict
44:20has been overtly involved
44:22in major misconduct.
44:24Gang leaders
44:25do not overtly involve
44:28themselves in major misconduct.
44:30They're puppeteers.
44:32They're behind the scenes.
44:33Prove it to us.
44:35Bring it out on paper.
44:37Tell us who they are.
44:40Tell me who they are.
44:42The warden knows it.
44:44The administrators know it.
44:46Security knows it.
44:47We don't know it.
44:49You know,
44:49we're not out here
44:50to promote this and that.
44:52You know,
44:52but that is the excuse
44:53they use to keep us locked down.
44:56They say they're gang leaders.
44:57They're not gang leaders.
44:58There's no such thing
44:59as gang leaders
45:00in this penitentiary.
45:01I've been to penitentiaries
45:02where I've met gang leaders,
45:05so I know what it's about.
45:06This doesn't have them.
45:07You know,
45:08this has been all
45:09an administrative move
45:10to get people
45:11that they feel
45:12are fighting
45:13them.
45:14I'm adamant,
45:15absolutely adamant,
45:17and if I had to go
45:18to federal jail
45:19to maintain
45:21my position
45:23that the inmates
45:24in maximum security
45:25must be retained
45:26in maximum security,
45:28I'm so professionally
45:29adamant
45:30and demanding
45:31of that condition
45:32that if it came down
45:33to it,
45:34they would have
45:34to incarcerate me.
45:35I would not release them.
45:36for some reason,
45:41all of these
45:41old-time prison administrators
45:42think the rights
45:45that are granted you
45:46by the Constitution
45:46of the United States
45:47are privileges,
45:48and they are not privileges.
45:50They are rights.
45:51They said it was gang-related,
45:52and they were selling drugs,
45:55and extortion.
45:58Riley Johnson,
45:59serving a life sentence
46:01for murder,
46:01is a monitor
46:02for the consent decree.
46:04He collects information
46:05for the federal court
46:06and keeps a close watch
46:08on Warden Sullivan.
46:09What we hope to accomplish
46:12with the consent decree
46:13is that it becomes systemic
46:15that they do things
46:16the way the consent decree
46:17says to do it,
46:19and as yet,
46:19they don't.
46:20The consent decree
46:21is just good prison management.
46:24The American Correctional Association
46:26agrees almost word for word
46:28with the consent decree.
46:30What the prison administrators
46:33here want
46:35is they want that
46:36almost unlimited
46:38discretionary power,
46:39back that they had
46:40in the 1970s,
46:41and it's not ever
46:42going to happen.
46:44We had to put this here
46:45to keep from doing
46:46what you almost did.
46:47I think this caught your eye.
46:49We have gone through
46:49a pendulum swing
46:51in my career
46:53where inmate rights
46:55and inmates' entitlements
46:57within the prison environment
46:59has swung so far
47:01that prison wardens
47:03and prison administrations
47:05reel.
47:07Their heads swim.
47:08They don't know how to deal
47:11with all of these
47:12new rules of the road
47:13established for us
47:14by the courts
47:15and by attorneys.
47:16He'll take care of you.
47:18Warden Sullivan
47:18embraced those standards
47:19and embraced this decree
47:21when he got here.
47:22So I don't really know
47:23what he's talking about
47:24when he says inmates
47:25have too many rights.
47:26The American Civil Liberties Union
47:28assigned attorneys
47:29Ray Tuig
47:30and Mark Donatelli
47:31to oversee
47:32the prison's compliance
47:33with the consent decree.
47:34Both lawyers
47:36have defended inmates
47:37at Santa Fe
47:38since the 70s
47:39and saw firsthand
47:40the conditions
47:41before the riot.
47:42The overcrowding,
47:44the bad food,
47:45and the abusive
47:46discipline of inmates.
47:47They became committed
47:49to bringing change
47:50to the penitentiary.
47:51Because of that history,
47:53the ability of administrators
47:55to run their institutions
47:56will be regulated
47:58not only by the consent decree
48:00but by the legislators
48:01as well.
48:01and people who sit
48:03in Warden Sullivan's chair
48:04are going to have to answer
48:05to a number of people
48:06because of the riot
48:08and the brutality
48:10suffered by inmates
48:11over the past two decades.
48:13The history of this prison
48:15was such that
48:16I'm convinced
48:18that my predecessors
48:20abused discretionary authority.
