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Description:
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any
media, website access codes, or print supplements that may
come packaged with the bound book. For a one-semester
JavaScript programming course for students who have
knowledge of HTML and CSS. This text also serves as a useful
reference for individuals interested in learning JavaScript
Programming with XML and PHP. ¿ Introduction to JavaScript
Programming with XML and PHP is a hands-on book that focuses
on the "how-to" aspects of JavaScript, with a focus on enhancing
and extending websites.¿¿

1. Introduction to JavaScript® Programming with XML and PHP Creating Dynamic and
Interactive Web Pages
2. Preface
3. Organization of the Text
4. Brief Chapter Overviews
5. Features of the Text
6. Supplements
7. Contents
8. Location of VideoNotes in the Text
9. Chapter 0: Computer Basics
10. Chapter Objectives
11. 0.1 A Brief History of Computers
12. What Is a Computer?
13. Personal Computers
14. Today’s Computers
15. 0.2 A Brief History of the Internet
16. Packet Switching
17. Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
18. Try It Yourself
19. What Is a URL?
20. The Protocol
21. The Web Server
22. The Domain
23. The Path
24. Is It All Necessary?
25. 0.3 Computer Basics
26. Input
27. Processing
28. Storage
29. Internal Memory
30. Mass Storage Devices
31. Output
32. 0.4 What Is Programming?
33. The History of Programming
34. A Brief Timeline
35. Types of Software
36. Application Software
37. System Software
38. Programming and Scripting Languages
39. Machine Language
40. Assembly Language
41. Machine Language Instruction:
42. Assembly Language Equivalent:
43. High-Level Languages
44. Writing Programs
45. Scripting Languages versus Programming Languages
46. 0.5 Browsers
47. What Is a Browser?
48. Overview of Major Browsers
49. How Does A Browser Work?
50. Is the World Wide Web the Same As the Internet?
51. What Does This Mean to You?
52. 0.6 JavaScript and the Acronyms: XHTML, DOM, PHP, XML
53. A Brief History of JavaScript
54. Web Pages and XHTML
55. Server-Side and Client-Side Technologies
56. JavaScript Overview
57. A Dynamic Language
58. First-Class Functions
59. A Multiparadigm Language
60. How JavaScript Is Used
61. Overview of DOM, PHP, and XML
62. The Document Object Model (DOM)
63. Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) or Personal Home Page Tools
64. Extensible Markup Language (XML)
65. Chapter Review and Exercises
66. Key Terms
67. Review Exercises
68. Fill in the Blank
69. True or False
70. Short Answer
71. Chapter 1: JavaScript Programming Basics
72. Chapter Objectives
73. 1.1 What Is Programming?
74. A General Problem-Solving Strategy
75. The Program Development Cycle
76. Emphasis on Step 4: Test the Program Extensively!
77. 1.2 The Structure of a Program
78. Input-Processing-Output
79. Input
80. Processing
81. Output
82. The Control Structures
83. The Sequential Structure
84. The Decision (or Selection) Structure
85. The Loop (or Repetition) Structure
86. 1.3 Data Types and Operations on Data
87. Numerical Data
88. String Data
89. Boolean Data
90. Variables and Named Constants
91. Assignment Statements
92. Operations on Data
93. Arithmetic Operators
94. Assignment Operators
95. The Concatenation Operator (+) Used on Strings
96. 1.4 Problem Solving: The Importance of Logical Thinking
97. Pseudocode
98. Flowcharts
99. Flowchart Symbols
100. 1.5 JavaScript in the Web Page
101. The <script></script> Tag Pair
102. The <noscript></noscript> Tag Pair
103. JavaScript in a Web Page <body>
104. JavaScript in the document <head> section
105. The <body> onload Event
106. 1.6 Introduction to Objects
107. What is an Object?
108. Properties and Methods
109. Attributes and Functions
110. The Document Object
111. Dot Notation
112. The write() Method
113. The getElementById() Method and the innerHTML Property
114. getElementById()
115. innerHTML
116. The open() and close() Methods
117. 1.7 Introduction to JavaScript Functions and Events
118. Introduction to JavaScript Functions
119. Parameters
120. The prompt() Function
121. Introduction to JavaScript Events
122. Event Driven Programming
123. 1.8 Putting It to Work
124. Greg’s Gambits: Creating an About You Page
125. Developing the About You Page
126. Writing the Code
127. Prompting for the Player’s Name
128. Prompting for the Player’s Username
129. Selecting an Avatar
130. Finishing the Code
131. Carla’s Classroom: Creating an About You Page
132. Developing the About Me! Page
133. Writing the Code
134. Prompting for the Child’s Name, Age, and Favorite Subject
135. Prompting for the Child’s Favorite Teacher
136. Finishing the Code
137. Chapter Review and Exercises
138. Key Terms
139. Review Exercises
140. Fill in the Blank
141. True or False
142. Short Answer
143. Programming Challenges
144. On Your Own
145. Chapter 2: Building Blocks: Variables and Operators
146. Chapter Objectives
147. 2.1 What Is a Variable?
148. Memory Locations
149. Variable Names
150. Naming Tips
151. Declaring Variables
152. 2.2 Data Types
153. A Loosely Typed Language
154. Numbers
155. Strings and Characters
156. Named Constants
157. 2.3 Arithmetic Operators and Some Important Functions
158. The Modulus Operator
159. The Hierarchy of Operations
160. The Concatenation Operator
161. Parsing Integers and Floating Point Numbers
162. 2.4 Relational Operators
163. ASCII Code
164. Relational Operators
165. 2.5 Logical Operators and the Conditional Operator
166. Logical Operators
167. A Truth Table for the AND , OR , and NOT Operators
168. Boolean Logic and Boolean Operators
169. The Order of Operations for Logical Operators
170. Conditional Operator
171. 2.6 Putting It to Work
172. Greg's Gambits: Creating Your Own Story
173. Developing the Program
174. Writing the Code
175. The charAt() function
176. Finishing the Code
177. Carla's Classroom: A Spelling Lesson
178. Developing the Program
179. Functions
180. The showPrompt1() and showResult1() functions
181. Putting It Together
182. Finishing Up
183. Chapter Review and Exercises
184. Key Terms
185. Review Exercises
186. Fill in the Blank
187. True or False
188. Short Answer
189. Programming Challenges
190. On Your Own
191. Chapter 3: Making Decisions: The Selection Structure
192. Chapter Objectives
193. 3.1 What if? Types of Selection Structures
194. 3.2 The Single Alternative Structure: The if Statement
195. A Note about the Test Condition
196. A Note about the Curly Brackets
197. 3.3 The Dual Alternative Structure: if... else Statements
198. 3.4 Nested Selection Structures
199. 3.5 Compound Conditions
200. Combining Relational and Logical Operators
201. Logical Operators Revisited
202. A Note about Syntax
203. Using AND and OR
204. 3.6 Multiple-Alternative Selection Structures
205. The if... else if... Structure
206. Using if... else if for a Rating System
207. Error Checking: Just the Beginning
208. The Switch Statement
209. Using a switch Statement for Page Color
210. 3.7 Putting It to Work
211. Greg's Gambits: Madame Vadoma Knows All
212. The Math Object
213. The Math.random() and Math.floor() Methods
214. Developing the Program
