Chemistry is made up of different branches that focus on the study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes. In Class 12, chemistry is broadly divided into three main parts—physical, inorganic, and organic chemistry—each dealing with different aspects of chemical science.
Topics in Chemistry
Physical chemistry includes topics like solid state, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and surface chemistry. These chapters mainly involve numerical problems, formulas, graphs, and laws that explain how chemical processes occur and at what rate.
Inorganic Chemistry covers p-block elements, d- and f-block elements, and coordination compounds. It focuses on the properties of elements, periodic trends, chemical bonding, structures, and important reactions.
Organic chemistry deals with carbon-containing compounds such as haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, biomolecules, and polymers.
Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in a larger amount is called the solvent. The substance present in a smaller amount is called the solute.
- Type Of Solution
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility Of Solution
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Abnormal Molar Masses
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between chemical reactions and electrical energy. It studies how chemical energy is converted into electrical energy in galvanic (voltaic) cells and how electrical energy is used to carry out non-spontaneous reactions in electrolytic cells.
- Electrochemical Cells
- Galvanic Cells
- Nernst Equation
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
- Batteries
- Fuels Cells
- Corrosion
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that affect it. It helps us understand how fast a reaction occurs and what conditions can increase or decrease its speed.
- Rate Of a Chemical Reaction
- Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a reaction
- Collision Theory of Chemical reactions
The d and F Block Elements
The d- and f-block elements are those in which the last electron enters the d- or f-orbital of the atom.
- Position In the Periodic Table
- Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
- Lanthanoids
- Actinoids
- Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements
Coordination Compounds
A coordination compound is one in which a central metal atom or ion is surrounded by a number of molecules or ions called ligands. These ligands donate a pair of electrons to the metal to form coordinate bonds.
- Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of some Important Terms related to Coordination
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloalkanes and haloarenes are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane or arene are replaced by halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I).
- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Method of Preparation of Haloalkanes
- Method of Preparation of Haloarenes
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
- Polyhalogen Compounds
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom in their structure, but they differ in the way the oxygen is attached. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (–OH) group attached to a saturated carbon atom (sp³). Ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two carbon atoms. Ethers have an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes, ketones, and ethers are organic compounds that contain oxygen in different forms. They contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to at least one hydrogen atom. They contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two carbon atoms.
- Nomenclature and Classification Of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties
- Uses Of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nomenclature of Carboxyl Groups
- Method of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical properties of Carboxylic Acid
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acid
- Uses Of Carboxylic Acid
Amines
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH₃) in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. They contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons, which makes them basic in nature. Amines are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on the number of carbon groups attached to the nitrogen atom.
- Structure Of Amines
- Classification and Nomenclature of Amines
- Preparation Of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Physical Properties of Diazonium Salts
- Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
Biomolecules
Biomolecules are complex organic molecules that are essential for the structure and functioning of living organisms. They mainly include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Vitamins
- Nucleic Acids