Add the Collatz Conjecture

[Exortions]

 know more

Describe your change:

• Add an algorithm?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new JavaScript files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames should use the UpperCamelCase (PascalCase) style. There should be no spaces in filenames.
  Example:UserProfile.js is allowed but userprofile.js,Userprofile.js,user-Profile.js,userProfile.js are not
• All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}.

[raklaptudirm]

Not everyone is familiar with the collatz conjecture. Add some explanatory comments and Wikipedia links.

[Exortions]

Yep, will add those tomorrow.
For now, it's time to sleep 😅

[appgurueu]

Tests are now broken (and I still don't see cycle detection, although this is probably not necessary considering there is no known cycle within double bounds except for (1, 2) anyways)

[appgurueu]

This is currently unable to disprove the Collatz conjecture as it just won't halt as it lacks cycle detection (which would have to be implemented using a hashmap); it can merely show that certain sequences don't disprove the Collatz conjecture. I suggest focusing on the sequence rather than the conjecture.

[appgurueu]

Still reads "collatz conjecture" in numerous places...

[Exortions]

Still reads "collatz conjecture" in numerous places...

As in the comments? Or the code?