215. Writing the Code
216. Putting It All Together
217. Finishing Up
218. Carla's Classroom: An Arithmetic Lesson
219. Developing the Program
220. The return Statement
221. The Counter
222. Writing the Code
223. 3.7.2.4.1 The Plan
224. The Code in Pieces
225. 3.7.2.5.1 Level One Code
226. 3.7.2.5.2 Level Two Code
227. 3.7.2.5.3 Level Three Code
228. 3.7.2.5.4 A Comment about Checking the Counter
229. Putting It All Together
230. Finishing Up
231. Chapter Review and Exercises
232. Key Terms
233. Review Exercises
234. Fill in the Blank
235. True or False
236. Short Answer
237. Programming Challenges
238. On Your Own
239. Chapter 4: Going Round and Round: The Repetition Structure
240. Chapter Objectives
241. 4.1 Computers Don’t Get Bored with Repetition
242. Loop Basics
243. Iterations
244. Writing Test Conditions
245. 4.1.1.2.1 Beware the Infinite Loop!
246. 4.1.1.2.2 Don’t Let the User Get Trapped in a Loop
247. 4.2 Types of Loops
248. Pre-Test and Post-Test Loops
249. The Pre-Test while Loop
250. Writing Test Conditions
251. The Post-Test do...while Loop
252. Why Use One and Not the Other?
253. Formatting the Output: The toFixed() Method
254. Sentinel-Controlled Loops
255. Formatting the Output: The toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() Methods
256. Counter-Controlled Loops
257. Using a Counter
258. Shortcut Operators
259. 4.3 The for Loop
260. The for Statement
261. The Initial Value
262. The Test Condition
263. The Increment/Decrement Statement
264. The Careful Bean Counter
265. Curly Braces: Do We Really Need Them?
266. 4.4 Data Validation
267. The isNaN() Method
268. Checking for Integers
269. Using Compound Conditions for Data Validation
270. The charAt() Method
271. The length Property
272. 4.5 Putting It to Work
273. Greg’s Gambits: Encoding Secret Messages
274. What Is Encryption?
275. The charCodeAt() and String.fromCharCode() Methods
276. 4.5.1.2.1 Unicode and ASCII Code
277. 4.5.1.2.2 The charCodeAt() Method
278. 4.5.1.2.3 The String.fromCharCode() Method
279. Developing the Program
280. Writing the Code
281. Putting It All Together
282. Finishing Up
283. Carla’s Classroom: Advanced Arithmetic Lessons
284. Developing the Program
285. Writing the Code
286. The Code in Pieces
287. 4.5.2.3.1 Level One Addition Code
288. 4.5.2.3.2 Level Two and Level Three Addition Code
289. 4.5.2.3.3 Subtraction
290. Putting It All Together
291. 4.5.2.4.1 A Note about Code
292. Finishing Up
293. Chapter Review and Exercises
294. Key Terms
295. Review Exercises
296. Fill in the Blank
297. True or False
298. Short Answer
299. Programming Challenges
300. On Your Own
301. Chapter 5: Advanced Decisions and Loops
302. Chapter Objectives
303. 5.1 Some Simple Schoolroom Statistics
304. It All Adds Up
305. Computing Averages
306. The Range
307. Odd and Even
308. Integer Accuracy: Math Methods
309. The Math.round() Method
310. The Math.floor() and Math.ceil() Methods
311. 5.2 To Continue or Not to Continue?
312. The break Statement
313. The continue Statement
314. 5.3 Nested for Loops
315. Desk Checking
316. Different Ways to Nest Loops
317. Which Way Should Loops Be Nested?
318. 5.4 Drawing Shapes and Patterns with Loops
319. Drawing Shapes
320. Using Loops to Create Patterns
321. The mouse Events
322. 5.5 Putting It to Work
323. Greg’s Gambits: The Battle between Wizard and Troll
324. Developing the Program
325. 5.5.1.1.1 The Button As a Link
326. 5.5.1.1.2 The Web Pages
327. Writing the Code
328. Putting It All Together
329. Finishing Up
330. Carla’s Classroom: A Grammar Lesson
331. Developing the Program
332. Writing the Code
333. The Code in Pieces
334. 5.5.2.3.1 The Function and the Outer Loop
335. 5.5.2.3.2 Check for Valid Selections
336. 5.5.2.3.3 Displaying the Story
337. Putting It All Together
338. Finishing Up
339. Chapter Review and Exercises
340. Key Terms
341. Review Exercises
342. Fill in the Blank
343. True or False
344. Short Answer
345. Programming Challenges
346. On Your Own
347. Chapter 6: Forms and Form Controls
348. Chapter Objectives
349. 6.1 What Is a Form?
350. The Most Basic Form
351. The <form> </form> Tag Pair
352. The submit and reset Buttons
353. Returning Form Submissions
354. The Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
355. Returning Form Data by Email
356. Returning Form Data to a Program
357. 6.2 Form Controls
358. Radio Buttons
359. Checkboxes
360. The checked Property
361. Textboxes
362. The Label, Fieldset, and Legend Elements
363. Textarea Boxes
364. The email action
365. 6.3 Hidden Fields and Passwords
366. The Hidden Form Element
367. The Password Form Element
368. The substr() Method
369. 6.4 Selection Lists and More
370. Selection Lists
371. The size Attribute
372. The multiple Attribute
373. Enhancements for Form Elements
374. The tabindex Attribute
375. The accesskey Attribute
376. The onfocus Event
377. An Introduction to the this Keyword
378. An Image As an OK Button
379. 6.5 Putting It to Work
380. Greg’s Gambits: Player Information and Inventory
381. Developing the Program
382. 6.5.1.1.1 The Web Page Design
383. Writing the Code
384. 6.5.1.2.1 The Textbox Functions
385. 6.5.1.2.2 The Radio Buttons Function
386. 6.5.1.2.3 The Checkbox Functions
387. Putting It All Together
388. Finishing Up
389. Carla’s Classroom: Carla’s Progress Report Form
390. Developing the Program
391. 6.5.2.1.1 Carla’s Categories
392. 6.5.2.1.2 The Page Design
393. Creating the Form
394. Writing the Code
395. 6.5.2.3.1 The Textbox Functions
396. 6.5.2.3.2 The Radio Buttons Functions
397. 6.5.2.3.3 The Textarea Function
398. 6.5.2.3.4 Generating the Email
399. Putting It All Together
400. Finishing Up
401. Chapter Review and Exercises
402. Key Terms
403. Review Exercises
404. Fill in the Blank
405. True or False
406. Short Answer
407. Programming Challenges
408. On Your Own
409. Chapter 7: Keeping it Neat: Functions and JavaScript Source Files
410. Chapter Objectives
411. 7.1 Functions
412. Built-In Functions
413. User-Defined Functions
414. 7.2 The Scope of a Variable
415. Global Variables
416. Local Variables
417. 7.3 Sending Information to a Function
418. Passing Arguments to Parameters
419. The return Statement
420. Passing Values: A Complex Issue
421. Passing by Value
422. 7.4 Objects and Object-Oriented Concepts
423. The Math Object
424. More JavaScript Objects
425. Passing by Reference
426. The Boolean Object
427. 7.4.2.2.1 The new Keyword
428. The Date Object
429. The setTimeout() Function
430. 7.5 JavaScript Source Files
431. Work Smarter, Not Harder
432. Creating and Accessing a JavaScript Source (.js) File
433. JavaScript Source Files Cascade
434. Creating a Library of Functions
435. 7.6 Putting It to Work
436. Greg’s Gambits: Hangman
437. Developing the Program
438. 7.6.1.1.1 The Man in the Noose
439. 7.6.1.1.2 The Secret Words
440. Writing the Code
441. 7.6.1.2.1 The startHangman() Function
442. 7.6.1.2.2 The setCharAt() Function
443. 7.6.1.2.3 The replace() Method and Regular Expressions
444. 7.6.1.2.4 The Revised checkWord() Function
445. Putting It All Together
446. Finishing Up
447. Carla's Classroom: Reading Comprehension
448. Developing the Program