48:24And so the inmates' attorneys
48:25and the decree itself
48:26trying to compensate
48:28for earlier abuses
48:30has taken away
48:32the discretionary authority
48:33which is essential.
48:34This decree
48:35was designed
48:36to assure
48:37that the inmates
48:38had certain rights
48:38and that those rights
48:39were protected.
48:41The give and take
48:42of that kind of a process
48:43is normal
48:45these days.
48:46There are 35 states
48:47that have decrees
48:48of differing natures.
48:51Here in New Mexico
48:52it's really
48:53a power struggle.
48:56Who has the power
48:58to run the prison
48:59the inmate gangs
49:03and the predatory
49:04leadership
49:05of the inmate population
49:06with their attorneys
49:08and their consent decree
49:10or the warden.
49:13This is not
49:14a safe prison
49:15and the only way
49:17this prison
49:17can be made safe
49:19is to stop
49:20predatory behavior
49:21and in order
49:22to do that
49:23the warden
49:24has got to have
49:24the authority
49:25to move decisively
49:26and swiftly
49:27and that's
49:28an authority
49:29a discretionary authority
49:30that I do not have
49:31under the consent decree.
49:35Until the warden
49:36can win that battle
49:38we've got a problem.
49:43On July 4th, 1987
49:45seven of New Mexico's
49:48most dangerous prisoners
49:49escaped from the penitentiary.
49:51The escapees' crimes
49:55ranged from armed robbery
49:56to multiple murders.
50:00All seven convicts
50:02escaped from the
50:03Super Maximum Security
50:04North facility.
50:06New Mexico's governor
50:07issued a shoot-to-kill
50:09order.
50:10As the search widened
50:12security at the prison
50:13and Warden Sullivan's
50:14performance
50:15came under fire.
50:16We'll continue this search
50:17as the governor
50:18is ordered.
50:19The pursuit
50:21of these men
50:21will continue
50:22to be very,
50:22very vigorous
50:23until they're located
50:24and identified.
50:31After a month-long
50:32nationwide search
50:33all the escapees
50:35were finally captured.
50:40The escape
50:41combined with
50:42his controversial
50:43lockdown of gang leaders
50:45increased the pressure
50:46on Warden Sullivan.
50:47We are still
50:50faced with
50:51an unsafe prison.
50:53The inmates
50:54still live
50:54in an unsafe
50:55environment
50:56despite the Warden
50:57being left alone
50:58to run the prison
50:59as he chose fit.
51:00We have filed
51:01a contempt motion
51:02against Warden Sullivan
51:03because of his
51:04violations of the
51:05court order,
51:06his alleged
51:07continued violations
51:08of the court order
51:08throughout his time
51:09as the Warden.
51:10and those violations
51:12we contended
51:13certainly undermined
51:14his effectiveness
51:15as a Warden
51:16because he's failed
51:17to take the steps
51:19the court order
51:20allows him to take
51:21and requires him to take
51:22to manage a good institution.
51:23They didn't say
51:24when the list
51:25would be published
51:25or anything.
51:26No, they just said...
51:27The Warden now
51:28faced criminal
51:28contempt charges.
51:30His alleged violations
51:31of the consent decree
51:32included locking down
51:34suspected gang leaders
51:35at the North facility,
51:38failing to staff
51:39that prison
51:39with enough
51:40well-trained guards
51:41as well as failing
51:42to make regular
51:43inspections of the North.
51:45The inmate attorneys
51:46claimed these actions
51:47caused the security
51:49breakdown that allowed
51:50the July 4th escape
51:51to happen.
51:51If found guilty,
51:54Warden Sullivan
51:55faced a fine
51:56of $10,000 a day.
51:58The inmates
51:58immediately conclude
52:00we've got the Warden
52:01down,
52:02we've got our foot
52:03on his throat,
52:04and he's on count nine.
52:08So,
52:09we are really showing
52:10this dude
52:11who's got the power.
52:14At the same time,
52:15the staff reel
52:17in terms of
52:18oh my God,
52:20the Warden
52:21is in trouble.
52:24It took me
52:2532 months
52:26to finally come
52:28to the conclusion
52:29the Warden
52:30cannot win that fight.
52:32If a prison
52:33is not safe,
52:35for inmates
52:36to live within
52:37and for staff
52:38to work within,
52:39all else
52:41that may exist
52:42in the prison
52:43is for naught.
