Poiseuille’s Law explains the flow of liquids through narrow tubes or pipes. It describes how different factors such as pressure, radius of the tube, viscosity of the fluid, and length of the tube affect the rate of flow of a liquid.
Poiseuille’s Law states that:
The volume of liquid flowing per second through a capillary tube is directly proportional to the pressure difference across the ends of the tube and the fourth power of the radius of the tube, and inversely proportional to the length of the tube and viscosity of the liquid.
Poiseuille’s Law is mainly applicable to laminar flow, where the liquid flows smoothly in parallel layers without turbulence.
- The flow of a liquid inside a pipe is denoted by the symbol Q.
- Its unit of measurement is the same as that of velocity, that is, m3/s.
- Its dimensional formula is given by [M0L3T-1].
- It is equal to the ratio of a pressure gradient to the resistance shown by the liquid flowing in a tube.
Formula
\boxed {Q = \frac{\Delta P \, \pi r^{4}}{8 \eta l}}
where,
- ΔP = Pressure gradient between the ends
- π = constant (value = 3.1415)
- r = radius of tube,
- η = viscosity of fluid,
- l = length of tube.
The formula can also be written as,
\boxed {Q = \frac{\Delta P}{R}}
where,
- ΔP is the pressure gradient
- R =
\frac{8 \eta l}{\pi r^{4}} = Resistance of the liquid.
Derivation Idea
In a flowing liquid:
- Layers near the wall move slowly because of friction.
- Layers near the center move faster.
- The velocity distribution becomes parabolic.
The viscous drag balances the pressure force, leading to Poiseuille’s equation.
Velocity Distribution in a Tube
The velocity of liquid is:
- Maximum at the center
- Minimum at the walls
The velocity profile is parabolic.
Applications
- Blood Circulation Analysis: It helps in studying blood flow through arteries and veins and understanding the effect of vessel radius on blood pressure.
- Design of Pipelines: Used to calculate the flow rate of liquids in pipes for plumbing, oil transport, and water supply systems.
- Hydraulic Systems: Assists in designing machines and equipment where controlled laminar fluid flow is required.
- Microfluidic Technology: Applied in lab on a chip devices and biomedical instruments that handle very small quantities of fluids.
- Lubrication Systems: Helps in determining the flow of lubricants in engines and mechanical systems to ensure smooth operation.
Solved Problems
Problem 1. A liquid is flowing through a tube of radius 2 m and length of 3 m. If the pressure across the tube ends is 200 Pa, find the flow of liquid. The viscosity of the liquid is 0.051 Pa s.
Solution: We have,
- ΔP = 200
- r = 2
- η = 0.051
- l = 3
Using the formula we get,
Q = ΔPπr4 / 8ηl
= (200 × 3.14 × 24)/(8 × 0.051 × 3)
= (200 × 3.14 × 16)/(8 × 0.051 × 3)
= 10048/1.224
= 8210 m3/s
Problem 2. A liquid is flowing through a tube of radius 10 mm and length of 20 mm. If the pressure across the tube ends is 400 Pa, find the flow of liquid. The viscosity of the liquid is 0.0076 Pa s.
Solution:We have,
- ΔP = 400
- r = 0.01
- η = 0.0076
- l = 0.02
Using the formula we get,
Q = ΔPπr4 / 8ηl
= (400 × 3.14 × 0.014)/(8 × 0.0076 × 0.02)
= (400 × 3.14 × 10-8)/(8 × 0.0076 × 0.02)
= 0.01035 m3/s
Problem 3. A liquid is flowing through a tube of radius 1 m and length of 0.5 m. If the flow of liquid is 5 m3/s, find the pressure across tube ends. The viscosity of liquid is 0.432 Pa s.
Solution: We have,
- Q = 5
- r = 1
- η = 0.432
- l = 0.5
Using the formula we get,
Q = ΔPπr4 / 8ηl
=> 5 = (ΔP × 3.14 × 14)/(8 × 0.432 × 0.5)
=> 3.14 ΔP = 8.64
=> ΔP = 2.75 Pa
Question 4. A liquid is flowing through a tube with a pressure gradient of 360 Pa. Find its resistance if its volumetric rate of flow is 2 m3/s.
Solution: We have,
- ΔP = 360
- Q = 2
Using the formula we get,
Q = ΔP/R
=> R = ΔP/Q
=> R = 360/2
=> R = 180 Pa s/m3
Problem 5. A liquid is flowing through a tube with a pressure gradient of 100 Pa and a resistance of 200 Pa s/m3. Find the volumetric rate of flow.
Solution: We have,
- ΔP = 100
- R = 200
Using the formula we get,
Q = ΔP/R
= 100/200
= 0.5 m3/s
Unsolved Problems
Question 1: A liquid of viscosity 0.002 Pa·s flows through a tube of radius 0.01 m and length 1 m. If the pressure difference across the tube is 500 Pa, calculate the volumetric flow rate.
Question 2: A tube of length 2 m carries a liquid at a flow rate of 0.003 m³/s. If the radius of the tube is 0.02 m and the viscosity of the liquid is 0.004 Pa·s. Determine the pressure difference across the tube.
Question 3: Two tubes of equal length are subjected to the same pressure difference. If the radius of one tube is three times the radius of the other compare their flow rates.
Question 4: A liquid flows through a capillary tube of radius 0.004 m and length 0.5 m. If the flow rate is 2 × 10-4 and the viscosity is 0.0015 Pa·s. Find the pressure difference across the ends.
Question 5: The resistance of a tube is 5 × 104 and the viscosity of the liquid is 0.003 Pa·s. If the length of the tube is 1.5 m. Calculate the radius of the tube.