449. Creating the First Page
450. Writing the Code
451. 7.6.2.3.1 Password Protection
452. 7.6.2.3.2 The First Web Page:
453. 7.6.2.3.3 Use the visibility Property to Create a Hidden Button
454. 7.6.2.3.4 Building the Page with Questions
455. 7.6.2.3.5 What the Student Sees
456. Putting It All Together
457. Finishing Up
458. Chapter Review and Exercises
459. Key Terms
460. Review Exercises
461. Fill in the blanks
462. True or False
463. Short Answer
464. Programming Challenges
465. On Your Own
466. Chapter 8: Arrays
467. Chapter Objectives
468. 8.1 One-dimensional Arrays
469. Creating an Array in JavaScript
470. The Array Object
471. A Note About Array Names
472. The length Property
473. Some Methods of the Array Object
474. 8.2 Populating Arrays
475. Loading Arrays Directly
476. Loading Arrays Interactively
477. Displaying Arrays
478. 8.3 Parallel Arrays
479. Why Use Arrays?
480. 8.4 Using Array Methods
481. The push() Method
482. The length Property Can Be Used to Find the Length of an Array
483. The unshift() Method
484. The splice() Method
485. 8.5 Multi-Dimensional Arrays
486. Introduction to Two-Dimensional Arrays
487. Declaring and Filling Two-Dimensional Arrays
488. 8.6 Putting It to Work
489. Greg’s Gambits: The Game of 15
490. Developing the Program
491. 8.6.1.1.1 Setting the Stage
492. 8.6.1.1.2 Creating the Array with the setup() Function
493. 8.6.1.1.3 Populating the Array with the Math.random() Function
494. 8.6.1.1.4 The Code to Exchange Cell Values
495. 8.6.1.1.5 The Code to Check for a Winner
496. Putting It All Together
497. Carla’s Classroom: Images and Imagination
498. Setting Things Up
499. Developing the Program
500. 8.6.2.2.1 Setting the Stage
501. 8.6.2.2.2 The Image Swap
502. 8.6.2.2.2.1 Practice the Image Swap
503. 8.6.2.2.3 The Slide Show
504. Putting It All Together
505. Chapter Review and Exercises
506. Key Terms
507. Review Exercises
508. Fill in the Blank
509. True or False
510. Short Answer
511. Programming Challenges
512. On Your Own
513. Chapter 9: Searching and Sorting
514. Chapter Objectives
515. 9.1 Sorting Arrays
516. The sort() Method
517. Sorting Numbers with the sort() Method
518. The reverse() Method
519. 9.2 The Bubble Sort
520. Swapping Values
521. Using the Bubble Sort Algorithm
522. Passing Arrays
523. 9.3 The Selection Sort
524. 9.4 Searching Arrays: The Serial Search
525. The Serial Search
526. Using the Serial Search with Parallel Arrays
527. 9.5 Searching Arrays: The Binary Search
528. The Binary Search
529. Making Life Easier: The indexOf() Method
530. The indexOf() Method
531. The lastIndexOf() Method
532. Time Out! Using the setInterval() and clearInterval() Methods
533. 9.6 Putting It to Work
534. Greg’s Gambits: Greg’s Boggle
535. Developing the Program
536. Setting the Stage
537. 9.6.1.2.1 Creating the boggle() Function
538. 9.6.1.2.2 The toString() Method
539. 9.6.1.2.3 The boggle() Function
540. Putting It All Together
541. Carla’s Classroom: A Factoring Lesson
542. Factoring Integers
543. Developing the Program
544. Setting the Stage
545. The Code in Pieces
546. 9.6.2.4.1 The External File
547. 9.6.2.4.2 The Beginning
548. 9.6.2.4.3 Selecting the Number and Some Housekeeping Tasks
549. 9.6.2.4.4 The splice() Method
550. 9.6.2.4.5 Getting Student Responses
551. Putting It All Together
552. Chapter Review and Exercises
553. Key Terms
554. Review Exercises
555. Fill in the Blank
556. True or False
557. Short Answer
558. Programming Challenges
559. On Your Own
560. Chapter 10: The Document Object Model and XML
561. Chapter Objectives
562. 10.1 The Document Object Model: DOM
563. A Brief History of DOM
564. DOM Nodes and Trees
565. The Family: The Parent-Child Model
566. Creating and Inserting Elements
567. The createTextNode() Method
568. Replacing and Removing Elements
569. The removeChild() Method
570. The replaceChild() Method
571. The childNodes Property
572. 10.2 Using DOM Methods with Timers and Styles
573. The setAttribute()and getAttribute() Methods
574. The setInterval() and clearInterval() Methods
575. 10.3 XML Basics
576. What Is XML?
577. Why Do We Need XML?
578. XML Components
579. The XML Declaration
580. XML Elements
581. Comments and File Names
582. XML Attributes
583. XML Entities
584. Whitespace
585. Well-Formed XML Documents
586. XML Parsers and DTDs
587. XML Internal DTDs
588. XML External and Public DTDs
589. 10.4 Adding Style and XSL Transformations
590. Using Cascading Style Sheets with XML Documents
591. The Extensible Style Sheet Language (XSL)
592. An Important Note
593. 10.5 XML Namespaces and Schemas
594. XML Namespaces
595. The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
596. Namespace Declarations
597. XML Schemas
598. Creating a Reference to a Schema in an XML Document
599. There’s More . . .
600. XML Schema Data Types
601. Creating an XML Schema
602. 10.6 Putting It to Work
603. Greg’s Gambits: Greg’s Avatars
604. Developing the Program
605. Setting the Stage
606. Creating the XML, XSL, and JavaScript Pages
607. 10.6.1.3.1 Creating the XML Page
608. 10.6.1.3.2 Creating the XSL Page
609. 10.6.1.3.3 Creating the JavaScript Page and the DOM Code
610. Putting It All Together
611. Carla’s Classroom: A Spelling Lesson
612. Developing the Program
613. Setting the Stage
614. The Code in Pieces
615. 10.6.2.3.1 The Functions to Extract Values from the Selected Image and
Spelling
616. 10.6.2.3.2 The Function to Compare the Values
617. 10.6.2.3.3 The Function to Check for Success
618. Putting It All Together
619. Chapter Review and Exercises
620. Key Terms
621. Review Exercises
622. Fill in the Blank
623. True or False
624. Short Answer
625. Programming Challenges
626. On Your Own
627. Chapter 11: PHP: An Overview
628. Chapter Objectives
629. 11.1 A Brief History of PHP
630. What Does a Server Do?
631. HTTP get and post Request Types
632. The Apache HTTP Server, MySQL, and PHP
633. The Apache HTTP Server
634. The MySQL Database
635. PHP and XAMPP
636. 11.2 XAMPP
637. Installing XAMPP
638. Security
639. The License
640. The Install
641. Try It
642. Let’s Get Started
643. Your First PHP Program
644. 11.3 PHP Basics
645. PHP File Names, the htdocs Folder, and Viewing Your PHP Pages
646. Variables and Methods
647. Converting Data Types with the settype() and gettype() Methods
648. Converting Data Types by Type Casting
649. PHP Keywords
650. Operators
651. Unary Operators
652. Binary Operators
653. 11.3.4.2.1 Operator Precedence
654. Ternary Operators
655. The Concatenation Operators
656. 11.4 Using Conditionals and Loops
657. Making Decisions: The if Structure
658. The echo Construct
659. The switch Statement
660. 11.4.2 Cycling Through: Repetitions and Loops
661. 11.5 Arrays and Strings
662. Arrays
663. 11.5.1.1 The reset() Method
664. The foreach Construct, the as keyword, and the ==> Operator
665. The key() Method
666. Why Are We Learning All This?
667. Working with Strings
668. Comparing Strings
669. 11.5.3.2 Searching for Expressions: The preg_match() and preg_replace()
methods
670. 11.6 Putting It to Work
671. Greg’s Gambits: PHP Welcome Messages
672. 11.6.1.1 Developing a New Format for Greg’s Pages: Organizing a Site
673. The Header and Footer Files