52:44it's not very
52:46helpful to give
52:47a nutritional
52:48balanced diet
52:49to a man
52:50who's going
52:50to be stabbed
52:51and have his head
52:52bludgeoned tonight
52:53and die.
52:54The fact that he may
52:55die with a balanced
52:56nutritional diet
52:57in his stomach
52:58is not impressive
53:00to me.
53:00and so I've got
53:02to guarantee
53:03safety
53:04for the inmate
53:06population
53:06and for the people
53:08who work here.
53:09If I can't do that
53:11for reasons
53:12beyond my control,
53:14then I choose
53:15not to further
53:16participate
53:16in that process.
53:17I remove myself
53:20by resignation.
53:23Thank you very much
53:24for all the good work
53:25and help.
53:25I wish you weren't going.
53:26I wish I wasn't too.
53:28But I'm leaving
53:29in good hands.
53:30We had good people.
53:31George Sullivan
53:32left Santa Fe
53:33in September.
53:34He lasted
53:35two and a half years.
53:37He was the fourth
53:38warden to leave
53:39since the riot.
53:41I really appreciate it.
53:44It's just really bad
53:45that he's leaving.
53:46He's one of the few
53:47that has really
53:48had enough guts
53:51and, you know,
53:53stood by his word
53:54about getting rid
53:55of the gangs
53:57within the institution.
54:00We all lost
54:01a battle,
54:03I guess you could say,
54:05because everybody's
54:06so afraid of that
54:07consent decree.
54:15I've lasted longer
54:16than probably more
54:18wardens
54:18than I can count
54:19on one hand.
54:20And, uh,
54:21for the way
54:24that I live
54:25in here,
54:27uh,
54:28it doesn't really
54:29make a difference
54:30to me one way
54:31or the other.
54:31That's just
54:31a space
54:33to be filled
54:34and, uh,
54:35I ain't got time
54:36to, you know,
54:37worry about
54:37what the fuck
54:39they do.
54:39We might as well
54:44give the keys
54:45to the inmates.
54:47They're running
54:47it anyway.
54:49They're running
54:50it right now.
54:51We left Santa Fe
55:05in the fall,
55:06but the struggle
55:07there continues
55:08under a new warden.
55:10In November,
55:11Captain Marcella Armijo
55:12resigned
55:13after a dispute
55:14with the prison
55:15administration.
55:16But she has now
55:17filed a complaint
55:18asking for her
55:19old job back.
55:21In December,
55:22William Jack
55:23Tupac Stevens
55:24was injured
55:25in a gang fight.
55:26He was treated
55:27and then locked
55:28down in the
55:29North facility.
55:30In January,
55:31four convicts
55:32took a guard hostage.
55:34The new warden
55:35sent in a SWAT team
55:36which opened fire.
55:38One prisoner
55:39was wounded,
55:40but the injured guard
55:41was rescued.
55:43And Warden Sullivan
55:44has changed his mind
55:45about retirement.
55:47He says he's now
55:48looking for some
55:48something challenging
55:50and exciting
55:51in Corrections.
55:53I'm Judy Woodruff.
55:55Good night.
55:57Next week on Frontline,
55:58a father's agonizing
55:59decision to withdraw
56:00life support
56:01from his child.
56:02There have been times
56:03that I've thought,
56:06how can you murder
56:06your own child?
56:08Nancy Kruzan's family
56:10wants to disconnect
56:11the field that pumps
56:12food and water
56:12into her stomach.
56:13a personal tragedy
56:18with profound implications.
56:20Watch
56:20Let My Daughter Die
56:22on Frontline.
56:23to the support
56:26romance
56:27and масшт pobre
56:28and the home
56:29and the parents
56:30have taken
56:31over the Ray
56:32in another second.
56:33雪
56:34and you
56:34mother
56:35and listen to that
56:36love,
56:37who has gotten
56:39to want you
56:40to be very
56:42healthy,
56:42about deserve
56:44$ theaters,
56:44and things
56:44have been
56:45over the
56:48and means
56:49as of his
56:50感じ of
56:51Frontline is produced for the documentary consortium by WGBH Boston, which is solely responsible for its content.
57:09Funding for Frontline was provided by this station and other public television stations nationwide, and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
57:18Educational organizations may inquire about videocassettes by calling 1-800-424-7963.
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