674. Setting the Stage
675. The ajax_post() Function
676. 11.6.1.4.1 What Is Ajax?
677. 11.6.1.4.2 The onclick = "javascript:ajax_post();" event
678. 11.6.1.4.3 Field-Value Pairs
679. 11.6.1.4.4 The ajaxDataPipe.php Page
680. Putting It All Together
681. 11.6.2 Carla’s Classroom: Using PHP for Hints
682. Developing the Program
683. 11.6.2.1.1 The Folders
684. 11.6.2.1.2 The header.php File
685. 11.6.2.1.3 The footer.php File
686. 11.6.2.1.4 The carla_phpDemo.php File
687. 11.6.2.1.5 The showHint() Function
688. 11.6.2.1.6 The gethint.php File
689. 11.6.2.1.7 The $_GET superglobal Variable
690. 11.6.2.1.8 The count() Method
691. 11.6.2.1.9 The strtolower() Method
692. Putting It All Together
693. Chapter Review and Exercises
694. Key Terms
695. Review Exercises
696. Fill in the Blank
697. True or False
698. Short Answer
699. Programming Challenges On Your Own
700. Chapter 12: Using PHP With Cookies and MySQL
701. Chapter Objectives
702. 12.1 Cookies
703. Types of Cookies
704. Writing Cookies
705. The time() Function
706. Writing Your First Cookie
707. The define() Method
708. The isset() Method
709. The $_SERVER() Method and PHP_SELF
710. 12.2 A Database Server: MySQL
711. An Overview of MySQL
712. The License
713. Setting Up a MySQL User Account
714. Create a New User
715. Assigning Privileges
716. The Database Structure
717. Building a Small Business Database
718. Jackie’s Tables
719. The Primary Key and the Foreign Key
720. Table Fields
721. Field Attributes
722. Creating the Database with phpMyAdmin
723. Create the jackiejewelry Database
724. 12.3 Populating a Database from the Web
725. The Web Page Form
726. The die() Method
727. The mysql_error() Method
728. The mysql_query() Method
729. The mysql_connect() Method
730. The mysql_select_db() Method
731. 12.4 Sending Emails from Database Information Using PHP
732. The Form
733. The mysql_fetch_array() Method
734. The mail() Method
735. 12.5 Putting It to Work
736. Greg’s Gambits: Create or Validate an Account and Log In
737. Creating the Database
738. Creating User Accounts and Login Pages
739. 12.5.1.2.1 The newUser.php File:
740. 12.5.1.2.2 The header.php File:
741. 12.5.1.2.3 The footer.php File:
742. 12.5.1.2.4 Connecting to the Database Using the connectDB.php File:
743. 12.5.1.2.5 Closing the Connection Using the closeDB.php File
744. 12.5.1.2.6 The addUser.php File:
745. Testing It
746. The New Beginning: The index.php Page
747. 12.5.1.4.1 The Session
748. 12.5.1.4.2 The index.php Page
749. 12.5.1.4.3 The logIn.php Page
750. 12.5.1.4.4 The session_start() Method and the $_SESSION Superglobal
751. 12.5.1.4.5 The validate_loginForm(thisform), validate_userName(), and
validate_passWord() JavaScript Functions
752. 12.5.1.4.6 The with() Reserved Word (Keyword)
753. Creating the User Information Page
754. Let’s Play a Game!
755. Putting It All together
756. Carla’s Classroom: Using PHP to Send Student Reports by Email
757. Creating the Database
758. 12.5.2.1.1 The Folders
759. Adding a Student to the Database
760. 12.5.2.2.1 The index.php File
761. 12.5.2.2.2 Inserting a New Record: Making the Connection
762. 12.5.2.2.3 The insert.php File
763. Creating and Sending the Email
764. 12.5.2.3.1 The sendEmail.php File
765. 12.5.2.3.2 The getStudent.php File
766. Putting It All Together
767. Chapter Review and Exercises
768. Key Terms
769. Review Exercises
770. Fill in the Blank
771. True or False
772. Short Answer
773. Programming Challenges
774. On Your Own
775. Appendix A: ASCII Characters The ASCII Character Set: Nonprintable and
Printable Characters
776. Appendix B: Operator Precedence Operators and Operator Precedence
777. Appendix C: HTML Characters and Entities HTML Entities
778. Reserved Characters in HTML
779. ISO 8859-1 Symbols
780. Appendix D: JavaScript Objects JavaScript Objects and Methods
781. Array Object
782. Properties
783. Methods
784. Boolean Object
785. Properties
786. Methods
787. Date Object
788. Properties
789. Methods
790. Math Object
791. Properties
792. Methods
793. Number Object
794. Properties
795. Methods
796. String Object
797. Properties
798. Methods
799. String HTML Wrapper Methods
800. RegExp Object
801. Modifiers
802. Brackets
803. Metacharacters
804. Quantifiers
805. Properties
806. Methods
807. JavaScript Global Properties and Functions
808. Global Properties
809. Global Functions
810. Appendix E: jQuery
811. jQuery
812. What Is jQuery?
813. Downloading jQuery
814. Sample jQuery Code
815. Appendix F: DOM Properties, Methods, and Events
816. DOM Properties, Methods, and Events
817. The Document Object Model: DOM
818. Some DOM Properties
819. Some DOM Methods
820. Some Events
821. Node Properties
822. The nodeName Property
823. The nodeValue Property
824. The nodeType Property
825. Appendix G: PHP Reserved Words
826. PHP Reserved Words and Predefined Constants
827. Keywords
828. Predefined Constants
829. Appendix H: PHP MySQL Functions
830. Common PHP MySQL Functions
831. Appendix I: Answers to Checkpoint Exercises
832. Answers to Checkpoint Exercises
833. Chapter 0
834. Checkpoint for Section 0.1
835. Checkpoint for Section 0.2
836. Checkpoint for Section 0.3
837. Checkpoint for Section 0.4
838. Checkpoint for Section 0.5
839. Checkpoint for Section 0.6
840. Chapter 1
841. Checkpoint for Section 1.1
842. Checkpoint for Section 1.2
843. Checkpoint for Section 1.3
844. Checkpoint for Section 1.4
845. Checkpoint for Section 1.5
846. Checkpoint for Section 1.6
847. Checkpoint for Section 1.7
848. Chapter 2
849. Checkpoint for Section 2.1
850. Checkpoint for Section 2.2
851. Checkpoint for Section 2.3
852. Checkpoint for Section 2.4
853. Checkpoint for Section 2.5
854. Chapter 3
855. Checkpoint for Section 3.1
856. Checkpoint for Section 3.2
857. Checkpoint for Section 3.3
858. Checkpoint for Section 3.4
859. Checkpoint for Section 3.5
860. Checkpoint for Section 3.6
861. Chapter 4
862. Checkpoint for Section 4.1
863. Checkpoint for Section 4.2
864. Checkpoint for Section 4.3
865. Checkpoint for Section 4.4
866. Chapter 5
867. Checkpoint for Section 5.1
868. Checkpoint for Section 5.2
869. Checkpoint for Section 5.3
870. Checkpoint for Section 5.4
871. Chapter 6
872. Checkpoint for Section 6.1
873. Checkpoint for Section 6.2
874. Checkpoint for Section 6.3
875. Checkpoint for Section 6.4
876. Chapter 7
877. Checkpoint for Section 7.1
878. Checkpoint for Section 7.2
879. Checkpoint for Section 7.3
880. Checkpoint for Section 7.4
881. Checkpoint for Section 7.5
882. Chapter 8
883. Checkpoint for Section 8.1
884. Checkpoint for Section 8.2
885. Checkpoint for Section 8.3
886. Checkpoint for Section 8.4
887. Checkpoint for Section 8.5
888. Chapter 9
889. Checkpoint for Section 9.1
890. Checkpoint for Section 9.2
891. Checkpoint for Section 9.3
892. Checkpoint for Section 9.4
893. Checkpoint for Section 9.5
894. Chapter 10
895. Checkpoint for Section 10.1
Other documents randomly have
different content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Fall of the
Great Republic (1886-88)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
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Title: The Fall of the Great Republic (1886-88)

Author: Henry Standish Coverdale

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Language: English

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Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FALL OF THE

GREAT REPUBLIC (1886-88) ***
 THE FALL
OF THE

GREAT REPUBLIC.
BOSTON:
ROBERTS BROTHERS.
1886.

Copyright, 1885,
By Roberts Brothers.

University Press:
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
 THE FALL
OF THE
GREAT REPUBLIC.
(1886–88.)
BY
SIR HENRY STANDISH COVERDALE
(Intendant for the Board of European Administration
in the Province of New York.)

“O Liberty! Liberty! How many crimes are committed

in thy name!”

By Permission of the Bureau of Press Censorship.

NEW YORK:
1895.
 CONTENTS.
PAGE

Introductory.—The “Hard Times” of

I. 1882–1887 7

II. The Moral Interregnum 15

III. The Socialistic Poison 27
IV. The Rule of Ireland in America 32
V. The First Eruption 51

VI. Anxious Forebodings 77

VII. The Revolutionists’ Master-stroke 86
VIII. The Reign of Anarchy 96

IX. Attempts to save the Government 103

X. The last President of the United States 115

XI. A Precious Triumvirate 124

XII. War with England 128

XIII. Capture of Boston 141

XIV. The European Coalition 159

XV. The Allies attack New York 171

XVI. The Final Struggle 192

XVII. Foreign Occupation 198

APPENDIX.

I. The Socialistic Spirit in 1885 207

A Revolution near at Hand.—“It must
II. come” 209

III. A Female Socialist’s Advice 211

IV. Atheism, Communism, and Anarchy 212

V. The Forces arrayed against Civilization 213

The Prospects of an Alliance between

VI. Dynamiters and Communists 214

VII. Two Contemporary Criticisms 215

The Courts.—One Journalistic Warning
VIII. out of many 217

IX. The Unprotected Atlantic Coast 218

A Single Illustration of the Irish-
X. American Spirit 219

XI. The Army of the Discontented 222

XII. Defending Dynamite Assassination 223

THE FALL OF THE GREAT
REPUBLIC.
 I.
INTRODUCTORY.—THE “HARD TIMES” OF
1882–1887.

It is my purpose to relate the fall of the Great Republic. I shall

be brief, yet shall omit no detail necessary to a perfect
comprehension of the causes which underlay the catastrophe and
the events through which it came to pass. I shall set forth the
curious sequence of ignorance, wickedness, and folly which led to
the terrible result. I shall show how the boasted wisdom of the
fathers became the inherited curse of their descendants. I shall
describe the political and social revolution by which in a few months
a nation of grand promise, and with a history unequalled for its
century of growth and achievement, was transformed into the most
pitiful wreck of all time. I shall narrate the story whose outcome has
proved to the world the utter futility of the experiment of popular
self-government, until men shall have attained a richer knowledge
and a sweeter morality than thus far exist.

The citizens of the United States felt at the close of the Civil War
of 1861–1865 that they had demonstrated their ability to govern
themselves wisely and successfully. They considered the
experimental stage of their history passed, the volume completed
and closed, the verdict rendered. They imagined the possibility of no
greater strain on their institutions than had already been
triumphantly endured. In truth, there was the appearance of reason
in their conviction. No nation had ever more successfully passed the
ordeal of civil strife. The magnanimity shown to the conquered
rebels after the war, even after the assassination of Lincoln; the
temperate endurance with which the country suffered the incubus of
Johnson’s maudlin administration; the rapidity and ease with which
the enormous war-debt was paid off; the general good-nature which
averted bloodshed during the disputed election of 1876; the
smoothness with which the administrative machinery bore the shock
of Garfield’s murder,—all these events, coming closely after the
vindication of the national idea and of personal liberty in the
suppression of the Southern rebellion, convinced the people of the
United States, and those of other lands as well, that “the experiment
of popular self-government” had really achieved success.
And yet there had been warnings enough of the volcano
smouldering underfoot, if the eyes and ears of public men had been
open to see and hear. Beginning at the time of President Garfield’s
assassination, the one cry which went up from the common people,
the working people of the land, was for years that of “Hard Times.”
Business received a blow in that year from which it did not recover.
Trade was slow and meagre; purchases of all sorts were made “from
hand to mouth;” workshops and factories lay idle because there was
insufficient demand for their products; men who felt keenly the
disgrace of failure to support their families were compelled to beg
for public aid to keep their humble homes and to supply even the
most sordid demands of life. For years the country’s economic policy
had been such as to poison the air with false doctrine and enervate
the energies of commerce by vacillating action. It would be a
bootless task to discuss now the relative merits of “Free-trade” and
“Protection” to the United States. Perhaps either policy, adhered to
with reasonable fidelity and administered, as to its details, with such
common-sense as men are accustomed to use in the conduct of
their private affairs, would have obviated the loss of work and the
consequent poverty and want which filled the land, from 1882 to
1887, with a constantly deepening tide of misery. But the whole
subject was made the shuttlecock of petty politics and pitiful
politicians, until the nation ceased to have a policy which could be
recognized or was of any avail as a stay before the sweep of
commercial failure and pecuniary distress.
 It is asserted that no less than two and a half million operatives
and working-men were idle in the fall of 1887, when the first serious
outbreaks occurred. By far the larger number of these had been
unable to earn enough, during the preceding two years, to pay the
rents demanded for their cottages and hovels, and were constantly
in danger of ejection, without the hope of finding another home. The
land was filled with idle workmen, many of them foreigners
unaccustomed to free institutions, and bitter in their denunciations
of all government, which was to them the synonym of tyranny. Few,
of either foreign or native birth, were possessed of sufficient
discrimination to discover the underlying causes of their misfortunes,
or of wisdom enough to set about remedying them.
Despite the world-wide knowledge of this lack of remunerative
employment in the United States, the ranks of the unemployed and
dissatisfied there were constantly recruited by immigrants from the
most dangerous classes of Europe. The vigorous action which had
been taken in 1886 and 1887 by the Governments of Germany,
Russia, and Austria, looking to the extirpation in their dominions of
socialism, nihilism, and their kindred poisons, and the refusal of
Switzerland, England, and France to afford asylum to the expelled
fanatics, had forced them to take refuge in America. One or two of
the wisest and bravest among the statesmen of the land raised their
voices against receiving and harboring these men. But the public
had few statesmen in its service. Mere politicians and demagogues
were in greater popular favor than statesmen who despised the
cheap tricks and unworthy flattery which won the common ear.
Public men generally had come to think more of majorities than of
principles; to labor for their own election to office rather than for the
good of the country. The newspapers were commonly partisan and
devoted to purely partisan ends,—the chief of which was, naturally,
partisan success. None dared to do or say anything which might
offend and alienate voters; and so every steamship from Europe
continued to bring to the Atlantic ports of the country full steerage-
loads of men who were not thought fit to live under the
Governments of Europe, but who, almost on their landing, became
citizens and voters in the Republic. Added to these were the tens of
thousands of Irishmen whom the stringent measures of Parliament,
adopted after the dynamite explosions of 1884 and 1885, had driven
from their native island. Over half a million able-bodied men, without
mention of women or children, expelled outlaws of Europe, landed at
New York, Boston, and Philadelphia in the two years of 1885 and
1886. They swelled the ranks of workmen without work, and helped
reduce by competition and division the already scanty wages of
labor. Every one of them was a poisonous ferment dropped into the
already over-stimulated mass of popular discontent and agitation.
They invariably united with the existing centres of socialism and
Fenianism, making these organizations, even without other converts,
tenfold more dangerous than they had ever been before.
 II.
THE MORAL INTERREGNUM.

It was in many respects a strange era; it justified the phrase

which an eminent writer had suggested for it,—of the “moral
interregnum.” Immersed in the cares of private business, and chiefly
actuated by an insatiable craving for money or the luxury and social
distinction which money brought, the majority of those men who
should have been the stay and support of good government paid
little heed to public affairs, but rather left them to the control of
adventurers, of professional politicians who followed politics as
gamblers follow cards,—for the sake of what they could steal from
more honest men,—of the least intelligent and least moral members
of the state. Their common pleas were, either that they were
invariably out-manœuvred in the political battle by these veteran
strategists, and that they could do no real good at the primaries and
the polls, or that the solid good sense and honesty of the country
could be relied upon to come out and assume control whenever
things passed beyond endurance, and that, meantime, all effort was
simply thrown away. It is a natural assumption, now that the end
has been seen of all men, that those who used these arguments
must have been either fools or selfish knaves. Yet they comprised
within their number a large proportion of the successful business
and professional men of the country, who could not have thus
succeeded had they been devoid of all ability, and who certainly
regarded themselves as honest men. The result of their neglect of
their country in behalf of their pockets was that while domestic
morality, both ideal and real, remained in many parts of the land
upon a lofty plane, public morality practically ceased to exist.
Men were elected to office, not because they were fitted for the
positions to which they aspired, nor because any one believed them
fitted, but because they were “available;” because they happened to
have few active enemies; because they were comparatively
unknown, and nothing could be said against them; because they
were rich enough to contribute liberally to corruption funds for the
purchase of venal voters; because, in short, they were especially
unfit for either honor, trust, or responsibility. The tone of public life
became deplorably low. Officials of every station accustomed
themselves to ask, when any course of action offered itself, not “Is it
right? Is it wise?” but “How will it affect my continuance in office?
Will it hurt the party’s prospects?”
Saddest of all and most disheartening was the almost universal
extent to which this feeling spread among the people. They came to
consider this dishonorable and cowardly attitude on the part of
Government officers as natural and quite to be expected. The few
who remonstrated or pleaded for a more honest official spirit were
regarded with good-natured contempt as men meaning well and
having lofty ideals, but too visionary for “practical politics;” as
“doctrinaires,” “theorists,” etc. There has been corruption in other
lands and under other forms of government. But the demoralizing
fact in the United States was, not so much that official corruption
and cowardice was the rule, as that the people who had the power
to rebuke and reform such a condition of things condoned it, took it
for granted, continued the corrupt and cowardly time-servers in
office and responsibility, or changed them for other equally unfit but
shrewder rogues.
It was not strange, in this condition of public sentiment, that
other trusts than those of Government were abused. The last decade
of the Republic was signalized by an unprecedented number of
defalcations, embezzlements, and similar crimes against private
trust. In the treatment of these crimes, even more clearly than in
regard of public dereliction, the utter demoralization of public
opinion was demonstrated. It is true that the public prints teemed
after each new rascality with virtuous demands for the infliction of
condign punishment. It is true that prosecuting officers commonly
made complaints and issued warrants with exemplary promptness,
taking good care that the newspapers were duly informed of their
energetic action. It is true that occasional embezzlers were actually
punished by sentences of imprisonment fixed at the minimum
extreme of lax and unjustly lenient laws. But these were exceptional
cases. Many of the embezzlers were men of social standing or of
political importance; they had numerous friends; and, no matter
though their guilt was clear as the day, it was assumed by the
nonchalant public,—taken for granted, even by those who had
suffered most,—that these friends would use all their influence to
obstruct or prevent merited punishment. In a majority of cases they
were too successful. Officials who should have stood faithful
sentinels over the public weal to compel the enforcement of justice,
generally bowed before the influence which might be exerted to oust
them from their offices if they should prove inconveniently virtuous.
Sometimes the embezzler was allowed to bribe his custodian and
escape. Sometimes he was admitted to bail in such a trifling sum
that a percentage of his stealings paid the cost of a default.
Sometimes he was allowed to bargain with those whom he had
robbed.
It was not considered disgraceful or wrong, if a bank cashier had
stolen enough to ruin his bank, for the directors to accept his offer
to repay half the amount stolen, in consideration of their agreement
not to prosecute him. Public sentiment admitted that this
compounding felony was objectionable, but refused to condemn the
directors who committed the crime for trying to save some of their
property from complete wreck. It was taken for granted that men
cared more for their wealth than for their honor or the public weal.
Even such embezzlers as were actually imprisoned seldom failed to
secure from pliant pardoning boards such commutations as rendered
their punishment farcical. It came to be a common saying that it was
safer to rob a bank of a million dollars than to steal five dollars from
a merchant’s till to buy food for a starving wife or child.
The courts, which should have remained the trust and reliance
of the people, became as untrustworthy as public sentiment itself.
Lawyers adopted the rule that it was their part to win causes for
their clients, right or wrong. “Get money! honestly if you can; but
get money,” was the motto of the business element. “Win your case!
by fair means, if possible; but win your case,” was the motto of the
legal guild. The advocate who won his client’s case by taking
advantage of technicalities or by securing an incapable or prejudiced
jury, or by the introduction of false witnesses whose perjuries could
not be exposed at the moment, was sure to attain wealth and a high
position at the bar. Actual jury-bribing was suspected in many cases;
but those who should have been the first to ferret out such offences
cared not enough about the purity of the courts to trouble their
leisure with the matter.
The judges aided in many States to make the courts over which
they presided inefficient and to bring them into public contempt by
their blind adherence to outworn precedent and their
indiscriminating affection for technical pleadings. Though generally
men of the highest personal probity, they might be relied upon in
any trial to ignore the spirit of the law and the interests of society if
a clever attorney could point out in the letter of the law or in some
century-old precedent anything to justify them in so doing. A
misplaced comma was sufficient to overthrow the intent of an entire
statute.
This characteristic of the courts found ample room and verge
enough for the most fantastic tricks in a society which was governed
by annual legislatures, pouring forth with each succeeding session a
very flood and freshet of ill-considered and crudely expressed
legislation. So complicated and unintelligible at last became the law
that those judges and counsellors who really loved Justice and
persistently sought after her, were seldom able to discover her form
or features through the mist and fog of statutes and codes and
revisions and amendments and precedents which filled the
atmosphere in every court devoted to law and, ostensibly, to justice.
The wisest men and those who devoted their life-long study to the
subject were not always able to tell what the law really meant, or
whether it meant anything, under the varying interpretations put
upon it by different expounders.
 Thus it came to pass that any suitor or defendant, provided he
was rich enough to secure adroit and learned counsel, was generally
able so to delay and hamper the naturally loitering steps of the
courts as, by the very law of chance, to bring about opportunities for
escape which time could not help affording him. The rich man,
whether in a civil or a criminal trial, was much more likely to win his
case, whatever its merits, than the man who was unable to employ
counsel familiar with the quips and crookednesses of the law. In
truth, the prisoner accused of crime who was unable to pay large
counsel fees or to bring “influence” to bear in some way or other
upon the prosecuting officials, was apt to be treated with
comparative severity. Within the same year a bank cashier of New
York stole $800,000 from his bank, but escaped all punishment by
negotiating with the directors for the return of $400,000; while a
young street thief of the same city was sent to the penitentiary for
twelve years for stealing a penknife worth twenty-five cents! The
needy mechanic who purloined a few dollars worth of old junk and
sold it to buy either bread for his family or liquor for himself was
fairly sure to be punished with as long a term of imprisonment as
the defaulter who made away with millions. He was, moreover,
certain of punishment, if detected; while the greater thief had at
least three chances in four of escaping untouched.
In all directions public sentiment had become corrupted; the
popular aspiration had declined to low and sordid levels: yet men
looked calmly on the sham and humbug and selfishness and
dishonesty and injustice which made up the social order of the time,
and felt neither fear nor disgust. Even those whose moral senses
were acute enough to perceive the rottenness around them stopped
their moral olfactories and blinded their moral vision with the
unworthy reflection that the existing fabric would last out their time;
and then the deluge might sweep whither it would.
 III.
THE SOCIALISTIC POISON.

Meanwhile, below the thin and treacherous surface, the volcanic

fires of a socialistic agitation were blazing up with daily increasing
fierceness. The failure of work to laboring men; the widespread and
intense suffering consequent thereupon; the conviction that this was
not due to any lack of zeal or industry on their part, but to the
unequal workings of an artificial and false social order; the growing
belief that poverty had become a bar to civil rights, even in the
courts, and that wealth had become a sufficient protector of injustice
and crime,—all these things combined to add an irresistible weight in
the minds of thousands of the less discriminating among the
laboring class, especially those of foreign birth, to the arguments
and appeals of the socialistic leaders in behalf of a complete
overturn,—a “revolution.”
Some of these socialistic apostles were simply theorists who
could not comprehend why their lofty ideals were in any way
impracticable. Others were fanatics,—honest, zealous, earnest, and
illogical as fanatics have always been. Others were really maniacs,
whom a long life spent under the oppression and tyranny of foreign
monarchies had driven into a fierce and virulent hatred of all
government and all order. Others were men who would have been
unwilling to earn their daily bread by honest industry, had the means
been placed at their hands, but who foresaw in great popular
disturbances possibilities for self-aggrandizement and self-
enrichment. All worked harmoniously, however, in the common
direction of social anarchy. They had utterly unlike conceptions of
the new order which ought to be established on the ruins of the old,
but they were united in the one conviction that the old must be
wholly demolished before the task of reconstruction could be
properly begun. And so idealists of noble but impracticable
aspirations, and brawling fanatics, and beery mountebanks, and
maniacs ambitious for unbridled and orderless anarchy, though
perhaps not on speaking terms with each other personally, worked
together for one common end, and that end revolution and
destruction.
The vigorous measures which had been taken by all the nations
of Europe between 1885 and 1887 to clear their own borders of
these revolutionists had been effectual in driving hundreds of
thousands of them to America. They brought with them their
theories, their fanaticism, their fierce hatred of all orderly society.
Belonging for the most part themselves to the working-class, they
mingled freely with the discontented and suffering workmen whom
they found already too numerous in the land for the work which was
offered either to labor or to skill. Everywhere they spread the
infection of their destructive theories. Socialistic organizations sprang
up, under one name or another, in almost every city and town and
village. Beginning with the Hocking Valley riots in 1884–1885, and,
like those disturbances, in constantly closer alliance with the trades-
unions, these socialistic societies caused numerous local outbreaks in
the districts where workmen were most numerous and work hardest
to obtain. Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Fall River suffered especial loss in
these riots.
So early as the winter of 1884–1885 it was estimated that in
New York city alone eighty-five thousand would-be industrious
workmen lay idle, in addition to other thousands never estimated,
because outside the pale of any possible census-taking, who would
not have worked had the opportunity been offered them. A little
more than a year later it was freely asserted among the socialists of
the country that twice this number were enrolled in their
organizations within a radius of ten miles from the New York city
hall. In the outbreaks which occurred at other places the officers to
whom was committed the task of restoring order generally found
themselves opposed most vindictively by men who, a few years
before, would have been regarded as the “bone and sinew” of the
land. It was noted, too, that these men were always the last to yield
to force; that they were always the most sullen and revengeful when
finally compelled to do so; and that, even when convicted and
undergoing imprisonment, they never showed repentance or sorrow
except for failure, constantly boasted of their determination to “try it
over again,” and steadily adhered to the belief they would ultimately
triumph.
 IV.
THE RULE OF IRELAND IN AMERICA.

But neither in the importation of exotic socialistic germs nor in

the fungus-like growth of indigenous disaffection and corruption lay
the only dangers of the Republic. The heterogeneous elements
which made up the population of the United States had suffered a
great and wholly unfortunate race-change since the foundation of
the Government. At the close of the Revolution which separated the
colonies from England the country was populated with a sparse but
homogeneous people, possessing in an eminent degree the sterling
virtues and the robust common-sense which characterize the Anglo-
Saxon race. The freedom which these men won and had no capacity
for abusing they felt would be safe forever in the hands of
descendants sprung from their loins. The government they formed
was exactly fitted for themselves and for a succeeding nation
possessing their sense of order and their intelligence. But they saw a
vast unexplored continent opening its wealth before them. Their
numbers were but few for its conquest and reclamation. They felt
the need of more men. Relying upon the freedom of the institutions
they bequeathed and upon the virtue and vigor with which they
endowed their heirs, they invited immigration from Europe. They
took it for granted that the immigrants would be few in comparison
with the native population, and that they would be absorbed and
assimilated by the majority as snow-flakes falling in the ocean are
absorbed by the great waters and made a part of them.
At first the stream of immigration which flowed westward was no
larger than they had anticipated, and gave cause for little fear, either
by reason of its size or of the classes and races which composed it.
But before the first fifty years of the Republic had passed, it became
clear that the asylum which it offered was being taken advantage of
chiefly by the Irish, and by the very worst portion of the Irish at
that. They found their own little island too narrow for them, and
flocked to the United States by the hundred thousand. Coming, the
most of them, from the lowest ranks of a degraded and ignorant
peasantry, they found themselves, in the United States as at home,
in a position of inferiority in everything save citizenship. Clannish by
race and religious prejudice, they brought with them all their insular
and ethnic narrowness and exclusiveness, and remained up to the
end of the chapter a class by themselves. Other nationalities sent
immigrants who threw off their old allegiances upon touching
American soil, became in fact as well as in name Americans,
intermarried with Americans, and brought up their children to
become wholly American in deed and aspiration. But the Irish
seldom married outside their own race; they brought up their
children to be first Catholic and then Irish as themselves; they
remained, and their descendants after them to the third and fourth
generation, as much Irishmen as their cousins who continued to
inhabit Leinster and Munster.
But they seized with greater eagerness than was exhibited by
any other immigrants every political privilege which was within their
reach. In politics as in all other interests, their clannishness kept
them mainly confined to one party; but even in that they stood as
far as possible aloof from the real and patriotic Americans serving in
the same organization. Coarse of feature and coarser of mind;
servile in their devotion to religious forms, which were never any
better than forms to them; superstitious to the last degree; blunted
in moral sense so as to be amenable to fear alone as a restraining
sentiment; utterly illogical and the slaves of ignorant prejudice,—it
would be difficult to conceive of immigrants from any modern race
less fitted than they for self-government or for exercising a share in
the government of others. There were occasional brilliant and noble
exceptions; but of the majority this picture is not over-colored.
Wherever they touched the political garment they defiled it. In the
cities, where their increase by steady immigration and by their own
amazing procreative fertility gave them the majority, their power was